5 : LASG/ IAP LASG/ IAP Table 1 Development of LASG/ IAP spectral A GCM,,,,,, R15L922,, R42L26, R15L920 R15L921 R15L923 R42L9 SAMIL 15 9 Wu [6 ]

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1 63 5 Vol. 63, No ACTA METEOROLO GICA SIN ICA October 2005 LASG/ IAP Ξ (,LASG,,100029) (,100081) LASG/ IAP (SAMIL) FGOAL S - s,fgoal S - s SAMIL R42, ( ) ( ), T42 FGOAL S - s, FGOAL S - s,,, El Nigno,, FGOAL S - s, ;, FGOAL S - s :, 1 5 ( (WCRP) 15 ) (AM IP), 2 2 2, (CM IP), 2 2 2, Ξ : ; : : ( , , ) :,,1969, E2mail : iap. ac. cn

2 5 : LASG/ IAP LASG/ IAP Table 1 Development of LASG/ IAP spectral A GCM,,,,,, R15L922,, R42L26, R15L920 R15L921 R15L923 R42L9 SAMIL 15 9 Wu [6 ], Liu [7 ], Liu [8 ], [9 ], Wu [10 ], [11 ], [12,13 ], ,90, GOAL S, [1 ] [14 ], GOAL S LASG/ IAP 10,,LASG/ IAP ; GOAL S [2,3 ] (NCAR) CCSM,,, IPCC 3 [15 ], 22, [4 ], LASG/ IAP,,, R15L9, R42L9 R42L26,LASG/ IAP,, F GOAL S ( Flexi2 ble Global Ocean Atmosphere Land System model),lasg/ IAP 2005, F GOAL S LASG LASG/ IAP LASG/ IAP SAM IL ; SAM IL, ( Spectral Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG) [5 ] F GOAL S - s F GOAL S - s LASG/ IAP F GOAL S - s a 1 CO 2 1 % ( LASG/ IAP ) GOAL S LASG/ IAP SAM IL, F GOAL S - s,, GOAL S. LASG/ IAP FGOALS

3 SAM IL 2 42, ( 2. 1 ) ( ) 2p F GOAL S - s 1, 26 ( R42L26) NCAR CCSM2 CPL5 [16 ] Ed2 : [17 wards Slingo ] [18 Sling ] ; [19 ],,, Tiedtke ;, [20 ] [21,22 ], [23,24 ] F GOAL S- s , 4 F GOAL S - s L ICOM (LASG/ IAP Climate Ocean Model) L ICOM LASG/ IAP,4 [25 3 L30 T63 ] IAP,,, 1 FGOAL S - s Fig. 1 Framework of FGOAL S - s model 2. 2 F GOAL S - s SAM IL SAM IL [26 ] L ICOM L30 T63 : [25,26 ],L ICOM, L I2 COM , m 12, 2. 4 LASG/ IAP F GOAL S - s NCAR CLM [27 ] CLM LASG/ IAP,, [6 ], CLM 1, ; cm, cm, ;,,, 5 CLM [12,13 ] CLM,, 5

5 : LASG/ IAP 705 ( ), 4 T42 ),210 a 16, 200 a 10 a [27 ] 1 km F GOAL S - s NCAR 3 CSIM4 [28 ] CSIM4 3. 1 5, 64 cm SST 2.

4 5 : LASG/ IAP 705 ( ), 4 T42 ),210 a 16, 200 a 10 a [27 ] 1 km F GOAL S - s NCAR 3 CSIM4 [28 ] CSIM , 64 cm SST 2. 5 SST F GOAL S - s :, FGOALS - s 200 a data2ocean data2sea SST 2 ice ( SST) spin2up, 2 50 a spin2up SST,, 15 a, 5 50 a SST [5 spin2up, ] 50 a SST 2 data2ocean sea ice, L ICOM CSIM4, 200 a, 2 2 2, - 0., 500 a spin2up 17 / (100 a) ( ) spin2up, F GOAL S - s 210 a IBM SP CPU,, 24 h 2. 4 NCAR CSM1,CCSM2 F GOAL S - s, 1000, [29,30 ( R42 ] 2 FGOAL S - s SST ( : ) Fig. 2 Monthly global mean SST in the 200 yearscontrol simulation of FGOAL S - s (unit : )

