穨人類活動對島嶼生物多樣性之影響.PDF

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1 Vitousek, 1995 (Wallace, 1880) Galapagos (Charles Darwin) (East Indies) (Alfred R. Wallace) MacArhur Wilson habitat islands Gorman,1979; Goedon, 1979; Kent, 1987 Krakatau 1883 Thornton, 1996 Wilson, % Atkinson,1989 Morgan Woods (1986) Olson James(1982) 50% 93% Gorman,1979

2 Adsersen (1995) 1. DoDo Approach Carlquist, 1965 Finch Approach Preston MacArthur Wilson 1963, 1967 MacArthur (1972) Shafer, Adsersen, 1995 (metapopulation) gene flow Simberloff, 1997

3 model ecosysteem Mueller-Dombois,1981 Vitouseck, 1995 (Human scale) (Forsberg, 1963) UNESCO MAB 1970 Brookfield, 1980; Beller, et al., International Scientific Council for Island Development 1992 d Ayala, 1998 Byrne, niche Speciation Founder s Principle Vulnerability

4 MacArthur Wilson 1967 (immigration) (extinction) (dynamic equilibrium) (species turnover) Sauer, Darlington (1957) 25% Wilson, 1992 Lack (1969, 1976) (ecological opportunities) MacArthur Wilson (1967) Area-Diversity Pattern habitat diversity environmental heterogeneity Williamson,1989

5 MacArthur 1972 Pearl 1/3 2/3 MacArthur (1972) (screen effect) Muller-Dombois, 1981 stepping stone colonization Whittaker and Jones, 1994 disturbance pattern Forman, 1995 Krakatau 100 Bush Whittaker 1993

6 Easter Island 1000 Polynesian Bellwood, 1980; Roberts, 1989 Bates, di Castri,1981 deforestation Roberts, 1989

7 Vitousek, 1988) nich differentiation Byrne, 1980; Muller-Dombois, 1995 Wallace (1880) (weeds) 90% Hess,

8 121 10, ,000 Hess, Continental islands Oceanic islands Wallace, (1) 1987

9 (2) (Fringing reef) (Barrier reef) (Atoll reef) 1997 (Fringing reef) (Atoll reef) lagoon Tizard Banks and Reefs (3)

10 % A.D A.D ( ) %

13 (6): (1-2): : Adsersen, H. (1995) Research on islands: classic recent, and prospective approaches. In: Vitousek, P. M., Loop, L. L. and Adsersen H. (eds.) Islands - Biological Diversity and Ecosystem Function, Berlin: Springer- Verlag, Atkinson, A. (1989) Introduced animals and extinction. In: Western, D. and Pearl M. (eds.), Conservation for the Twenty-first Century, New York: Oxford University Press, Bates, M. (1963) Nature s effect on and control of man. In: F.R. Fosberg (ed.) Place in the Island Ecosystem, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press, Beller,W., D'Ayala, P. and Hein, P. (eds) (1990) Sustainable Development and Environmental Management of Small Islands, Man and Biosphere Series, Paris: UNESCO. Bellwood, P. (1980) The peopling of the Pacific, Scientific American, 243(5): Brookfield, H. C. (ed.) (1980) Population-Environment Relations in Tropical Islands: The case of Eastern Fij, Paris: Unesco/MAB technical notes, No. 13. Bush, M. B. and Whittaker, R. J. (1993) Non-equilibration in island theory of Krakatau, Journal of Biogeography, 20: Byrne, R. (1980) Man and the variable vulnerability of island life - A study of recent vegetation change in the Bahamas, Atoll Research Bulletin, No. 240, Washington D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution. Carlquist, C. (1965) Island Life: A Natural History of the Islands of the World. New York: The American Museum of Natural History Press. Darlington, Jr. J. (1957) Zoogeography: the geographical distribution of animals. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., di Castri, F. (1981) Mediterranean-type shrublands of the world. In: di Castri, F. et al (eds. ) Ecosystem of the World, Vol. 11, Mediterranean-type shrublands, Amsterdam: Elsevier,

