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催赏万
5 years ago
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1 doi: /JWGS

2 124 lesbians, gays, or bisexuals APA, 1975, 2013; Cochran et al., %-28% 8%-21% Kurdek, 2004 Kurdek % 18.7% 19.0% 23.8%

3 125 Gartrell Roisman et al., 2008 Kurdek % Kurdek 2008 Riggle Postovsky Horne 2010

4 126 Lee, Peplau Fingerhut 2007 Kurdek, 2006

5 127 3%-5% Cherlin, 2010 Lee and Crawford, 2007, 2012 Anderssen Amli Ytteroy meta-analysis Crowl, Ahn, and Baker, 2008 Crowl, Ahn, and Baker, 2008 Crowl

6 128 APA APA, vs. 0 Jayson, 2011/8/5 Gartrell, Bos, and Goldberg, 2011 Gartrell Floyd and Stein, % vs. 5.1%

7 129 Bos and Sandfort, 2010; Fulcher, Sutfin, and Patterson, 2008 Bem MacCallum and Golombok, 2004 Goldberg

8 130 Goldberg, Kashy, and Smith, 2012: % 15% 31% van den Dries et al., 2009 Gartrell 2000 Potter 2012 Gartrell 2013/10/29

9 131 NLLFS National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study Regnerus 2012 Allen 2013 Regnerus Department of Sociology, University of Texas, 2014 Regnerus Regnerus Dr. Darren E. Sherkat Regnerus Bartlett, 2012 Regnerus Snyder Uranowitz 1978

10 132 Gartrell Gartrell, Bos, and Goldberg, % Regnerus 26.1% 8.3% Gartrell Gartrell, Bos, and Goldberg, 2011: 1204 D. Allen Allen Allen Allen 17

133 64% 82% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 17

11 133 64% 82% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Allen Allen % 8% 6%

12 134 Allen Haidt Hersh 2001

13 % 35.1% 23.9% 1% 2013 Valleroy sub-saharan Africa Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, Massachusetts Department of Public Health,

14 Employment and Social Development Canada, 2014

15 (1): : doi: / : T & D 98: online. 2013/11/01. Available: bbef869&nowtreeid=4dc827595f55c334&tid=3b520d511ebcec1a (1): Allen, D. W. (2013) High school graduation rates among children of same-sex households. Review of Economics of the Household, 11(4): APA (American Psychological Association) (1975) Minutes of the Council of Representatives. American Psychologist, 30: APA (American Psychological Association) (2013) Sexual orientation and homosexuality. online. 2013/11/01. Available: Anderssen, N., Amlie, C., and Ytteroy, E. A. (2002) Outcomes for children with lesbian or gay parents: A review of studies from 1978 to Scandinavian

16 138 Journal of Psychology, 43(4): doi: / Bartlett, T. (2012) Controversial gay-parenting study is severely flawed, Journal s audit finds. The Chronicle of Higher Education. online. 2013/11/01. Available: Bem, S. L. (1974) The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(2): doi: / h Bos, H. and Sandfort, T. G. M. (2010) Children s gender identity in lesbian and heterosexual two-parent families. Sex Roles, 62(1-2): doi: / s Cherlin, A. J. (2010) Demographic trends in the United States: A review of research in the 2000s. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3): doi: /j x Cochran, S. D., Drescher, J., Kismödi, E., Giami, A., Garcia-Moreno, C., Atalla, E., Marais, A., Vieira, E. M., and Reed, G. M. (2014) Proposed declassification of disease categories related to sexual orientation in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11). Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 92: doi: org/ /blt Crowl, A., Ahn, S., and Baker, J. (2008) A meta-analysis of developmental outcomes for children of same-sex and heterosexual parents. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 4(3): doi: / Department of Sociology, University of Texas (2014) Statement from the chair regarding professor Regnerus. online. 2014/11/30.

17 139 Available: Employment and Social Development Canada (2014) Canadians in contextpopulation size and growth. online. 2014/11/30. Available: on=downloaddata&iid=35&suffix=.xls Floyd, F. J. and Stein, T. S. (2002) Sexual orientation identity formation among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths: Multiple patterns of milestone experiences. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12(2): doi: / Fulcher, M., Sutfin, E. L., and Patterson, C. J. (2008) Individual differences in gender development: Associations with parental sexual orientation, attitudes, and division of labor. Sex Roles, 58(5-6): doi: / s Gartrell, N., Banks, A., Reed, N., Hamilton, J., Rodas, C., and Deck, A. (2000) The national lesbian family study: 3. Interviews with mothers of fiveyear-olds. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(4): doi: /h Gartrell, N. K., Bos, H. M. W., and Goldberg, N. G. (2011) Adolescents of the U.S. national longitudinal lesbian family study: Sexual orientation, sexual behavior, and sexual risk exposure. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(6): doi: /s Goldberg, A. E., Kashy, D. A., and Smith, J. Z. (2012) Gender-typed play behavior in early childhood: Adopted children with lesbian, gay, and heterosexual parents. Sex Roles, 67(9-10): doi: /s Haidt, J. and Hersh, M. A. (2001) Sexual morality: The cultures and emotions of

