negative evidence Crain 1991 positive evidence McNeill 1966 Brown & Hanlon 1970 Hirsh-Pasek Treiman & Schneiderman 1984 Morgan & Travis 1989 Pinker 19

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1 * + VP VP VP target language null object construction VP parallelism principle Xu * 211

2 negative evidence Crain 1991 positive evidence McNeill 1966 Brown & Hanlon 1970 Hirsh-Pasek Treiman & Schneiderman 1984 Morgan & Travis 1989 Pinker problem of learnability innate Universal Grammar Principles and Parameters Theory VP VP VP VP VP phonetic form PF Ross 1967 Chomsky Hankamer & Sag 1976 Williams 1977 Chao 1988 Lobeck 1995 logical form LF 1 e = 2 e = VP 212

3 vp ellipsis Li VP VP 3 VP Huang NP VP V-raising 4 VP null VP in disguise 3 4 INFL V VP V e NP e Huang do do dosupport INFL lexicalized INFL VP 4 4 strict reading sloppy reading VP John saw his mother and Bill did too Bill John Bill locality effect 5 6 John saw his mother and Mary knows that Bill did as well. Bill Mary Fiengo & May 1994 Hoji 1998 Kim 1999 Hoji 1998 Kim 1999 Xu VP Mike Jeanne Mike Xu Mike Jeanne Xu a Jeanne Mike b Jeanne c Jeanne Mike d Jeanne Mike VP VP * Xu Xu 2003 VP VP 10 VP a. John saw Mary in Paris and Peter did too. b. John carefully cleaned his teeth and Peter did as well. Xu a. b. Xu

4 12 a. b. Xu a 13 14b 13 a. b. * a. b. * / 16 /* a 17b 17 a. b VP VP VP VP VP VP 4 Matsuo & Duffield 2001 VP VP VPanaphora Hankamer & Sag 1976 VP VP M = VP VP VP Foley 2003 act-out picture judgment VP Thornton & Wexler 1999 VP B B Guo 1996 Matsuo M = 5 8 VP M = 5 4 VP Sag 1976 William 1977 Fiengo & May

5 Huang Otani & Whitman 1991 Hoji 1998 Kim 1999 VP Hoji 1998 Kim 1999 Xu 2003 Matsuo 2007 VP 100% 80% 93% 100% 90% 72% 88% VP 25% 30% 36% 9% 46% 65% VP VP / Xu 2003 Cheung Winnie the Pooh Eeyore 19 Winnie the Pooh Eeyore Winnie Eeyore 57% % 37% 56% 49% 4 VP token

6 20 1 a. b. c a. b. c a. b. c a. b. c truth value judgment task Crain & McKee 1985 Crain & Thornton 1998 language competence Condition of Falsification Condition of Plausible Dissent 216

7 Russell VP + VP

8 p < p < p >

9 3 4 ANOVA F 2 96 = p =. 054 t t 32 = p < t 32 = p < F 2 42 =. 134 p > F 2 45 =. 235 p > F 2 61 = p <. 01 F 2 61 = p <. 001 Post Hoc 3 p < p >. 05 F 2 61 = p > F 2 96 = p < F 2 42 =. 057 p >

10 F 2 45 = p < VP F 2 61 =. 993 p > F 2 61 = p <. 001 F 2 61 = p < VP 3 Post Hoc 3 p < p > F 2 96 = p < F 2 42 =. 034 p > F 2 45 = p <. 01 F 2 61 =. 097 p > F 2 61 = p <. 01 F 2 61 = p <. 001 Post Hoc 3 p < p >

11 VP VP + VP 19% VP VP VP % 3 VP 221

12 Crain & Thornton 1998 Input Matching Model primary linguistic data Crain & Thornton 1998 Competing Factors Model 3 VP Modularity Matching Model maturation hypothesis Borer & Wexler 1987 Wexler 1999 Wexler 1998 VP 4 Thornton & Wexler 1999 Matsuo & Duffield 2001 Matsuo 2007 Cheung 2008 IP vp + VP NP VP VP

13 + 3 + Wexler Pinker Halliday Otani & Whitman Empty Category Principle lexically govern antecedent-govern 5 M mean Borer H. and K. Wexler 1987 The maturation of syntax. In T. Roeper and E. Williams Eds. Parameters Setting Dordrecht The Netherlads Reidel. Brown R. and C. Hanlon 1970 Derivational complexity and order of acquisition in child speech. In J. R. Hayes Ed. Cognition and the Development of Language pp New York Wiley. Chao W On Ellipsis. New York & London Garland Publishing Inc. Cheung Lawrence Y. -L First language acquisition of elliptical structures in Cantonese. Poster presented at Boston University Conference on Language Development 32 Boston November Chomsky N The Minimalist Program. Cambridge MA MIT Press. Crain S. and C. McKee 1985 The acquisition of structural restrictions on anaphora. In Proceedings of NELS 16 GLSA. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Crain S Language acquisition in the absence of experience. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences Crain S. and R. Thornton 1998 Investigation in Universal Grammar A Guide to Experiments on the Acquisition of Syntax and Semantics. Cambridge MA The MIT Press. Fiengo R. and May R Indices and Identity. MIT Press Cambridge. Massachusetts. Foley C. Z. Núnez del Prado I. Barbier and B. Lust 2003 Knowledge of variable binding in VP-ellipsis Language acquisition research and theory converge. Syntax Guo F. -F. C. Foley Y. -C. Chien C. -P Chang and B. Lust 1996 Operator-variable binding in the in itial state A cross-linguistic study of vpellipsis structs in Chinese and English. Cahiers de Linguistique-Asie Orientale

