Climatic and Environmental Research Vol. 22, No. 4 Jul. 2017, [J]. 22 (4): Zhang Dongling, Lu Xu Analysis of abnorm

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1 Vol. 22, No. 4 Jul. 2017, [J]. 22 (4): Zhang Dongling, Lu Xu Analysis of abnormal upper circulation over the tropical Indian Ocean in winter [J]. (in Chinese), 22 (4): , doi: /j.issn CEOF 1 (Indian Ocean Dipole, IOD) IOD CEOF P732.6 A doi: /j.issn Analysis of Abnormal Upper Circulation over the Tropical Indian Ocean in Winter ZHANG Dongling 1 and LU Xu 2 1 Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Unit 61741, The Chinese People s Liberation Army, Beijing Abstract The Complex Empirical Orthogonal Function (CEOF) analysis is applied to discuss the modes and results of abnormal upper circulation over the tropical Indian Ocean in winter. The main conclusions are as follows. The first and second leading modes of the current anomalies are trapped by the equator wave, which decay rapidly poleward from the equator and show a zonal flow pattern. The natures of the first and second modes are the half wave pattern and full wave pattern of the equatorial ocean wave, respectively. This indicates that the equatorial wave anomaly plays an important role in the oceanic flow anomaly. The near-surface sea temperature anomaly resulted from the abnormal vertical motion of the first mode in the winter is different from that in the spring and autumn. In this situation, the distribution of meridional sea temperature anomaly near the equatorial Indian Ocean presents a pattern. It is different from Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and is the direct reason for the declining of IOD in winter. The sea temperature anomaly corresponding to the second mode presents a pattern of north negative and south positive. The first mode is closely related to South Asian zdl@mail.iap.ac.cn CB Funded by National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, Grant 2013CB956203)

2 Vol. 22 winter monsoon anomaly. Both modes demonstrate significant inter-annual and inter-decadal variations. The period of their inter-annual variation is about 3 5 years. The main periods of their inter-decadal variations are about 18 and 22 years, respectively, while they also have a period of about 13 years. The main inter-decadal variations of the first and second modes discussed in this paper correspond to the main inter-decadal variations of the second and first modes of circulation anomaly over the North Pacific and tropical Pacific in winter. Keywords Tropical Indian Ocean, Abnormal circulation, Complex EOF decomposition, South Asian winter monsoon Saji et al. (1999) 2009 (Indian Ocean Dipole, IOD) (Hashizume et al. 2012) 2007 IOD IOD IOD Luo et al., 2010; Cai et al., 2012; (Complex Empirical Orthogonal Function, CEOF) IOD IOD IOD 2009 Ha et al., 2012; 2013 CEOF (Pacific Decadal Oscillation, PDO) (North Pacific Gyre Oscillation, NPGO) CEOF IOD 2 1 Carton and Giese (2008) m 1 25 N 25 S 30 E 120 E 1

3 4 No. 4 ZHANG Dongling et al. Analysis of Abnormal Upper Circulation over the Tropical Indian Ocean in Winter CEOF 22.5 m CEOF m m 22.5 m EOF (North et al., 1982) a 5 S 5 N 1 CEOF a b Fig. 1 Spatial pattern of the first leading mode for ocean circulation by complex Empirical Orthogonal Function (CEOF): (a) Surface; (b) subsurface

4 Vol S 5 N 1b a 1 CEOF CEOF a b Fig. 2 Real time coefficients for the first two leading modes for ocean circulation by CEOF: (a) The first mode; (b) the second mode 3 CEOF a b Fig. 3 (a) Wavelet spectrum and (b) local power spectrum of the time coefficients for the first leading mode for ocean circulation by CEOF

5 4 No. 4 ZHANG Dongling et al. Analysis of Abnormal Upper Circulation over the Tropical Indian Ocean in Winter 467 3a 3b 3a 3 5 a b 3 5 a EOF 4 7 S 5 N 7 S 5 N 4a 70 E 5 S 7 S 5 N 55 E 82.5 m m 4 1 Fig. 4 Same as Fig. 1, but for the second mode

6 Vol E 95 E 6 S 7 S 4b b CEOF 5a 5b 5a 3 5 a b 3 5 a (Matsuno, 1966) 82.5 m a (Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly, SSTA) EOF [ a] SSTA IOD IOD 6b Ha et al., a / /13

7 4 No. 4 ZHANG Dongling et al. Analysis of Abnormal Upper Circulation over the Tropical Indian Ocean in Winter Fig. 5 Same as Fig. 3, but for the second mode 6 a b Fig. 6 The near-surface vertical velocity distribution: (a) The first mode; (b) the second mode

8 Vol Table 1 Time coefficients of the first leading mode in strong South Asia winter monsoon years Table 2 Time coefficients of the first leading mode in weak South Asian winter monsoon years PDO a PDO a 5a 13 NPGO NPGO Walker CEOF IOD 3

