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1 2011, Vol. 19, No. 11, Advances in Psychological Science DOI: /SP.J * 语言加工性别差异的神经机制 1, ( 1, ) ( 2, ) 神经成像技术为语言加工的性别差异研究提供了新的手段和证据研究者们从语言加工的词汇句子篇章理解和语言学习再认和记忆等层面进行了大量的男女性脑功能差异研究同时, 语言加工的性别差异也从脑结构生理基础差异方面进行了探讨, 主要包括了灰质分布差异胼胝体大小差异和荷尔蒙的影响然而, 语言加工是否有性别差异还存在争议, 不同的研究者从加工时间要求陈述性记忆差异和方法学考虑等方面对分歧做出了解释语言加工 ; 性别差异 ; 神经机制 ; 侧化 ; 双侧化 B842;B845 1 引言,,,,, 16~24 (Huttenlocher, Haight, Bryk, Seltzer, & Lyons, 1991); (, 1989);, 3~8 (Matin & Hoover, 1987), (Payne & Lynn, 2011);, (,, 2006);,, (Hyde & Linn, 1988), : * (SWU ); (NSKD11002) :, zhangql@swu.edu.cn,, (, 2007),, (, 2010),,,,, (ERPs) (fmri) 20 70,, (McGlone, 1977),, (lateralization), ( ), (bilateralization),, 1625

2 , fmri, 2 语言加工的性别脑功能性差异研究, ( ) 2.1 词汇加工的性别差异词汇语音加工 Shaywitz (1995) fmri,,,,,, Coney (2002), Clements (2006) ; 9~15,,, (Burman, Bitan, & Booth, 2008) ERPs, Obleser (2001),,, N100 Ikezawa (2008),,, 词汇语义加工 Baxter (2003) fmri ( beverage milk) ( vehicle carrot), Rossell (2002),, Walla (2001), 200~350 ms,, (Shaywitz et al., 1995);,, sailor: navy, soldier: (a) gun, (b) cap, (c) hill, (d) army, (Gur et al., 2000);, ( ),, (Frost et al., 1999);,, carpet rug, (Roskies, Fiez, Balota, Raichle, & Petersen, 2001), Hill (2006) Ihnen (2009),,,, (Plante, Schmithorst, Holland, & Byars, 2006),, Gur (2000),, (Kaiser, Kuenzli, Zappatore, & Nitsch, 2007), (Daltrozzo, Wioland, & Kotchoubey, 2007;

3 11 : 1627 Wirth et al., 2007),, Wirth ( king crown) ( soap tree),,, N400,, 词汇正字法加工 Burman (2008), 4 ( gate hate) ( pint mint) ( has jazz) ( press list),, Spironelli, Penolazzi Angrilli (2010) 10 ERPs, N150,, ( F ) ( ) Bell (2006), Gauthier, Duyme, Zanca Capron (2009),, Ihnen (2009), ( ball bounce) ( less more) ( beach peach), Allendorfer (2011),, Plante (2006) Chiarello (2009),,,,, 2.2 句子加工的性别差异 Ullman (2002) ERPs 26,, (1) ( Yesterday John walked / walk over there.) (2) ( Yesterday I took / take a pill.) (3) ( Peter bought Betty s house at / at house the beach.) (4) ( John drove the tractor/ pocket into the field.), LAN, ; N400,, N400, N400,, LAN, (1) (2) (3),,, 2.3 语篇理解加工的性别差异 Kansaku, Yamaura Kitazawa (2000),, (1), ; (2), (3), (1) (2),, Phillips (2001) 20,,,, Plante (2006) 5~ ( 104, 101 ), 5 10,,,

4 语言学习再认和记忆加工的性别差异 Chen, Xue (2007), 2, fmri, 60, fmri,,,, Dong (2008) Chen, Xue (2007),, fmri 6,, 3 语言加工性别差异的脑生理基础研究 3.1 灰质分布差异,,, 10% (Zaidi, 2010),, (Im et al., 2006; Leonard et al., 2008) Luders, Gaser, Narr Toga (2009),, Lv (2010) Chen, Sachdev, Wen Anstey (2007) 411 ( 184, 227 ), (Blanton et al., 2004) Lust (2010),, 3.2 胼胝体大小的差异 (corpus callosum), ( ) (Lust et al., 2010),,, (Steinmetz et al., 1992),, (Ikezawa et al., 2008; Bitan, Lifshitz, Breznitz, & Booth, 2010),,, (Nosarti et al., 2004), (Bitan et al., 2010),,, 3.3 荷尔蒙的影响,, Estabrooke, Mordecai, Maki Ullman (2002) 3 1,,,,, (Kampen & Shenvin, 1994), 1,,