5 a ; 10 a,, F GOAL S - s , [31 ] [33 ],F GOAL S - s, F GOAL S - s SAM IL ; F GOAL S - s, 7,,,,, F GOAL S - s 4 1 7, SST [32, ],1 ( ITCZ), F GOAL S - s ( SPCZ),, F GOAL S - s, [34 7 ], ITCZ ITCZ FOAL S - s,, 3 FGOAL S - s (a. 1, b. 7 ; :hpa) Fig. 3 Monthly mean sea level pressure in FGOAL S - s (a. January, b. J uly ;unit :hpa) 4 FGOAL S - s (a. 1, b. 7 ; :mm/ d) Fig. 4 Monthly mean precipitation in FGOAL S - s(a. January,b. J uly ;unit : mm/ d)

5 : LASG/ IAP 707 [19 ], 0. 2 ;,, 0. 2, ( 4a) 7 0. 2,, F GOAL S - s ITCZ ( 4b) 5 1 7 1,,, 0. 2, 0.

6 5 : LASG/ IAP 707 [19 ], 0. 2 ;,, 0. 2, ( 4a) ,, F GOAL S - s ITCZ ( 4b) ,,, 0. 2, FGOAL S - s (a. 1, b. 7 ; :mm 3 / mm 3 ) Fig. 5 Monthly mean soil moisture in FGOAL S - s (a. January, b. J uly ; unit : mm 3 / mm 3 ) (SPCZ), [30 SST ( ), ],, 27, 28,, ( ) ;, SST 2, 4 ( ),, 6 FGOAL S - s SST (a. 3, b. 9 ; : ) Fig. 6 Monthly mean SST in FGOAL S - s (a. March,b. September ;unit : )

708 63 [30 ], NCAR CC2 [30 SM2 ( 5b ] ),, [19 ] 7, 1000 2000 m, 45. 0 Sv 7 FGOAL S - s, ( :Sv) NADW ; 3000 m Fig.

2 Sv [37 ], NCAR CCSM2 19. 2 Sv [30 ], GFDL 15. 0 Sv [38 ],BCM 20. 0 Sv [39 ],, 17 18 Sv [40 ], [41 ] 8 FGOAL S - s ( :Sv) 8, 25 Sv 60 Sv Fig.

7 [30 ], NCAR CC2 [30 SM2 ( 5b ] ),, [19 ] 7, m, Sv 7 FGOAL S - s, ( :Sv) NADW ; 3000 m Fig. 7 Annual mean global zonally averaged AABW, meridional streamfunction in FGOAL S - s (unit : Sv) 70 Sv ;, Dea2 con m, GOAL S Sv [35 ], DOC PCM Sv [36 ], NCAR CSM Sv [37 ], NCAR CCSM Sv [30 ], GFDL Sv [38 ],BCM Sv [39 ],, Sv [40 ], [41 ] 8 FGOAL S - s ( :Sv) 8, 25 Sv 60 Sv Fig. 8 Annual mean barotropic streamfunction in FGOAL S - s (unit : Sv) ACC SST (Antarctic Circumpolar Current ) 120 Sv ; 100 Sv, Sv [42 ], Sv [43 ],,LASG 3, , ACC 70 Sv [25 ] [30 ] [30 ( 8a ] ) El Nigno, 10, 200 a Nino1 + 2 (10 S 0,90 80 W),Nino3 Sv Sverdrup ;1 Sv = 10 6 m 3 / s

5 : LASG/ IAP 709 9 FGOAL S - s (a) (b) ( : % ; 10) Fig.