14 Halliday M. A. K Notes on transitivity and theme in English Part 2. Journal of Linguistics Hankamer J. and I. Sag 1976 Deep and surface anaphora. Linguistic Inquiry Hirsh-Pasek K. R. Treiman and M. Schneiderman 1984 Brown & Hanton revisited Mother's sensitivity to ungrammatical forms. Journal of Child Language Hoji H Null object and sloppy identity in Japanese. Linguistic Inquiry Huang C. -T. James 1988 Comments on Hasegawa's paper. In Tawa Wako and Mineharu Nakayama Eds. Proceedings of Japanese Syntax Workshop Issues on Empty Categories New London Connecticut College. Huang C. -T. James 1991 Remarks on the status of the null object. In Freidin R. Ed. Principles and Parameters in Comparative Grammar The MIT Press. Kim S Sloppy /strict identity empty objects and NP ellipsis. Journal of East Asian Linguistics Li H. -J. Grace 2002 Ellipsis constructions in Chinese. Ph. D. dissertation. University of Southern California. Lobeck A Ellipsis Functional heads licensing and identification. Oxford University Press New York. Matsuo A. and N. Duffield 2001 VP-ellipsis and anaphora in child language acquisition. Language Acquisition Matsuo A Differing interpretations of empty categories in English and Japanese VP ellipsis contexts. Language Acquisition McNeill D Development psycholinguistics. In F. Smith and G. A. Miller Eds. The Genesis of Language A psycholinguistic approach Cambridge MA MIT Press. Morgan J. and L. Travis 1989 Limits on negative information in language input. Journal of Child Language Otani K. and J. Whitman 1991 V-raising and VP ellipsis. Linguistic Inquiry Pinker S Language acquisition. In D. N. Osherson and H. Lasnik Eds.. Language An Invitation to Cognitive science Vol. 1. Language Cambridge MA MIT Press. Ross J. R Constraints on Variables in Syntax. Ph. D. dissertation. MIT Cambridge. Russell B Human Knowledge Its Scope and Limits. London Allen and Unwin. Sag I Deletion and Logical Form. Ph. D. dissertation. University of Maryland College Park. Thornton R. and K. Wexler 1999 Principle B VP Ellipsis and Interpretation in Child Grammar. Cambridge MA The MIT Press. Wexler K Very early parameter setting and the unique checking constraint A new explanation of the optional infinitive stage. Lingua Wexler K Maturation and growth of grammar. In W. C. Ritchie and T. K. Bhatia Eds. Handbook of Child Language Acquisition pp San Diego CA Academic Press. Williams E Discourse and logical form. Linguistic Inquiry Xu Liejiong 2003 Remarks on VP-ellipsis in disguise. Linguistic Inquiry

15 ZHONGGUO YUWEN STUDIES OF THE CHINESE LANGUAGE May 2012 Abstracts of Major Papers in This Issue ZHU Qingzhi Determining the period when several first person pronouns disappeared in the spoken Ancient Chinese There are six first person pronouns in Ancient Chinese while only wo survives up to Modern Chinese. Some scholars assume the period of the changes but give no convincing proof. Comparing the traditional Chinese literature and Chinese translations of Indian Buddhist sutras this paper argues that the change in spoken Chinese have been accomplished before East Han period which is supported by the data of Chinese sutra translations. Key words Ancient Chinese first person pronouns Chinese translations of Buddhist sutra traditional written Chinese spoken Chinese LI Ruya SHI Dingxu HU Jianhua The acquisition of elliptical constructions in child Mandarin This paper reports an experimental study investigating Mandarin-speaking children's interpretation of the elliptical constructions such as the ye-shi construction the ye -Aux construction and the null object construction NOC in Mandarin Chinese. It is argued in the literature of the generative approach that these constructions are VP ellipsis. But it is evident from our study that the first two constructions behave differently from the third one with respect to the observation of the parallelism principle that constrains the interpretation of VP ellipsis. The findings of our study show that the 4-year-old children like adults observe the parallelism principle in their interpretation of the ye-shi and ye-aux constructions but not in that of the null object constructions. The 3-year-old children does not make a clear distinction between them. As the ability of the cross-modular syntax-semantics computation involved in the interpretation of the elliptical constructions matures over time the present findings provide evidence for the maturation hypothesis of language development. Key words language acquisition elliptical construction parallelism principle child language maturation of grammar CHEN Zhong A functional explanation of the parameters of the verb-copying construction through the mechanism of co-reference and structure-function interaction The integration of verb-copying and a nonspecific object two independent variable parameters of the verb-copying construction leads to a specific functional explanation. It also causes variations in dependent variable parameters such as transitive direction instantaneity autonomy scanning manner action course action frequencies gain-loss and usualness etc. 287

7 a x b (y) 2007a 7 b x b x y x b 2006a a 8 a. b. x. y. xb 8 a b x a x b y b x b x xb y a b 9 y b b x 11 a. b. x. y. xb Chao

7 a x b (y) 2007a 7 b x b x y x b 2006a a 8 a. b. x. y. xb 8 a b x a x b y b x b x xb y a b 9 y b b x 11 a. b. x. y. xb Chao 2008 6 * 2007a 2007a 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2007a a : b = x : y 7 a b x y a b x 2006a a b a a x a x y b * 2007 8 2008 5-6 General Research Fund GRF A Comparative Study of Definiteness in Chinese Dialects B-Q02H