5 11 : 1629 (Maki, Zonferman, & Resnick, 2001), (Rumberg et al., 2010), Wisniewski (1998),, Lust (2010), 4 语言加工性别差异的分歧及解释,,, (Shaywitz et al., 1995; Kansaku et al., 2000; Ullman et al., 2002; Baxter et al., 2003; Wirth et al.,2007; Burman et al., 2008), (Frost et al.,1999; Weiss et al., 2003; Sommer, Aleman, Bouma, & Kahn, 2004; Sommer, Aleman, Sommers, Boks, & Kahn, 2008; Plante et al., 2006; Kaiser et al., 2007; Ihnen et al., 2009),, 4.1 加工时间差异说, Kansaku Kitazawa (2001),,, (Ringo, Doty, Demeter, & Simard, 1994),,,,,, (Steinmetz et al., 1992) (2009) 2, Vigneau (2011) 59,,, 4.2 陈述性记忆优势说 Ullman, Miranda Travers (2008),,, ; (Ullman et al., 2002),, (Maki et al., 2001),,, (Woolley & Schwartzkroin, 1998; Barha & Galea, 2010), (Ngun, Ghahramani, Sánchez, Bocklandt, & Vilain, 2011); 18~24,, (Pruessner, J. C., Collins, Pruessner, M., & Evans, 2001);,,, 16~47 (Kramer, Yaffe, Lengenfelder, & Delis, 2003),, 4.3 方法学考虑 fmri, 2 Glass (1976),,

6 ,, (Wallentin, 2009) 1999, Frost 50, Sommer (2004) 26,, 31,, 76,, Plante (2006) 205 5~18 ( 101, 104 ),,, Chiarello (2009), 100, 8, 2,, ERPs,,,, Gauthier (2009),, (Harrington & Farias, 2008),, (Kaiser, Haller, Schmitz, & Nitsch, 2009) 5 结语,,,,,,,,,, (Andreano & Cahill, 2009);,,,,,,,,,,,,, (Witte, Savli, Holik, Kasper, & Lanzenberger, 2010),,, Porter (2011), Rumberg (2010),,,

