Abstract It has been previously shown that over 6% of exotic species of birds in Taiwan were originated from house pets. Most of them belonged to the

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Abstract It has been previously shown that over 6% of exotic species of birds in Taiwan were originated from house pets. Most of them belonged to the "

侪闵邰
7 years ago
Views:

1 7() -, Estrildidae Pet Sales of Exotic Estrildid Birds in Relation to the Field-Records in Taiwan Tsung-Wei Lee and Bao-Sen Shieh Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan * *Corresponding author 6% % (8/) ( ) (Padda oryzivora) (Lonchura domestica) (Taeniopygia guttata) (Chloebia gouldiae) (Poephila acuticauda) 99- (Lonchura atricapilla) (Lonchura maja) (Lonchura malabarica) (Estrilda melpoda) (Estrilda astrild) (Amandava amandava) (Amandava subflava) (Estrilda troglodytes) ( ) ( ) ( )

% (8/) ( ) (Padda oryzivora) (Lonchura domestica) (Taeniopygia guttata) (Chloebia gouldiae) (Poephila acuticauda) 99- (Lonchura atricapilla)

2 Abstract It has been previously shown that over 6% of exotic species of birds in Taiwan were originated from house pets. Most of them belonged to the families Sturnidae, Estrildidae, Cacatuidae and Psittacidae, of which estrildid finches were most common for sales in pet stores. The objectives of this study were () to investigate the current sale status of estrildid finches in pet stores in the northern, central, and the southern regions of Taiwan, February to September, () to review field records of these bird species, and () to determine the relationship between the sales and the records. There were 8 exotic species of the estrildid finches sold in petstores out of 6 investigated. The five most common species were the Java sparrow (Padda oryzivora), the Bengalese finch (Lonchura domestica), the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), the Gouldian finch (Chloebia gouldiae), and the long-tailed finch (Poephila acuticauda). Based on the field records, there were exotic species of estrildid finches that had been found in the wild. They were the Java sparrow, Bengalese finch, red avadavat (Amandava amandava), white-headed munia (Lonchura maja), white-throated munia (Lonchura malabarica), chestnut munia (Lonchura atricapilla), orange-cheeked waxbill (Estrilda melpoda), zebra waxbill (Amandava subflava), zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), common waxbill (Estrilda astrild), and blackrumped waxbill (Estrilda troglodytes). umbers of the Java sparrow, the zebra waxbill, and the red avadavat sold in the pet stores were significantly related with the regions of Taiwan. For the five most commonly species sold, the Java sparrow was the only species that have been recorded in the wild every year, suggesting that it has established a natural population in the wild. For the other four species, there were only two field records of the Bengalese finch, and no record for the zebra finch, Gouldian finch, and long-tailed finch from 999 to. Apparently, natural environments of Taiwan are not suitable for these four species of exotic estrildid finches commonly sold in the pet stores to propagate in the wild. Key words: Estrildidae, exotic species, invasive species, pet birds Received: December 6, Accepted: May, (exotic species) (Hunter 996; Foin et al. 998; Stiling ) (Elton 98; Rhymer and Simberloff 996)

The objectives of this study were () to investigate the current sale status of estrildid finches in pet stores in the northern, central, and the southern regions of Taiwan, February to September, ()

3 7() -, (invasive species) (Sturnus vulgaris) (Sialia sialis) (Pimentel et al. ) (Williamson 996) % (Williamson 996; Goodwin et al. 999, cited by Kolar and Lodge ) %-%(di Castri et al. 99) (Kolar and Lodge ) (Case 996) (999) ( 99) 8.7% (Sturnidae) (Estrildidae) (Cacatuidae and Psittacidae) (8.%) ( 999) ( 999) (Lin ) 9 (Harrison et al. 99; MacKinnon and Philipps ; Sinclair et al. ; van Perlo ; Strange ) (999) 999 (7-88 ) (-6 ) ( smewmao/observer/bird/current/ntt999.html, html, birds.htm) ( ) Clements () (chestnut munia, Lonchura atricapilla) (Bengalese finch, Lonchura domestica) Clements () (black-headed munia, Lonchura malacca) 996

99; MacKinnon and Philipps ; Sinclair et al. ; van Perlo ; Strange ) 99 99 999 (999) 999 (7-88 ) (-6 ) (http://www.geocities.com/~ smewmao/observer/bird/current/ntt999.html, http://www.

