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1 VI

2 (Coase, R. H.) 1937 (theory of the firm) 1 (Williamson, O. E.) (Gibbons, R.) 2 3 4

3 *2 *3 ( ) *4 *5 *6 *7 *8 ( ) ( ) 1 *9 (Milgrom, P. J.) (Roberts, J. D.) *2 Coase, R. H., The Nature of the Firm, Economica, Vol. 4, No.16, 1937, *3 Milgrom and Roberts, 1988, 1990 Grosmann and Hart, 1986 Hart, 1989 Masten, 1999 *4 Demsetz, 1988 Milgrom and Roberts, 1990 Grosmann and Hart, 1986 Hart, 1989 Masten et. al., 1991 *5 Milgrom and Roberts, 1988, 1990 Hart, 1989 Masten et. al., 1991 Masten, 1999 Gibbons, 2005, 2010 Crémer, 2010 *6 Williamson, O. E., Markets and Hierarchies: Some Elementary Considerations The American Economic Review, Vol. 63, No. 2, 1973, p316 *7 Williamson, O. E., Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Imprications, New York, The Free Press, 1975, p122. *8 Williamson, 1971, p113, 117, Williamson, 1975, chapter 2 *9 Grossman and Hart, 1986 Milgrom and Roberts, 1988, 1990 Hart, 1989 Holmstrom and Tirole, 1989 Holmstrom and Roberts, 1998 Holmstrom, 1999 Crémer, 2010

4 *10 ( ) *11 * (costs of integration) * *14 ➀ ➁ ➂ *15 *16 (b) *17 *18 *19 (Grossman, S. J.) (Hart, O. D.) *10 Milgrom and Roberts, 1990, p70. *11 Hart, 1989, p1763 *12 Grossman and Hart, 1986 Milgrom and Roberts, 1988, 1990 Hart, 1989 Holmstrom and Tirole, 1989 Holmstrom and Roberts, 1998 Holmstrom, 1999 *13 Gibbons, 2005, p219 Gibbons, 2010, p276. *14 Gibbons, 2005, p , , 227 Gibbons, 2010, p * p24 *16 Ibid., p24. *17 Ibid., p25. *18 Ibid., p25. *19 Ibid., p25.

5 120 6 (Moore, J.) *20 * (selective intervention) *22 *23 *24 ( ) ( ) ( ) *25 *26 *27 ( ) *20 Ibid., p26. *21 Ibid., p26-27 *22 Milgrom and Roberts, 1990, p70. *23 Milgrom and Roberts, 1988, 1990 Holmstrom and Tirole, 1989 Masten, 1999 Baker, Gibbons, and Murphy, 2001, 2002 Garrouste and Saussier, 2005 Foss and Klein, 2007 Nickerson and Zenger, 2008 Tadelis and Williamson, 2010 Crémerr, 2010 Garrouste, 2010 Saussier, 2010 *24 Williamson, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1991a, 1991b, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999a, 2000, 2002, 2005, 2010a *25 Williamson, 1985, p136. *26 Williamson, 1999a, p279. *27 Williamson, 1985, p133.

6 * (Asset Utilization losses) *29 1 (Accounting Contrivances) *30 *31 ( ) ( ) *32 *33 *34 *35 (the impossibility of selective intervention) *36 ( ) ( ) (incentive impairing effects) * (the costs of bureaucracy) *38 * *28 Williamson, 1988, p80. *29 Williamson, 1984, p Williamson, 1985, p *30 Williamson, 1984, p Williamson, 1985, p *31 Williamson, 1985, p140. *32 Ibid., p140. *33 Williamson, 1991a, p275. *34 Ibid., p275. *35 Ibid., p275. *36 Williamson, 1991b, p176 Williamson, 1998, p46 Williamson, 2000, p606 Williamson, 2002, p176 Williamson, 2005, p9 Williamson, 2010a, p221. *37 Williamson, 1984, p744 Williamson, 1985, p141 effects effects *38 Williamson, 1985, p *39 Gibbons, 2005, p219

7 122 6 *40 3 (the propensity to manage) *41 (Charles Morris) (the cost of good intentions) *42 *43 (logrolling) *44 (reciprocity) *45 *46 (back-scratching) *47 *48 (preference) *49 (forgiveness) *50 (energies) *51 *52 *40 Williamson, 1985, p149. *41 Ibid., p149. *42 Ibid., p149. *43 Ibid., p149. *44 Ibid., p151. *45 Ibid., p152. *46 Ibid., p152. *47 Ibid., p152. *48 Ibid., p152. *49 Ibid., p152. *50 Ibid., p150. *51 Ibid., p150. *52 Ibid., p150.