14 1-52 d Ayala, P. G. (1998) Join and support Insula, Insula- International Journal of Island Affairs,7(1):73. Forman, R.T.T. (1995) Land Mosaics - The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Forsberg F.R. (1963) The island ecosystem. In: Forsberg, F.R. (ed.) Man's Place in the Island Ecosystem, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press, 1-6. Goeden, G. B. (1979) Biogeographic theory as a management tool, Environmental Conservation, Vol. 6/1: Gorman, M.L. (1979) Island Ecology. London: Chapman and Hall Ltd. Hess, A. L. (1990) Overview: Sustainable Development and Environmental Management of Small Islands. In: Beller, W., D'Ayala, P., and Hein, P. (eds) Sustainable Development and Environmental Management of Small Islands. Paris, France:UNESCO, 3-14 Kent, M. (1987) Island biogeography and habitat conservation, Progress of Physical Geography, 11: Lack, D. (1976) Island Biology: Illustrated by the Land Birds of Jamaica, Berkeley: University of California Press. Lack, D. (1969) The number of bird species on islands, Bird Study, 16: MacArthur, R. H. and E. O. Wilson (1967) The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton: Princeton University Press. MacArthur, R. H. and Wilson, E. O. (1963) An Equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography, Evolution, 17: MacArthur, R.H. (1972) Geographical Ecology - Patterns in the Distribution of Species. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Morgan G. and C. Woods (1986) Extinction and the zoogeography of West Indian land mammals, Biological Journal of Linnae Society, 28: Mueller-Dombois D. (1995) Biological diversity and disturbance regimes in island ecosystems. In: Vitousek, P. M., Loop, L. L. and Adsersen H. (eds.) Islands - Biological Diversity and Ecosystem Function, Berlin: Springer- Verlag, Muller-Dombois, D. (1981) Island ecosystems: what is unique about their ecology? In: Mulller-Dombois, D., Bridges, K.W., and Carson, H.L. (eds.) Island Ecosystem, Stroudsburg: Hutchinson, Olson, S. L. and James, H. F. (1982) Fossil birds from the Hawaiian Islands: evidence for wholesale extinction by man before western contact, Science, 217: Preston, F.W. (1962) The canonical distribution of commonness and rarity: part I. Ecology, 43: ; part II. 43: Roberts, N. (1989) The Holocene - An Environmental History, Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers.

15 Sauer, J. D. (1969) Oceanic islands and biogeographical theory: a review, Geographical Review, 59: Shafer, C.L. (1990) Nature Reserves - Island Theory and Conservation Practice. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. Simberloff, D. (1997) Biogeographic approaches and the new conservation biology. In: Pickett et al. (eds.) The Ecological Basis of Conservation. London: Chapman &Hall, Thornton, I. (1996) Krakatau - The Destruction and Reassembly of an Island Ecosystem. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Troumbis, A. Y. (1987) Disturbance in Mediterranean islands: A demographic approach to changes in insular ecosystems, Ekistics, 323/324: Vitousek, P. M. (1988) Diversity and biological invasions of oceanic islands. In: Wilson, E. O. (ed.) Biodiversity. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press Vitousek, P.M., Loop, L. L. and Adsersen H. (1995) Introduction why focus on island? In: Vitousek, P. M., Loop, L. L. and Adsersen H. (eds.) Islands - Biological Diversity and Ecosystem Function, Berlin: Springer- Verlag, 1-4. Wallace, A. R. (1880) Island Life. London: Macmillan. Whittaker R. J. and Jones, S. H. (1994) Structure in re-building insular ecosystems: an empirically derived model, Oikos, 69(3): Williamson, M. (1989) The MacArthur and Wilson theory today: true but trivial, Journal of Biogeography, 16: 3-4. Wilson, E. O. (1992) The Diversity of Life. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1997

1 2014 E 119 40 18.79 119 36 56.23 119 30 59.41 119 30 26.60 119 30 06.04 119 27 56.39 N 23 15 21.09 23 14 56.40 23 15 36.67 23 16 12.14 23 17 23.25 2

1 2014 E 119 40 18.79 119 36 56.23 119 30 59.41 119 30 26.60 119 30 06.04 119 27 56.39 N 23 15 21.09 23 14 56.40 23 15 36.67 23 16 12.14 23 17 23.25 2 文化視野 Culture Vision Where Are the Islanders? The Four Southern Islands in My Eyes. Chang, Chao-Sheng Lee, Kuang-Chung Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University

穨人類活動對島嶼生物多樣性之影響.PDF

穨人類活動對島嶼生物多樣性之影響.PDF