8 5 : LASG/ IAP FGOAL S - s (a) (b) ( : % ; 10) Fig. 9 Annual mean sea ice concentration for the Arctic (a) and Antarctica (b) in FGOAL S - s (unit : % ; the contour interval is 10) (5 S 5 N, W),Nino3. 4 (5 S 5 N, W),Nino 4 (5 S 5 N,160 E 150 W),,,Nino1 + 2 (NAO) [44 ] NAO Nino3,, , NAO 4 K( ),, 2 K [45,46 ], NAO,Nino3. 4, [47,48 ], Nino4, NAO 12 F GOAL S - s DJ FM, 500 hpa El Nino, ( EOF), % FGOALS - s,, NAO, [39 ] NAO S NAO, 5 N SST F GOAL S - s NAO SST NAO, ( ),, SST LASG/ IAP ( ), GOAL S, F GOAL S - s : ;

710 63 NCAR CCSM2, GOALS R15L9 R42L26,F GOAL S - s 200 a 20 LASG/ IAP 3, L ICOM, 10 FGOAL S - s 101 120

9 NCAR CCSM2, GOALS R15L9 R42L26,F GOAL S - s 200 a 20 LASG/ IAP 3, L ICOM, 10 FGOAL S - s Nino ( : K) Fig. 10 Monthly Nino time series of SST anomalies for model years of FGOAL S - s (unit : K)

5 : LASG/ IAP 711 11 FGOAL S - s 101 120 S 5 N (a) ( :mm/ d) (b) SST ( : K) Fig.

model years of FGOAL S - s 12 FGOAL S - s DJ FM 500 hpa EOF Fig.

10 5 : LASG/ IAP FGOAL S - s S 5 N (a) ( :mm/ d) (b) SST ( : K) Fig. 11 Monthly mean S 5 N averaged (a) precipitation anomalies(unit :mm/ d) and (b) SST anomalies (uniu : K) for model years of FGOAL S - s 12 FGOAL S - s DJ FM 500 hpa EOF Fig. 12 The first EOF mode of DJ FM mean geopotential height anomalies of 500 hpa in FGOAL S - s F GOAL S - s, SST,,,,,,,F GOAL S - s F GOAL S - s LASG/ IAP F GOAL S, F GOAL S F GOAL S - g,, El Nigno, LASG/ IAP,,, ( ),,