8 * ( ) ( ) ( ) *53 Ibid., p150.

9 125 [1] Alchian, A. A. and Demsetz, H., Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization, American Economic Review, Vol. 62, No.5, 1972, pp [2] Augier, M. and March, J. G., Conflict of Interest in Theories of Organization: Herbert A. Simon and Oliver E. Williamson, Journal of Management and Governance, Vol. 5, No. 3-4, 2001, pp [3] Baker, G., Gibbons, R. and Murphy, K. J., Relational Contracts and the Theory of the Firm, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 117, No. 1, 2002, pp [4] Baker, G., Gibbons, R. and Murphy, K. J., Bringing the Market inside the Firm?, The American Economic Review, Vol. 91, No. 2, 2001, pp [5] Coase, R. H., The New Institutional Economics, American Economic Review, Vol. 88, No.2, 1998, pp [6] Coase, R. H., The Nature of the Firm, Economica, Vol. 4, No.16, 1937, pp [7] Crémer, J, Solving the Selective Intervention Puzzle, Revue d Economie Industrielle, No , [8] Demsetz, H., Theory of the Firm Revisited, in Ownership, Control, and the Firm, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988, pp [9] Economic Sciences Prize Committee of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Economic Governance, Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel [10] Foss, N. J. and Klein, P. G., Organizational Governance, Working Paper, [11] Garrouste, P., Solving the Selective Intervention Puzzle: Some Reflections, Revue d Economie Industrielle, No , [12] Garrouste, P. and Saussier, S., Looking for a Theory of the Firm: Future Challenges, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 58, 2005, pp [13] Gibbons, R., Transaction-Cost Economics: Past, Present, and Future?, The Scandinabian Journal of Economics, Vol. 112, No. 2, 2010, pp [14] Gibbons, R., Four Formal(izable) Theories of the Firm?, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 58, 2005, pp [15] Grossman, S. J. and Hart, O. D., The Costs and Benefits of Ownership: A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration, The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 94, No. 4, 1986, pp [16] Hart, O., Firms, Contracts and Financial Structure, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995; 2010

10 126 [17] Hart, O, An Economist s Perspective on the Theory of the Firm, Columbia Law Review, Vol. 89, No. 7, 1989, pp [18] Hayek, F. A., The Use of Knowledge in Society, American Economic Review, Vol. 35, No.4, 1945, pp [19] Hayek, F. A., The Facts of the Social Sciences, Ethics, Vol. 54, No.1, 1943, pp [20] Hodgson, G. M., Limits of Transaction Cost Analysis, in P. G. Klein and M. E. Sykuta (ed.) The Elgar Companion to Transaction Cost Economics, Edward Elgar Pub, [21] Hodgson, G. M and Gindis, D., An Interview with Oliver Williamson, Journal of Institutional Economics, Vol. 3, Issue 03, 2007, pp [22] Holmstrom, B. R., The firm as a Subeconomy, Journal of Law Economics and Organizations, Vol. 15, Issue 1, 1999, pp [23] Holmstrom, B. R. and Roberts, J. D., The Boundaries of the Firm, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 12, No. 4, 1998, pp [24] Holmstrom, B. R. and Tirole, J., The Theory of the Firm, in R. Schmalensee and R. D. Willig (ed.) Handbook of Industrial Organization, Volume I, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., [25] Masten, S. E., About Oliver E. Williamson, in G. R. Carroll and D. J. Teece (ed.) Firms, Markets, and Hierarchies: the transaction cost economics perspective, Oxford University Press, 1999, pp [26] Masten, S. E., Meehan, J. W. and Snyder, E. A., The Costs of Organization, Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, Vol. 7, Issue 1, 1991, pp [27] Milgrom, P. J. and John D. R., Economics, Organization, and Management, New York: Prentice Hall. 1992; NTT 1997 [28] Milgrom, P. J. and Roberts, J. D., Bargaining Costs, Influence Costs, and the Organization of Economic Activity in J. E. Alt and K. A. Shepsle (ed.) Perspectives on Positive Political Economy, Cambridge University Press, 1990, pp [29] Milgrom, P. J. and Roberts, J. D., Economic Theories of the Firm: Past, Present, and Future, The Canadian Journal of Economics, Vol. 21, No. 3, 1988, pp [30] Nickerson, J. A. and Zenger, T. R., Envy, Comparison Costs, and the Economic Theory of the Firm, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 29, 2008, pp [31] Saussier, S., Solving the Selective Intervention Puzzle: Some Thoughts about the Theory of the Firm, Revue d Economie Industrielle, No , [32] Tadelis, S. and Williamson, O. E., Transaction Cost Economics, unpublished manuscript, University of California, Berkeley, [33] Teece, D. J., Forward Integration and Innovation: Transaction Costs and Beyond Journal of Retailing, Vol.86, No.3, 2010, pp [34] Williamson, O. E., Transaction Cost Economics: The Natural Progression, Journal of Retailing, Vol.86, No.3, 2010a, pp [35] Williamson, O. E., Transaction Cost Economics: The Origins, Journal of Retailing, Vol.86, No.3, 2010b, pp [36] Williamson, O. E., Transaction Cost Economics: An Overview, in P. G. Klein and