18 140 conservatives and liberals. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31(1): doi: /j tb02489.x Jayson, S. (2011/8/5) Citing new research, psychology group supports gay marriage. USA Today. [online]. 2014/11/12. Available: story/2011/08/citing-new-research-psychology-group-supports-gaymarriage/ /1 Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (2012) Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic Geneva: UNAIDS. Kurdek, L. A. (2004) Are gay and lesbian cohabiting couples really different from heterosexual married couples? Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(4): doi: /j x Kurdek, L. A. (2006) The nature and correlates of deterrents to leaving a relationship. Personal Relationships, 13(4): doi: /j x Kurdek, L. A. (2008) Change in relationship quality for parents from lesbian, gay male, and heterosexual couples. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(5): doi: / Lee, I-C. (2013) Perceptions of success and life satisfaction: A gender examination in Taiwan. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(2): doi: /j x Lee, I-C. and Crawford, M. (2007) Lesbians and bisexual women in the eyes of scientific psychology. Feminism and Psychology, 17(1): doi: / Lee, I-C. and Crawford, M. (2012) Lesbians in empirical psychological research: A new perspective for the 21st century? Journal of Lesbian Studies, 16(1):

19 doi: / MacCallum, F. and Golombok, S. (2004) Children raised in fatherless families from infancy: A follow-up of children of lesbian and single heterosexual mothers at early adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(8): doi: /j x Massachusetts Department of Public Health (2013). Massachusetts births Boston: Division of Research and Epidemiology, Bureau of Health Information, Statistics, Research, and Evaluation. Peplau, L. A. and Fingerhut, A. W. (2007) The close relationships of lesbians and gay men. Annual Review of Psychology, 58(1): doi: / annurev.psych Potter, D. (2012) Same-sex parent families and children s academic achievement. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(3): doi: /j x Regnerus, M. (2012) How different are the adult children of parents who have samesex relationships? Findings from the New Family Structures Study. Social Science Research, 41(4): doi: /j.ssresearch Riggle, E. D., Postosky, S. S., and Horne, S. G. (2010) Psychological distress, wellbeing and legal recognition in same sex couple relationships. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(1): doi: /a Roisman, G. I., Clausell, E., Holland, A., Fortuna, K., and Elieff, C. (2008) Adult romantic relationships as contexts of human development: A multimethod comparison of same-sex couples with opposite-sex dating, engaged, and married dyads. Development Psychology, 44(1): doi: / Snyder, M. and Uranowitz, S. W. (1978) Reconstructing the past: Some cognitive

20 142 consequences of person perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(9): doi: // Valleroy, L. A., MacKellar, D. A., Karon, J. M., Rosen, D. H., McFarland, W., Shehan D. A., Stoyanoff, S. R., LaLota, M., Celentano, D. D., Koblin, B. A., et al. (2000) HIV prevalence and associated risks in young men who have sex with men. Young Men s Survey Study Group. The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 284(2): doi: / jama van den Dries, L., Juffer, F., van Ijzendoorn, M. H. and Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2009) Fostering security? A meta-analysis of attachment in adopted children. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(3): doi: / j.childyouth

21 143 An Overview of Intimate Relationships and Family Functions of Lesbians and Gay Men I-Ching Lee Department of Psychology National Chengchi University In recent years, there has been increasing public debate regarding marriage and adoption rights for lesbians and gay men. With this concern, this article reviews research findings on lesbians and gay men s intimate relationships and family functions in Taiwan and abroad. The purpose of this review is to increase understanding of lesbians and gay men both for the general public and for scholars. The current article targets three issues. First of all, lesbians and gay men are as willing and capable of establishing and maintaining long-term relationships and families as are heterosexuals. The tremendous pressures faced by lesbian and gay couples originate in the general public s hostility and homophobia. Despite this, lesbian and gay couples are able to adopt flexible gender schemas in maintaining relationships and families. Secondly, children raised by lesbian and gay couples are as well-functioning as children raised by heterosexual couples (e.g., in self-knowledge, abilities, and performance, as well as parent-child relationship quality). Moreover, children raised by lesbian and gay couples are more flexible in terms of adopting gender roles, and are less likely to be limited by gender stereotypes. Thirdly, allowing lesbians and gay men rights to marry and to raise children could facilitate important Taiwanese values, such as maintaining long-term relationships and establishing

22 144 families. More optimistically, when lesbian and gay families are viewed without prejudice, we may have the chance to learn more flexible gender schema, and to question the legitimacy of the old-fashioned male superiority over women rooted in the traditional Chinese culture. Keywords: psychological research, homosexuality, intimate relationships, family, children

23 145

1988 Demo & Acock 1988 Demo & Acock Richard & Cynthia % 1996 Feigelman

(Madonna) (Nicole Kidman) (Meg Ryan) (Angelina Jolie) 25 30 2006 2006 1 1988 Demo & Acock 1988 Demo & Acock Richard & Cynthia 1993 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1995 60 33% 1996 Feigelman 2001 2 Fergusson, Lynskey, &