2 34 Vol1 34 heat flux will decrease. In the areas where the leaf area index (LAI) is relatively large, the surface temperature will decrease. Moreove

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1 Vol134 No11 Jan. 2010,, [J ]., 34 (1) : Zeng Hongling, Ji Jinjun, Wu Guox2 iong Numerical experiment of the influence of global vegetation distribution on climate [J ]. (in Chinese), 34 (1) : , , , , R42_AV IM,, :,,,,, ;,,,, - R42_AV IM (2010) P461 A Numerical Experiment of the Influence of Global Vegetation Distribution on Climate ZEN G Hongling 1, 3, J I Jinjun 2, and WU Guoxiong N ational Climate Center, China Meteorological A dminist ration, Bei j ing Regional Center f or Tem perate East A sia and Key L aboratory of Regional Climate2Environment f or Tem perate East A sia, I nstitute of A tmospheric Physics, Chinese A cadem y of Sciences, Bei j ing S tate Key L aboratory of N umerical Modeling f or A tmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Flui d Dy namics, Institute of A tmos p heric Physics, Chinese A cadem y of S ciences, Bei j ing Abstract The authors adopt a new two2way land2atmosphere coupled model R42_AV IM. By contrast of experiments with and without vegetation cover, the possible impact of global vegetation distribution on climate and atmosphere circulation is discussed. The result s show that the actual vegetation coverage on land can alter the surface character2 istic parameters obviously on planetary scale, especially for tropical rainforest and boreal forest. Under the distribu2 tion of actual vegetation, the surface net radiation and the latent heat flux will increase, while the surface sensible , CB403607, KZCX22YW2Q11201, ,, 1977,,, E2mail : gov. cn 3 E2mail : iap. ac. cn

2 2 34 Vol1 34 heat flux will decrease. In the areas where the leaf area index (LAI) is relatively large, the surface temperature will decrease. Moreover, this effect can also extend to the middle and upper troposphere. In addition, the present vege2 tation distribution enhances the evaporation as well as the corresponding condensation latent heating in the tropics and mid2high latitudes, which makes the meridional circulation stronger. And then, the precipitation increases in the tropics and mid2high latitudes, while decreases in the subtropics. Meanwhile, vegetation can also reduce the sea2 land temperature contrast and weaken the Asian summer monsoon. Key words two2way land2atmosphere interaction model R42_AV IM, vegetation distribution, climate, atmosphere circulation 1 (2009) (NDV I), NDV I,,,,, Sahel, 20, (),, (Charney, 1975 ; Henderson2Sellers and Gor2 nitz, 1984 ; Laval and Picon, 1986 ; Dickinson and Henderson2Sellers, 1988 ; Sud and Molod, 1988 ;?? Lean and Warrilow, 1989 ; Salati and No bre,,,,,,,,,,,,,?, (1996), (1998 ) ( 1999 ) (2005), 1991 ; Xue and Shukla, 1993 ; Dirmeyer and Shuk2 la, 1996 ; Zeng, 1996 ; Zheng and Eltahir, 1997, 1998 ; Zeng et al., 1999 ; Clark et al., 2001) Xue and Shukla (1993), Sahel,, Zeng et al. (1999), Sahel,,, : Pielke et al. (1998),,,,,,,,,,

1 : No1 1 ZEN G Hongling et al. Numerical Experiment of the Influence of Global Vegetation Distribution on Climate 3,, Chase et al. (1996) (L A I),,, L A I Fraedrich et al. (1999) Kleidon et al.

3 1 : No1 1 ZEN G Hongling et al. Numerical Experiment of the Influence of Global Vegetation Distribution on Climate 3,, Chase et al. (1996) (L A I),,, L A I Fraedrich et al. (1999) Kleidon et al. (2000),,,, 2 R42_AV IM (Zeng et al., 2008a, 2008b), (L ASG/ IA P) SAMIL2R42L9, 42, ,, 9 ( R42L9) Zhang et al. (2000) (2004) - AV IM (At mosp here2 Vegetation Interaction Model) Ji (1995) L PM (Ji and Hu, 1989),, (Ji, 1995 ;, 1999 ;, 1999 ; Li and Ji, 2001 ;, 2002a, 2002b ; L and Ji, 2006) R42_AV IM 1, 12, 13,, R42_ AV IM 1 R42_AVIM Fig. 1 Vegetation classification distribution map in R42_AVIM

4 4 34 Vol1 34,,, ;,,,, 15, 5, 10, 10, 3,,, 311,,,, CO2,, (L A I), L A I ( 1),, L A I,, 60 N,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3. 2,,, 2a b,,,,,,, ;, ( 2c d),,,,, 150 W/ m 2,,,,, W/ m 2