11 127 M. E. Sykuta (ed.) The Elgar Companion to Transaction Cost Economics, Edward Elgar Pub, 2010c. [37] Williamson, O. E., The Economics of Governance, The American Economic Review, Vol. 95, No. 2, 2005, pp [38] Williamson, O. E., The Theory of the Firm as Governance Structure: From Choice to Contact, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol.16, No.3, 2002a, pp [39] Williamson, O. E., The Lens of Contract: Private Ordering, The American Economic Review, Vol. 92, No. 2, 2002, pp [40] Williamson, O. E., The New Institutional Economics: Taking Stock, Looking Ahead, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 38, No. 3, 2000, pp [41] Williamson, O. E., Strategy Research: Governance and Competence Perspectives, Strategic Management Journal, 1999a, pp [42] Williamson, O. E., Public and Private Bureaucracies: A Transaction Cost Economics Perspective, Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, Vol.15, No.1, 1999b, pp [43] Williamson, O. E., Transaction Cost Economics: How It Works; Where It Is Headed, De Economist 146, 1998, pp [44] Williamson, O. E., Review of H. Demsetz, The Economics of the Business Firm: Seven Critical Commentaries, New York: Cambridge University Press, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol.35, No.1, 1997, pp [45] Williamson, O. E., The Mechanism of Governance, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996a. [46] Williamson, O. E., Transaction Cost Economics and the Carnegie Connection, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 31, 1996b, pp [47] Williamson, O. E., Hierarchies, Markets and Power in the Economy: an Economic Perspective, Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol.4, No.1, [48] Williamson, O. E., Visible and Invisible Governance, The American Economic Review, Vol. 84, No. 2, 1994, pp [49] Williamson, O. E., Opportunism and its Critics Managerial and Decision Economics, Vol. 14, 1993, pp [50] Williamson, O. E., Comparative Economic Organization: The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 36, No. 2, 1991a, pp [51] Williamson, O. E., Economic Institutions: Spontaneous and Intentional Governance, Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, Vol.7, 1991b, pp [52] Williamson, O. E., Strategizing, Economizing, and Economic Organization, Strategic Management Journal, 1991c, pp [53] Williamson, O. E., Political Institutions: The Neglected Side of the Story - Comment, Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, Vol.6, 1990, pp [54] Williamson, O. E., Transaction Cost Economics, in R. Schmalensee and R. D. Willig (ed.) Handbook of Industrial Organization, Volume I, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., 1989.

12 128 [55] Williamson, O. E., The Logic of Economic Organization, Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, Vol.4, No.1, 1988, pp [56] Williamson, O. E., The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, and Relational Contracting, New York, The Free Press, [57] Williamson, O. E., The Incentive Limits of Firms: A Comparative Institutional Assessment of Bureaucracy, Review of World Economics, Vol.120, No. 4, 1984, pp [58] Williamson, O. E., Transaction-Cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 22, No. 2, 1979, pp [59] Williamson, O. E., Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications, New York, The Free Press, [60] Williamson, O. E., Markets and Hierarchies: Some Elementary Considerations The American Economic Review, Vol. 63, No. 2, 1973, pp [61] Williamson, O. E., The Vertical Integration of Production: Market Failure Considerations, The American Economic Review, 1971, pp [62] Zenger, T. R. and Hesterly, W. S., The Disaggregation of Corporations: Selective Intervention, High-Powered Incentives, and Molecular Units, Organization Science, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1997, pp [63] 2010

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