9 4 No. 4 ZHANG Dongling et al. Analysis of Abnormal Upper Circulation over the Tropical Indian Ocean in Winter References Cai W J, van Rensch P, Cowan T, et al An asymmetry in the IOD and ENSO teleconnection pathway and its impact on Australian climate [J]. J. Climate, 25 (18): , doi: /JCLI-D ,, [J]. ( ), 24 (5): Cao Jie, Tao Yun, Duan Xu The relation between the May very heavy rainfall in Yunnan and the Asia monsoon index [J]. Journal of Yunan University (Natural Sciences) (in Chinese), 24 (5): , doi: /j.issn: Carton J A, Giese B S A reanalysis of ocean climate using simple ocean data assimilation (SODA) [J]. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136 (8): , doi: /2007MWR , I. [J]., 23 (1): Chen Jun, Sun Shuqing Eastern Asian winter monsoon anomaly and variation of global circulation. Part I: A comparison study on strong and weak winter monsoon [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 23 (1): , doi: /j.issn Ha K J, Heo K Y, Lee S S, et al Variability in the East Asian monsoon: A review [J]. Meteorological Applications, 19 (2): , doi: /met Hashizume M, Chaves L F, Minakawa N Indian Ocean dipole drives malaria resurgence in East African highlands [J]. Scientific Reports, 2: 269, doi: /srep00269.,, TBO [J]., 29 (1): 1 6. Li Lin, Li Chongyin, Que Zhiping Further research on mechanism of TBO in South Asian monsoon region [J]. Journal of Tropical Meteorology (in Chinese), 29 (1): 1 6, doi: /j.issn ,,, [J]., 37 (3): Liu Ge, Ji Liren, Sun Shuqing, et al A discussion on the East Asian winter monsoon index Differences between the East Asian winter monsoon at mid-high and low latitudes [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 37 (3): , doi: /j.issn ,, EOF [J]., 31 (2): Lu Xu, Bao Yun, Lü Qingping CEOF analysis for upper current of tropic Pacific Ocean [J]. Marine Forecasts (in Chinese), 31 (2): 56 66, doi: /j.issn Luo J J, Zhang R C, Behera S K, et al Interaction between El Niño and extreme Indian Ocean Dipole [J]. J. Climate, 23 (3): , doi: /2009JCLI ,, NPGO [J]., 18 (2): Lü Qingping, Lu Kaicheng, Zhang Ming NPGO mode of the upper sea temperature anomalies in the North Pacific during winter [J]. Climatic and Environmental Research (in Chinese), 18 (2): , doi: /j.issn ,,, PDO NPGO [J]., 33 (2): 1 7. Lü Qingping, Lu Xu, Zhu Juan, et al Relationship between the main modes of circulation anomalies and the PDO, NPGO modes in the North Pacific during winter [J]. Journal of Marine Sciences (in Chinese), 33 (2): 1 7, doi: /j.issn X Matsuno T Quasi-geostrophic motions in the equatorial area [J]. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 44 (1): North G R, Bell T L, Cahalan R F, et al Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical orthogonal functions [J]. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110 (7): , doi: / (1982)110<0699:SEITEO>2.0.CO; [J]., 17 (3): Peng Jingbei Influence of the sea surface temperature in the eastern Indian Ocean on the wintertime rainfall in the southern part of China [J]. (in Chinese), 17 (3): , doi: /j.issn Saji N H, Goswami B N, Vinayachandran P N, et al A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean [J]. Nature, 401 (6751): ,, [J]., 25 (5): Xiao Ying, Zhang Zuqiang, He Jinhai Progresses in the studies on Indian Ocean dipoles [J]. Journal of Tropical Meteorology (in Chinese), 25 (5): , doi: /j.issn , [J]., 36 (5): Xu Zhiqing, Fan Ke Possible process for influences of winter and spring Indian Ocean SST anomalies interannual variability mode on summer rainfall over Eastern China [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 36 (5): , doi: /j.issn , [J]., 19 (1): Xu Zhiqing, Fan Ke Simulating the mechanism of the interannual variability mode of the Indian Ocean Sea surface temperature anomalies impacting on the summer rainfall over Eastern China [J]. Climatic and Environmental Research (in Chinese), 19 (1): 31 40, doi: /j.issn , [J]., 31 (1): Yan Hongming, Li Chongyin A study of the sea surface temperature zonal gradient mode in the equatorial Indian

10 Vol. 22 Ocean and its influence on climate [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 31 (1): 64 76, doi: /j.issn ,,, [J]., 28 (6): Yang Xiuqun, Zhu Yimin, Xie Qian, et al Advances in studies of Pacific decadal oscillation [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 28 (6): , doi: /j.issn , [J]., 10 (3): Zhang Dongling, He Juanxiong Dynamic statistic diagnosis of upper current in tropical Indian Ocean [J]. (in Chinese), 10 (3): , doi: /j.issn [D]., Zhang Dongling Dynamic statistic analysis of space structure and time evolution in Asian summer monsoon [D]. Ph. D. dissertation (in Chinese), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ,, [J]., 39 (4): Zhang Dongling, Lü Qingping, Zhang Lifeng Dynamical statistic analysis of decadal anomalies of air sea circulation in the North Pacific during winter [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 39 (4): , doi: /j.issn

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