5 1 : No1 1 ZEN G Hongling et al. Numerical Experiment of the Influence of Global Vegetation Distribution on Climate 5 2 (a c e) (b d f ) : (a b) ; (c d) ; (e f) Fig. 2 The differences of (a, b) surface net flux, (c, d) surface latent heat flux, and (e, f) surface sensible heat flux in (a, c, e) Dec2Jan2 Feb (DJ F) and (b, d, f) J un2j ul2aug (JJ A) between control and sensitivity run, ( 2e f ),,,, 60 W/ m 2,,,, 30 W/ m 2, 90 W/ m 2,,,,,,,, 1 1,, 4013 W/ m 2,

6 6 34 Vol ( ) ( : W/ m 2 ) Table 1 Global land2averaged surface heat fluxes in control and sensitivity run. Units : W/ m 2 DJ F (JJ A) (73. 0) (51. 1) (17. 5) (87. 2) 4. 7 (29. 0) (48. 1) 8712 W/ m 2 ;, W/ m W/ m 2,,,, %, %,, 2. 1, 2. 7,, 3. 3, 3a b ( ),,,,,,, 12,,,,,,, 12, 3c d ( ),,, 50 N, 35 S 15 N, 8, 60 N 2 ;,,,,,,, 3a b [ 3e f ( ) ] 3e f,, 700 hpa ( 3c),, 700 hpa,,,,, 30 S,,,,,,,,,,, 60 N,,,,,,,,

7 1 : No1 1 ZEN G Hongling et al. Numerical Experiment of the Influence of Global Vegetation Distribution on Climate 7 4 (a) (b) 850 hpa Fig. 4 The differences of 8502hPa wind in (a) DJ F and (b) JJ A between control and sensitivity run, 850 hpa,,, ( 4b), 5 ( ), :,,,,,,,,,, 6 1 7, :, 1,,, 30 N,,, Hadley 7, Hadley, 60 N,,,

8 8 34 Vol (a) 1 (b) 7 Fig. 6 The differences of mean meridional circulation in (a) Jan and (b) J ul between control and sensitivity run,,, (3) 4, - R42_, AV IM,,,,, : (1), (4),, ;,,,,,,, (2),,,,,,,,,

9 1 : No1 1 ZEN G Hongling et al. Numerical Experiment of the Influence of Global Vegetation Distribution on Climate 9,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( References) Charney W, Stone P H, Quirk W J Drought in the Sahara : A biogeophysical feedback mechanism [J ]. Science, 187 : Chase T N, Pielke R A, Kittel T G F, et al Sensitivity of a general circulation model to global changes in leaf area index [J ]. J. Geophys. Res., 101 : Clark D B, Xue Y K, Harding R J, et al Modeling t he im2 pact of land surface degradation on the climate of tropical North Africa [J ]. J. Climate, 14 : Dickinson R E, Henderson2Sellers A Modelling tropical de2 forestation : A study of GCM land - surface parameterizations [J ]. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114 : Dirmeyer P A, Shukla J The effect on regional and global cli2 mate of expansion of the worldπs deserts [ J ]. Quare. J. Meteor. Soc., 122 : Roy.,, [J ]., 17 (3) : Fan Guangzhou, L Shihua, L uo Siwei The influence of the NW China afforestation on regional climate in East and South Asia [J ]. Plateau Meteorology (in Chinese), 17 (3) : Fraedrich K, Kleidon A, Lunkeit F A green planet versus a desert world : Estimating the effect of vegetation extremes on the at mosphere [J ]. J. Climate, 12 : ,, [J ]., 24 (6) : Guo Jianxia, Du Jiwen, Zheng Youfei Numerical simulation of influence of different vegetation schemes on local precipitation in nort hern Shaanxi region [J ]. Plateau Meteorology (in Chinese), 24 (6) : Henderson2Sellers A, Gornitz V Possible climatic impacts of land cover transformations, with particular emphasis on tropical deforestation [J ]. Climate Change, 6 : , [J ]., 1999, 23 (4) : Jinjun, Yu Li A simulation study of coupled feedback mechanism between physical and biogeochemical processes at the surface [J ]. Chinese J. At mos. Sci. (in Chinese), 23 (4) : Ji Jinjun, Hu Yuchun A simple land surface process model for use in climate studies [J ]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 3 : Ji Jinjun A climate2vegetation interaction model : Simulating physical and biological processes at the surface [J ]. J. Biogeogra2 phy, 22 : Kleidon A, Fraedrich K, Heimann M A green planet versus a desert world : Estimating the maximum effect of vegetation on t he land surface climate [J ]. Climate Change, 44 : Laval K, Picon L Effect s of a change of t he surface albedo on t he Sahel on climate [J ]. J. At mos. Sci., 43 : Lean J, Warrilow D A Simulation of the regional climatic im2 pact of Amazon deforestation [J ]. Nature, 342 : Li Yinpeng, Ji Jinjun Model estimates of global carbon flux between vegetation and the atmosphere [J ]. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 18 : [ D].. 156pp. L Jianhua The regional simulation of interaction between atmosphere and vegetation at seasonal and interannual scale [ D]. Ph. D. dissertation (in Chinese). Institute of At mospheric Phys2 Ji