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9 11 : Porter, J. N., Collins, P. F., Muetzel, R. L., Lim, K. O., & Luciana, M. (2011). Associations between cortical thickness and verbal fluency in childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. Neuroimage, 55(4), Pruessner, J. C., Collins, D. L., Pruessner, M., & Evans, A. C. (2001). Age and gender predict volume decline in the anterior and posterior hippocampus in early adulthood. The Journal of Neuroscience, 21, Ringo, J. L., Doty, R. W., Demeter, S., & Simard, P. Y. (1994). Time is of the essence: A conjecture that hemispheric specialization arises from interhemispheric conduction delay. Cerebral Cortex, 4, Roskies, A. L., Fiez, J. A., Balota, D. A., Raichle, M. E., & Petersen, S. E. (2001). Task-dependent modulation of regions in the left inferior frontal cortex during semantic processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13(6), Rossell, S. L., Bullmore, E. T., Williams, S. C. R., & David, A. S. (2002). Sex differences in functional brain activation during a lexical visual field task. Brain and Language, 80, Rumberg, B., Baars, A., Fiebach, J., Ladd, M. E., Forsting, M., Senf, W., et al. (2010). Cycle and gender-specific cerebral activation during a verb generation task using fmri: Comparison of women in different cycle phases, under oral contraception, and men. Neuroscience Research, 66, Shaywitz, B. A., Shaywitz, S. E., Pugh, K. R., Constable, R. T., Skudlarski, P., Fulbright, R. K., et al. (1995). Sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language. Nature, 373, Sommer, I. E. C., Aleman, A., Bouma, A., & Kahn, R. S. (2004). Do women really have more bilateral language representation than men? A meta-analysis of functional imaging studies. Brain, 127, Sommer, I. E. C., Aleman, A., Sommers, M., Boks, M. P., & Kahn, R. S. (2008). Sex differences in handedness, asymmetry of the Planum Temporale and functional language lateralization. Brain Research, 120, Spironelli, C., Penolazzi, B., & Angrilli, A. (2010). Gender differences in reading in school-aged children: An early ERP study. Developmental Neuropsychology, 35(4), Steinmetz, H., Jancke, L., Kleinschmidt, A., Schlaug, G., Volkmann, J., & Huang, Y. (1992). Sex but no hand difference in the isthmus of the corpus callosum. Neurology, 42, Ullman, M. T., Estabrooke I. V., Steinhauer, K., Brovetto, C., Pancheva, R., Ozawa, K., et al. (2002). Sex differences in the neurocognition of language. Brain and Language, 83, Ullman, M. T., Miranda, R. A., & Travers, M. L. (2008). Sex differences in the neurocognition of language. In J. B. Becker, K. J. Berkley, N. Geary, E. Hampson, J. Herman, & E. Young (Eds.), Sex on the brain, From genes to behavior. New York: Oxford University Press, Vigneau, M., Beaucousin, V., Herve, P. Y., Jobard, G., Petit, L., Crivello, F., et al. (2011). What is right-hemisphere contribution to phonological, lexico-semantic, and sentence processing? Insights from a meta-analysis. Neuroimage, 54, Walla, P., Hufnagl, B., Lindinger, G., Deecke, L., & Lang, W. (2001). Physiological evidence of gender differences in word recognition: A magnetoencephalographic (MEG) study. Cognitive Brain Research, 12, Wallentin, M. (2009). Putative sex differences in verbal abilities and language cortex: A critical review. Brain and Language, 108, Weiss, E. M., Siedentopf, C., Hofer, A., Deisenhammer, E. A., Hoptman, M. J., Kremser, C., et al. (2003). Brain activation pattern during a verbal fluency test in healthy male and female volunteers: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroscience Letters, 352, Wirth, M., Horn, H., Koenig, K., Stein, M., Federspiel, A., Meier, B., et al. (2007). Sex differences in semantic processing: Event-related brain potentials distinguish between lower and higher order semantic analysis during word reading. Cerebral Cortex, 17, Wisniewski, A. B. (1998). Sexually-dimorphic patterns of cortical asymmetry, and the role for sex steroid hormones in determining cortical patterns of lateralization. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23(5), Witte, A. V., Savli, M., Holik, A., Kasper, S., & Lanzenberger, R. (2010). Regional sex differences in grey matter volume are associated with sex hormones in the young adult human brain. Neuroimage, 49, Woolley, C. S., & Schwartzkroin, P. A. (1998). Hormonal effects on the brain. Epilepsia, 39(8), 2 8. Zaidi, Z. F. (2010). Gender differences in human brain: A review. The Open Anatomy Journal, 2,

10 Sex Differences in Language Processing and Its Neural Mechanisms LI Ying 1,2 ;YANG Dong 1 ; ZHANG Qing-Lin 1 ( 1 School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing , China) ( 2 School of Foreign Languages, Southwest University, Chongqing , China) Abstract: Sex differences in language processing are always the hot topic of linguistic and psychological research. The advent of neuroimaging techniques (including ERPs and fmri) provided new techniques and produced new evidence in this area. A large number of studies have been devoted to functional differences across sexes in the phonological, orthographic and semantic processing at lexical level, sentence processing, passage processing and verbal learning and memory and so on. Moreover, Researchers also shed light on the influence of differences in grey matter distribution, the different size of corpus callosum and hormonal level variations on language processing between males and females. However, those studies reached different and even conflicting conclusions. The discrepancies in the literature have been explained by time demand of different tasks, female advantage on the declarative memory and different methodological consideration and so on. Although there have been considerable studies on sex differences in language processing, the topic still needs further exploration and explanation in the future. Key words: language processing; sex differences; neural mechanisms; lateralization; bilateralization

240 生异性相吸的异性效应 [6] 虽然, 心理学基础研 [7-8] 究已经证实存在异性相吸异性相吸是否存在于名字认知识别尚无报道本实验选取不同性别的名字作为刺激材料, 通

240 生异性相吸的异性效应 [6] 虽然, 心理学基础研 [7-8] 究已经证实存在异性相吸异性相吸是否存在于名字认知识别尚无报道本实验选取不同性别的名字作为刺激材料, 通 2011 年 Journal of Capital Medical University 4月第2 期 Apr 2011 Vol 32 No 2 基础研究 doi: 10 3969 / j issn 1006-7795 2011 02 015 人脑识别不同性别名字反应时的差异研究高迎霄陈昭燃 * 张明霞 ( 首都医科大学神经生物系高级脑功能中心) 摘要目的探讨男女对不同性别名字认知加工速度是否存在差异