80 (Mikania micrantha H.B.K.) (Asteraceae) ( ) ( 2002) (M. cordata) ( 2000a) RAPD-PCR ( 2000b ) , ( 2002) (Biologiccal control

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1 2003 ( 79-96) (Mikania micrantha) 1, thchen@mail.npust.edu.tw (Mikania micrantha H.B.K) FIc-2 FV 蟎 g 80-90%

2 80 (Mikania micrantha H.B.K.) (Asteraceae) ( ) ( 2002) (M. cordata) ( 2000a) RAPD-PCR ( 2000b ) , ( 2002) (Biologiccal control) (Wirjahardja, 1976) ( 蟎 ) ( 2000a) (Cock et al., 2000) (Choudhury, 1972) (Teoh et al., 1985; Cock et al., 2000)

3 81 (Mikania micrantha) (Cock, 1982a) (Smith, 1991) (Swarbrick, 1997) (Stone, 1970) (Space and Flynn, 2000) (Space et al., 2000a) Cock Islands (McCormack, 2002; Space and Flynn, 2000) (Barreto and Evans, 1995) (Evans, 1999) (Space and Flynn, 2000b; Space and Falanurum, 1999) (Swarbrick, 1997) (Whistler, 1988; Space and Flynn, 2001) ( ) 1. Barreto Evans Mycosphaerella mikania-micrsanthae Puccinia spegazzinii de Toni (Barreto & Evans, 1995) P. spegazzinii Endophylloides portoricensis Whetzel & Olive (Cock et al., 2000) 2. (P. spegazzinii ) (Evans,1999) M. micrantha Mikania P. spegazzinii 3. (Cercospora mikaniacola) C. mikaniacola (Barreto and

4 82 Evans, 1995 ; Cock et al., 2000) P. spegazzinii IIBC ( ) Colletotrichum sp. ( 2000b) 18 FIc-2 FV-1 1 ( 2001) ( ) 1. (Liothrips mikaniae) (1988) L. mikaniae L. mikaniae L. mikaniae (Cock 1982) 2. (Spindasis lohita senama) (S. lohita formosana) (S. kuyanianus) (S. syama) ( 2000a)

5 83 (Mikania micrantha) ( ) 1. (Aleurodaphis mikaniae) (monophagous) (1925) 2. (Aglaomorpha histrio formosana ) ( 2000a) 3. (Marasmia sp.) ( 2000a) 4. (Phthonoloba viridifa sciata ) (Abaciscus alisanensis ) ( 2000a) 5. (Rhyparioides subvaria ) ( 2000a) 6. Condica illecta(walker) 1000 (Ageratum) (Bidens) (Coeropsis) (Dahlie) (Dichrocephala) Carthamus ( 2000a)

6 84 7. Aphis citricola van der Goot ( 2000a) 8. Maconellicoccus hirsutus(green) M. hirsutusc ( 2000a) 9. Chloropulvinaria psidii(maskell) ( 2000a) 10. 蟎 Tetranychus cinnabarinus(boisduval) 蟎蟎 ( 2000a) 11. 蟎 Phytoptus sp. 1 3mm 1 4mm ( 2000a) Teleonemia sp. 蟎 Acalitus sp.

7 85 (Mikania micrantha) min ml %( 1) 10 (%) a < 25% (0) (12) (18) (19) (21) 26~50% (29) (32) (35) 51~75% (58) (58) (59) (62) (65) (66) (67) > 76% (76) (82) (83) (88) (91) (94) (94) (95) (95) (95) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) a. (%)= ( - / ) x100%

8 % ( 2) ( 2) ( 2003 ) / a (X) (n) (n=4) (n=4) (n=4) (n=4) (n=4) (n=4) (n=4) (n=4) (n=4) (n=4) (n=4) (n=4) CK (n=4) a (2002)

9 87 (Mikania micrantha) 1g 80-90% 4% 6 90% 2% (Cuscuta australis) 3 ( ) (Cudcuta sp.) 2001 (manageable level) ( 2002)

10 88 (Cuscuta australis) (Chromolaena odorata (L.)) 1~2 (natural control) ( ) ( 2002) (Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata) Cecidochares connexa 80

11 89 (Mikania micrantha) ~ a (Mikania micrantha H.B.K.) 8(1) b (Mikania micrantha H.B.K.) 8(2) ~ a ~ RAPD-PCR b - 3 1~ (3)