4 Lonchura Lonchura domestica SSTAT () ( Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis Mann-Whitney U test) (two-tailed) ( ) (white-rumped munia, Lonchura striata) (nutmeg mannikin, Lonchura punctulata) (9.%) (9.%) (7.7%) ( ) ( =.99 df= p=.) ( ) (Java sparrow, Padda oryzivora) (zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata) (Gouldian finch, Chloebia gouldiae) (long-tailed finch, Poephila acuticauda)( ) 8 (white-headed munia, Lonchura maja) ( Indian silverbill/ white-throated munia, Lonchura malabarica) (common waxbill, Estrilda astrild) (orange-cheeked waxbill, Estrilda melpoda) (red avadavat, Amandava amandava) (zebra waxbill, Amandava subflava) (blackrumped waxbill, Estrilda troglodytes) ( ) ( ) ( ) (Kruskal-Wallis test, p.) 9 ( ) ( ) (Kruskal-Wallis test, p.) ( ) 999- ( ) 6 ( ) ( n=) ( n=7)

) ( ) (Java sparrow, Padda oryzivora) (zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata) (Gouldian finch, Chloebia gouldiae) (long-tailed finch, Poephila acuticauda)( ) 8 (white-headed munia, Lonchura maja) (

5 7() -,. Table. Sales of exotic estrildid finches in Taiwan and their native ranges Selling ranks Common names Scientific names umbers of individuals umbers of stores ative ranges a Java sparrow Padda oryzivora 797 Southeast Asia Bengalese finch Lonchura domestica Artificial breeding Zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata 7 89 Gouldian finch Chloebia gouldiae 9 Australia Long-tailed finch Poephila acuticauda 9 8 Australia 6 White-headed munia Lonchura maja 6 Southeast Asia 7 Chestnut munia Lonchura atricapilla 9 6 Southeast Asia 8 Pin-tailed parrotfinch Erythrura prasina 6 Southeast Asia 9 Common waxbill Estrilda astrild 9 6 Orange-cheeked waxbill Estrilda melpoda Star finch eochmia ruficauda 6 9 Australia Blue-breasted cordonbleu Uraeginthus angolensis Zebra waxbill Amandava subflava White-throated munia Lonchura malabarica 6 7 South Asia Red avadavat Amandava amandava 9 Southeast Asia 6 Crimson-rumped waxbill Estrilda rhodopyga Green-winged pytilia Pytilia melba 7 8 Green-backed twinspot Mandingoa nitidula 9 Cut-throat finch Amadina fasciata n quailfinch Ortygospiza atricollis Jameson's firefinch Lagonosticta rhodopareia Black-rumped waxbill Estrilda troglodytes Black-tailed waxbill Estrilda perreini Black-throated finch Poephila cincta Australia Masked finch Poephila personata Australia 6 Purple grenadier Uraeginthus ianthinogaster 7 Cinderella waxbill Estrilda thomensis 8 White-capped munia Lonchura ferruginosa Southeast Asia a Clements ().

Southeast Asia Bengalese finch Lonchura domestica 68 89 Artificial breeding Zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata 7 89 Gouldian finch Chloebia gouldiae 9 Australia Long-tailed finch Poephila acuticauda 9 8

6 6. Fig.. umbers of exotic species of Estrildidae sold in the three regions of Taiwan. Stores (%) Stores (%). Fig.. The percentage of pet stores selling the three exotic species of estrildid finches in the three regions of Taiwan.

7 7() -, 7. Table. Results of Chi-square analyses for exotic species of Estrildidae Selling ranks **p<.. *p<.. Species Padda oryzivora Lonchura domestica Taeniopygia guttata Chloebia gouldiae Poephila acuticauda Lonchura maja Lonchura atricapilla Estrilda astrilda Estrilda melpoda Amandava subflava Lonchura malabarica Amandava amandava Estrilda troglodytes 9.7 ** ** * --. Table. The field and breeding records of the exotic species of Estrildidae (, present;, absent; selling ranks denoted to those in Table ) Species Lonchura maja Lonchura malabarica Estrilda astrild Estrilda melpoda Lonchura atricapilla Padda oryzivora Amandava amandava Taeniopygia guttata Amandava subflava Estrilda troglodytes Lonchura domestica Chloebia gouldiae Poephila acuticauda a 999 bcde Field records bcde 8 6 bcde 8 6 bcde 6 bcde Breeding record abf a Severinghaus (999). b Wild Bird Federation Taiwan (999-) and Kaohsiung Wild Bird Society (999-). c d e f Lin (). Selling ranks 6 9 7

malabarica Amandava amandava Estrilda troglodytes 9.7 **..6.8.9...9.97 9. **.6 9.89 * --. Table.