11 [5 ] 3 : [49 ],, western equatorial Pacific in a CGCM. Adv Atmos Sci, 1998,15 (3) : : FGOAL S - s LASG/ IAP, [ 9 ]. R15L9 LASG/ IAP.,1998, Shao Hui, Qian Yongfu, Wang Qianqian. Impact of solar radia2 tion diurnal cycle on the simulation results of R51L9. Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese), 1998,17 : [ 1 ]. [ 11 ]. AL GCM (R42) ( GCM). :, Ricnes M R, Wang W C. : pp ( Wang Zaizhi, Wu Guoxiaong, Wu Tongwen, et al. 1999).,, Zhang Xuehong, Guo Yufu, Yuan Chongguang. Achievements of Institute of Atmospheric Physics in the development of general circulation models. In : Tao Shiyan, Ricnes M R, Chen Bangin, Wang W C. eds. Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change : Progress of CAS2DOE Joint Research Project on CO 2 2induced Climate Change. Beijing :Ocean Press, [ 2 ]. LASG 2 2 ( GOALS/ LASG)., 1997, 8 ( ),15 28 Wu Guoxiong, Zhang Xuehong, Liu Hui,et al. Global Ocean2 Atmosphere2Land system of LASG ( GOALS/ LASG) and its performance in simulation study. Quart J Appl Meteor (in Chi2 nese), 1997 :8 (Suppl) : [3 ] Zhang X H, Shi G Y, Liu H,et al. IAP Global Ocean2Atmo2 sphere2land System Model. Beijing :Science Press,2000, 251pp [ 4 ] Stocker T F,Clarke G K C, Le Treut H,et al. Physical Climate Processes and Feedbacks. In : Houghton J T,Ding Y, Griggs D J, et al. eds. Climate Change 2001 : The Scientific Basis. Con2 tribution to Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. New York : Cam2 bridge University Press, SAMIL FGOALS - s. :, pp Zhou Tanjun, Yu Rucong, Wang Zaizhi, et al. The Atmospher2 ic General Circulation Model SAMIL and the Associated Coupled Model FGOALS - s. Beijing : China Meteorological Press, pp [ 6 ] Wu G X, Liu H, Zhao Y C,et al. A nine2layer atmospheric gen2 eral circulation model and its performance. Adv Atmos Sci, 1996,13 :1-18 [ 7 ] Liu H, Wu G. Impacts of land surface on climate of J uly and on2 set of summer monsoon : A study with an AGCM plus SSiB. Adv Atmos Sci,1997,14 : [ 8 ] Liu H, Zhang X, Wu G. Cloud feedback on SST variability in [ 10 ] Wu T2W, Li u P, Wang Z2Z, et al. The Performance of Atmo2 spheric Component Model R42L9 Of GOALS/ LASG. Adv At2 mos Sci, 2003,20 : LASG ( No. 14), User s Guide and Reference Manual of the AL GCM ( R42). Technical Report of LASG/ IAP, No. 14, pp [ 12 ]. 2 2 I :.,2005,21 (3) : Wang Zaizhi, Wu Guoxiong, Liu Ping,et al. Development and performance of the AGCM component of a global ocean2land2at2 mosphere coupled model I : Impact of horizontal resolution. Jour2 nal of Tropical Meteorology (in Chinese), 2005,21 (3) : [13 ]. GOALS/ LASG II :.,2005,21 (3) : Wang Zaizhi, Yu Rucong,Wang Pengfei,et al. Development and performance of the AGCM component of a global ocean2land2at2 mosphere coupled model II : Impact of vertical resolution. Jour2 nal of Tropical Meteorology (in Chinese),2005,21 ( 3) : [14 ]..,2004,28 (6) : Zhou Tianjun, Yu Yongqiang, Yu Rucong, et al. Coupled cli2 mate system model coupler review. Chinese J Atmos Sci (in Chi2