10 10 34 Vol1 34 ics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 156pp.,. 2002a. - I : [J ]., 26 (1) : L Jian2 hua, Ji Jinjun. 2002a. A simulation study of atmosphere2vegeta2 tion interactions over the Tibetan Plateau. Part I : Physical fluxes and parameters [ J ]. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci. (in Chinese), 26 (1) : ,. 2002b. - II : [J ]., 26 (2) : L Jianhua, Ji Jinjun. 2002b. A simulation study of at2 mosphere2vegetation interactions over the Tibetan Plateau. Part II : Net primary productivity and leaf area index [J ]. Chinese J. At mos. Sci. (in Chinese), 26 (2) : L J H, Ji J J A simulation and mechanism analysis of long2 term variations at land surface over arid/ semi2arid area in north China [ J ]. J. Geophys. Res., 111 : D09306, doi : / 2005JD , [J ]., 18 (3) : L Shihua, Chen Yuchun The influence of Northwest China afforestation on regional climate in China [J ]. Plateau Meteorology (in Chinese), 18 (3) : Pielke R A, Avissar R, Raupach M, et al Interactions be2 tween the at mosphere and terrestrial ecosystems : Influence on weat her and climate [J ]. Global Change Biology, 4, Salati E, Nobre C A Possible climatic impact s of tropical de2 forestation [J ]. Climate Change, 19 : Sud Y C, Molod A A GCM simulation study of the influence of Saharan evapotranspiration and surface2albedo anomalies on J u2 ly circulation and rainfall [ J ]. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116 : ,,, AL GCM ( R42) (AL GCM ). LASG [ R]. No. 14. Wang Zaizhi, Wu Guoxiong, Wu Tongwen, et al AL GCM ( R42) atmosphere model ( AL2 GCM ) reference manual [ R ]. Technical Report in LASG/ IAP (in Chinese). No. 14. Xue Y, Shukla J The influence of land surface properties on Sahel climate. Part I : Desertification [J ]. J. Climate, 6 : Zeng N, Dickinson R E, Zeng X Climate impact of Amazon deforestation A mechanistic model study [ J ]. J. Climate, 9 : Zeng N, Neelin J D, Lau K2M, et al Enhancement of inter2 decadal climate variability in the Sahel by vegetation interaction [J ]. Science, 286 : Zeng Hongling, Wang Zaizhi, Ji Jinjun, et al. 2008a. An updated coupled model for land2atmosphere interaction. Part I : Simula2 tions of physical processes [ J ]. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 25 : Zeng Hongling, Ji Jinjun, Wu Guoxiong. 2008b. An updated cou2 pled model for land2atmosphere interaction. Part II : Simulations of biological processes [J ]. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 25 : Zhang X H, Shi G Y, Liu H, et al IAP Global Ocean2At2 mosphere2land System Model [ M ]. Beijing : Science Press, 251pp. Zheng X Y, Eltahir E A B The response to deforestation and desertification in a model of West African monsoons [ J ]. Geo2 phys. Res. Lett., 24 (2) : Zheng X Y, Eltahir E A B The role of vegetation in t he dy2 namics of West African Monsoons [J ]. J. Climate, 11 (8) : , [J ]., 38 (1) : 1-7. Zhou Guangsheng, Zhang Xinshi Feed2 backs of vegetation on climate [J ]. Acta Botanica Sinica (in Chi2 nese), 38 (1) : 1-7.,,, [J ]., 33 (3) : Zhou Dingwen, Fan Guangzhou, Hua Wei, et al Relationship between spring rainfall in China and winter normal2 ized difference vegetation index in t he Southeast of Tibetan Plat2 eau [J ]. Chinese Journal of At mospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 33 (3) :

3 The differences of (a, b) surface temperature, (c, d) zonal mean surface temperature, and (e, f) zonal mean air temperature ( ) in

11 1 : No1 1 ZEN G Hongling et al. Numerical Experiment of the Influence of Global Vegetation Distribution on Climate , : (a b) ; (c d) ; (e f) ( : ) Fig. 3 The differences of (a, b) surface temperature, (c, d) zonal mean surface temperature, and (e, f) zonal mean air temperature ( ) in (a, c, e) DJ F and (b, d, f) JJ A between control and sensitivity run 5 (a c) (b d) (a b) (c d) Fig. 5 The differences of (a, b) precipitation and (c, d) zonal mean precipitation in (a, c) DJ F and (b, d) JJ A between control and sensi2 tivity run

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