8 8 (Mann-Whitney U test, U=., p=.6) (Mann-Whitney U test, U=7, p=.7) ( ) Kolar Lodge () ( ) ( 8 ) Median frequency Pet stores Individual birds. (Kruskal-Wallis test, **: p<.) Fig.. Comparisons in median numbers of pet stores and individual birds for sales between escaping species and nonescaping species of exotic estrildid finches (Kruskal-Wallis test, **: p<.).

9 7() -, 9 ( ) ( ) ( ) (99) 7% () (niche) (Gause'S hypothesis)(gause 9, cited by Stiling ) ( ) (Williamson and Fitter 996; Blackburn and Duncan ) ( ) (Severinghaus and Chi 999; ) () % ( ) ( ) (99) 7% 6- (99) () () ( ) 7,97 ( ) (99)

10 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) () () () 999 (999) ( ) (SC 9--B---) 99

11 7() -, 99 : : : Blackburn, T. M. and R. P. Duncan.. Determinants of establishment success in introduced birds. ature : Case, T. J Global patterns in the establishment and distribution of exotic birds. Biological Conservation 78: Clements, J. F.. Birds of the world: A checklist ( th ed.). Ibis Publication, California. di Castri, F., A. J. Hansen and M. Debussche. 99. Biological invasions in Europe and Mediterranean Basin. Kluwer Academic Publication, London. Elton, C. S. 98. The ecology of invasions by animals and plants. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Foin, T. C., S. P. D. Riley, A. L. Pawley, D. R. Ayres, T. M. Carlsen, P. J. Hodum and P. V. Switzer Improving recovery planning for threatened and endangered species. Bioscience 8: Gause, G. F. 9. Experimental studies on the struggle for existence: I. Mixed population of two species of yeast. The Journal of Experimental Biology 9: 89-. Goodwin, B. J., A. J. McAllister and L. Fahrig Predicting invasiveness of plant species based on biological information. Conservation Biology : -6. Harrison, C., A. Greensmith and M. B. Robbins. 99. Birds of the world. Dorling Kindersley Publication, ew ork. Hunter, M. L. Jr Fundamentals of conservation biology. Blackwell Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Kolar, C. S. and D. M. Lodge.. Progress in invasion biology: Predicting invaders. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 6: 99-. Lin, R. S.. The occurrence, distribution and relative abundance of exotic starlings and mynas in Taiwan. Endemic Species Research : -. MacKinnon, J. and K. Philipps.. A field guide to the birds of China. Oxford University Press, ew ork. Pimentel, D., L. Lach, R. Zuniga and D. Morrison.. Environmental and economic costs associated with nonindigenous species in the United States. Bioscience : -6. Rhymer, J. M. and D. Simberloff Extinction by hybridization and introgression. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 7: 8-9. Severinghaus, L. L. and L. Chi Prayer animal release in Taiwan. Biological Conservation 89: -.

di Castri, F., A. J. Hansen and M. Debussche. 99. Biological invasions in Europe and Mediterranean Basin. Kluwer Academic Publication, London. Elton, C. S. 98.

12 Sinclair, I., P. Hockey and W. Tarboton.. Birds of southern ( th ed.). Princeton University Press, ew Jersey. Stiling, P.. Ecology: Theories and applications ( th ed.). Prentice-Hall Publication, ew Jersey. Strange, M.. A photographic guide to the birds of southeast Asia: Including the Philippines and Borneo. Princeton University Press, ew Jersey. SSTAT.. Version. Illinois. SPSS Science, Chicago. van Perlo, B.. Birds of western and central. Princeton University Press, ew Jersey. Williamson, M. H Biological invasions. Chapman & Hall, London. Williamson, M. H. and A. Fitter The characters of successful invaders. Biological Conservation 78: 6-7.

Princeton University Press, ew Jersey. SSTAT.. Version. Illinois. SPSS Science, Chicago. van Perlo, B.. Birds of western and central.

9 9 9-99 9 9 8 9 00 9 9 9 9 008 8 00 00 00 0 008 0 0 9 9 99 00 9 98

9 9 9-99 9 9 8 9 00 9 9 9 9 008 8 00 00 00 0 008 0 0 9 9 99 00 9 98 0 No. 0 JOURNAL OF HISTORIOGRAPHY Serial No. ( 南京大学历史系, 江苏南京 009) 新文化运动以后, 中国的文史学术界大致分为南北两大系统, 以新旧为重要分野其中, 位于南京的东南大学多被视为南方旧学的重镇 9 年南京国民政