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13 [ 43 ] Read J F, Pollard R T. Structure and transport of the Antarctic circumpolar current and Agulhas return current at 40E. J Geo2 phys Res,1993, 98 : [ 44 ].. half century. Geophys Res Lett, 2004, 31, L12204, doi : 10.,2001,3 : Gong Daoyi, Zhou Tianjun, Wang Shaowu. Advances in the studies on North Atlantic oscillation. Advances in Earth Science (in Chinese), 2001,3 : [ 45 ] Hurrell J W. Decadal trends in the North Atlantic oscillation re2 gional temperatures and precipitation. Science, 1995,269 : [46 ] Zhou Tianjun, Zhang Xuehong, Yu Rucong, Yu Yongqiang, Wang Shaowu. The North Atlantic oscillation simulated by Ver2 sion 2 and 4 of IAP/ LASG GOALS model. Adv Atmos Sci, 2000,17 (4) : [47 ] Yu Rucong, Zhou Tianjun. Impacts of winter2nao on March cooling trends over subtropical Eurasia continent in the recent 1029/ 2004 GL [ 48 ] Li Jian, Yu Rucong, Zhou Tianjun, Bin Wang. Why is there an early spring cooling shift downstream of the Tibetan Plateau? J Climate, 2005,18 : (in press) [ 49 ]. :., 2004,19 (4) :31 38 Wang Huijun, Xu Yongfu, Zhou Tianjun, et al. Atmospheric Science : A vigorous frontier science. Advances in Earth Sciences (in Chinese), 2004,19 (4) :31-38 THE CL IMATE SYSTEM MODEL FGOALS - s USING LASG/ IAP SPECTRAL AGCM SAMIL AS ITS ATMOSPHERIC COMPONENT Zhou Tianjun Wang Zaizhi Yu Rucong Yu Yongqiang Liu Yimin Liu Hailong Bao Qing Wang Pengfei Li Wei Wu Guoxiong ( L A S G, Institute of A t mospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing ) Wu Tongwen ( N ational Clim ate Center, Beijing ) Abstract This paper describes the development and framework of a new version of LASG/ IAP climate system model namely F GOAL S - s ( Flexible Global Ocean Atmosphere Land System model - Spectral version), which employs the recently improved version of IAP/ LASG spectral A GCM namely SAM IL as its atmospheric component. Wit h t he motivation of developing a state2of2t he2art coupled climate system model suitable for East Asian mon2 soon climate simulations, the atmospheric component of F GOAL S - s, viz. SAM IL, employs a horizontal resolu2 tion of R42, which is equivalent to (longitude) (latitude). The performances of F GOAL S - s in simulating the climate mean states of the atmosphere, land surface, ocean, and sea2ice were evaluated using the output of a 2002years control run of F GOAL S - s. The interannual variability of the tropical Pacific and the mode of North Atlantic Oscillation were also analyzed. The results indicate that the F GOAL S - s model has been suc2 ceeded in cont rolling t he long2term climate drift and has acceptable performances in realistically reproducing t he climate mean states of the atmosphere, ocean and land surface. Of particular important, benefit from the rela2 tively high horizontal resolution of t he A GCM component, t he observed sout hwest2nort heastward extension of the main summertime rainbelt over East China is reasonably well reproduced in F GOAL S - s, indicating the excel2 lent performance of t he model in East Asian summer monsoon simulations. One common problem of many cou2 pled ocean2atmosphere models is that the ENSO variability usually tends to be more regular than nature s, the F GOAL S - s model, however, successfully reproduces an irregular ENSO cycle, although its amplitude is slightly weaker t han t he observation. In addition, t he simulated interannual variability of t he equatorial middle and western Pacific is stronger than that of the equatorial middle and eastern Pacific. In addition, the model also has

14 5 : LASG/ IAP 715 reasonably well performance in reproducing t he Nort h Atlantic Oscillation mode, which is t he dominant mode of wintertime climate over not only the North Atlantic domain but also the Northern Hemisphere. The main defi2 ciency of the F GOAL S - s model is that the simulated tropical SSTs are colder than the observation, while the middle latitudes are warmer than the observation. The deficiency in SST simulations has proved to be the results of t he bias in net sea surface heat flux simulations, which is to great extent dominated by t he bias of cloud amount simulations. Another typical deficiency of the F GOAL S - s model is that the SSTs at high latitudes of North Atlantic are too cold, which leads to a larger sea2ice concentration than the observation in terms of annual mean state. In the mean time, the simulated warmer SSTs surrounding the Antarctic result in less sea2ice cover over there. Future improvements of the F GOAL S - s model should focus on the treatment of cloud process in the A GCM, the meridional heat transport process of the O GCM, and the tuning of the air2sea freshwater coupling scheme. Key words :Climate system model F GOAL S - s,atmospheric general circulation model SAM IL,Climate mean state, Interannual variability ,,, ; ;, ( ) : 30 :180 : ( ) : : , : E2mail net

1678 (Chinese J Geophys ) m 2 s - 1, FGCM20 2, 211, NCAR ( Community Atmosphere Model, CAM2), CAM2 NCAR CCM3 [15 ], CCM3,CAM2,,

1678 (Chinese J Geophys ) m 2 s - 1, FGCM20 2, 211, NCAR ( Community Atmosphere Model, CAM2), CAM2 NCAR CCM3 [15 ], CCM3,CAM2,, 50 6 2007 11 CHINESE JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICS Vol 50, No 6 Nov, 2007,, LASG 1,2007,50 (6) :1677 1687 Yu Y Q, Zheng W P, Zhang X H, et al LASG coupled climate system model FGCM21 0 Chinese J Geophys (in Chinese),