12 90 17(2) (Mikania micrantha Kouth) Barreto, R. W., and Evans, H. C The mycobiota of the weed Mikania micrantha in southern Branzil with particular refence to funfal pathogens for biological control. Mycological Research 99: Cock, M. J. W The biology and host specificity of Liothrips mikaniae (Priesner) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), a potentoal biological control agent of Mikania micrantha (Compositae). Bull. Ent. Res. 72: Cock, M. J. W., Ellison, C. A., Evans, H. C.,Ooi, P. A. C Can failure be turned into success for biological control of mile-a-minute weed(mikania micrantha). Proceeding of the X International Symposium on Biological control of weeds Choudhury, A. K Controversial Mikania (Climber)- a threat to the forests and agriculture. India Forester 98: Cock, M. J. W Potential biological control agents for Mikania micrantha HBK from the Neotropical Region. Tropical Pest Management 28: Evans, H. C Biological control of weed and insect pests using fungal pathogens, with particular reference to Sri Lanka. Biocontrol News and Information 20:63N-68N. 19. McCormack, G Cook islands natural heritage project database Cook islands natural heritage project. 20. Smith, A. C Flora vitiensis nova: a new flora Fiji. Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. National Tropical Botanical Garden. 5: Space, J. C., and M. Faranruw Observation on invasive plant species in Micronesia. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 32 pp. 22. Space, J. C., and T. Flynn Observation on invasive plant species in American Samoa. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 51 pp. 23. Space, J. C., and T. Flynn Report to the kingdom of Tonga on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 78 pp. 24. Space, J. C., B. Waterhouse, J. S. Denslow and D. Nelson. 2000a. Invasive plant species on Rota, commonwealth of the northern Mariana islands. USDA

13 91 (Mikania micrantha) Forest Service, Honolulu. 31 pp. 25. Space, J. C., B. Waterhouse, J. S. Denslow, D. Nelson. and E. E. Waguk. 2000b. Invasive plant species on Kosrae, Federated states of Micronesia. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 43 pp. 26. Swarbrick, J. T Weeds of the Pacific islands. Technical paper No South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 124 p. 27. Teoh, C. H., G. H. Chung, S. S. Liau, Ghani Ibrahim, A. M. tan, S. A. Lee, and Mariati Mohammed prospests for biological control of Mikania micrantha HBk in Malaysia. Planter, Kuala Lumpur 61: Whistler, W. A Checklist of the weed flora of western Polynesia. Technical paper No. 194, South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia. 11 p. 29. Wirjahar, S Autecological study of Mikania spp., pp In Proceedinds of Fifth Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, Tokyo, Japan, October 5-11, Asian Weed Science Society.

14 92 Biological Control Of Mikania micrantha (mile-a-minute) Tsang-Hai Chen 1,5, Zen-Chau Chen 1, Tzu-Hui Wang 2, Chun-Li Wang 2, Yung-Chun Chao 4 1 Associate professor, Department of Plant Protection, National Pingtung Univesity of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan 2 Graduate student, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung Univesity of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan 3 Professor, Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung Univesity of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan 4 Instructor, Department of Plant Protection, National Pingtung Univesity of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan 5 Corresponding author, thchen@mail.npust.edu.tw ABSTRACT Mikania micrantha H.B.K., commonly called mile-a-minute and possibly originated from Paraguay and its neighboring countries in South America, is known as a noxious weed in tropical and subtropical regions. Recently, the use of herbicides for weed control has been discouraged due to the increasing concerns about the costs of the chemicals and the wellbeing of the environment. Biological control becomes a viable alternative to herbicides as a trend in the development of pest management strategies against noxious weeds. Based on the results of the surveys conducted in foreign countries, two pathogenic fungi, Puccinia spegazzinii and Cercospora mikaniacola, were isolated from infected M. micrantha. In Taiwan, however, three pathogenic fungi, including Colletotrichum sp., Flc-2 fungus and FV-1 fungus, were isolated. In addition to the fungal pathogens, there were a total 33 insects and mites found attacking M. micrantha in Taiwan. Those insects and mites include Aglaomorpha histrio formosana and 20 other lepidopteran species, Aleurodaphis mikaniae and 6 other

15 93 (Mikania micrantha) homopteran species, Leptocorisa oratoria and 3 other hemipteran species, Liriomyza trifolii, and 3 acarine species. Other control methods tested were the use of plant extracts from Rhus chinensis and 55 other Chinese herbal medicines to inhibit the growth of M. micrantha. Among those tested, the extracts of R. chinensis and Eugenia caryophyllata at a 1:10 dilution rate caused mortality in young seedlings of M. micrantha. Leaves and petals of the Poinciana, Delonix regia, strongly inhibited the growth of M. micrantha seedlings, 1g of leaf or petal powder causing 80 90% mortality of the seedlings. Based on the past successes in biological control, sustainable control of weeds can be achieved by the use of biological control agents, particularly plant feeding insects. Therefore, efforts should be made to search and introduce appropriate plant feeding insects from the origin of M. micrantha to attain the goal of suppressing this weed under its economic injury level. This approach is considered as safe, economical and forward looking. (Key words: Mikania micrantha, biological control) Conference The Harmful Effect and Field Management of Mikania micrantha, p.79-96, WSSROC.

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17 95 (Mikania micrantha) C A B D A B C D A B C 10X A B C D E

18 96 A B C D 3 A B C D

(10) 苷 (7, 10) (Mikania cordata) (M. micrantha Kunth (7, 10, 13,16) 8~32 12~ ~32 (5) (1)

(10) 苷 (7, 10) (Mikania cordata) (M. micrantha Kunth (7, 10, 13,16) 8~32 12~ ~32 (5) (1) 2003 (111-121) (Mikania micrantha) (Mikania cordata) 8~32 12~28 20 6 28~32 68% 25%3.5% ph5.5~7.5-0.8mpa 2.5 5~8 4 11 1.82.17.913.1 0.5, 0.75 95% 80% 2,4-D 90% 20 92~98% 112 1986 (10) 2000 5 苷 (7, 10) (Mikania