,,,,1821 1839,,18,1 1000,,,100,, 50
,,,,,, 18, (),,, 100 1840,, (John Phipps) 1835 ( A Practical T reatise on the Chi na and Eastern T rade),,,,,,1999 ;,1996 ;, 1997 ;, 1997 181 51
2002 2 ( Elijah Coleman Bridgman) ( Chi nese Repository), 1832,, 1832,, ( Bom bay Price Current),, ;,,,,,,, Chinese Repository, Vol1 6, pp1 193 1961 1798 99 1836 37 1795 1835 1821 1836 :: ;39 ; ;, ;,, ;,,,, (2000 ) 1 240 Calcutta Courier, April 29, 1837, Singapore Chronicle, J uly 17, 1837 Chinese Repository, Vol1 6, p1 196 Chinese Repository, Vol1 6, p1 196 52
,,,,,,, (Walter H1 Medhurst) 1855 10 1798 1855,,, (1830 1860),, 1/ 2,, 1828 29 1836 37 ( ) 18, Chinese Repository, Vol1 6, pp1303 Ibid, Vol. 6, pp. 303. B1 P1 P, Papers Relating to the Opium Trade in China, p1 51, 1, 1962,439 B1 P1 P, Papers Relating to the Opium Trade in China, p1 51, 1,440 53
2002 2,,,,,,,, 1910, 40,,,1926 1929,,,,,,;,,,,, 1,240 1,238 240 263 626, (1991 ) 3 4 5 54
1951,,, 1800 1839, 1821 1831,,,1834, ;,,,,, 20,,,, 1980,,,, 1838 1839 40200,,, 35200,,:,1961, 199 200 117 55
2002 2,1830 1839 10, 1000,, 1999,,, 1821 1822 1827 1828, 1835 1836 1838 1839,;1835 1836 4, 25000, 1817 1839,,,,,40 439591 198528,638119, 699073679,,,, 1980 5,280 283 288 290 1984 1,1984 56
,,,20 90,,,,,,,,,,,,, (),,,,,, 1827 1839 ( Canton Register) ( Canton Press) 1827 11 8, (James Matheson) (Alexander Matheson) (William Wood), (John 57
2002 2 Slade), ( Hong Kong Register), 1834 6, 1835 9 12,,1844,,, 1836 10 1839 4 1834 6 1836 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (consumed),, (imported),,, Paul G1 Pickowicz, William Wood in Canton : A Critique of the China Trade bef ore the Opium W ar ( Essex Institute Historical Collections, 1971), pp1 3 41 58
, 1821 1836 1 1821 1836 : 1821 1822 2910 1718 4628 1822 1823 822 4000 5822 1823 1824 2910 4172 7082 1824 1825 2655 6000 8655 1825 1826 3442 6179 9621 1826 1827 3661 6308 9969 1827 1828 5114 4361 9475 1828 1829 5961 7171 13132 1829 1830 7143 6857 14000 1830 1831 6660 12100 18760 1831 1832 5960 8265 14225 1832 1833 8290 1540315 2369315 1833 1834 9535 11715 21250 1834 1835 7767 8749 16516 1835 1836 11992 14208 26200 : Canton Register 1827 1836, 1821 1827 1827 1821 1822 1827 1828 4 5 59
2002 2 402 1818 1827, :, ( ),,,, 1828,,, 1821 1822 1833 1834, ( Indian Opium Consumed in China),1834,,,,,,,,, 1836,,,,, 1836 1839,, : 60
2 1836 1839 : 1836 1837 807515 1343015 21506 1837 1838 720315 1450815 21712 1838 1839 7637175 7611. 5 15249125 : Canton Press 1836 1839,,1839 2,,,,1839 3 2 4 6,,,1838 1839 1839 3,, 3 2 :25, 39,,, ( deliveries),,,, 1830 1831 229, 1831 1832 Canton Press Price Current, Canton Press, 2nd March, 1939 ; 6th April, 19391 61
2002 2 386,1832 1833 2269,1833 1834 1461 1830 1831,1832, 1835,,,1832,, 1832 1833 1833 1834,,,,,1836, 2000, 1836 1839 2000, : 3 1836 1839 : 1836 1837 1837 1838 1838 1839 23506 23712 17249125,,,,,,19, : 62
4 1821 1839 : 1821 1822 462 1830 1831 1671 1822 1823 40 1831 1832 402 1823 1824 270 1832 1833 380 1824 1825 100 1833 1834 963 1825 1826 550 1834 1835? 1826 1827 56 1835 1836 911 () 1827 1828 1000 1836 1837 743 1828 1829 1256 1837 1838? 1829 1830 700 1838 1839? 11733 :111821 1822 1833 1834, () 4 5 2. 1835 1836, 1836 10 22 1835 1836 : 3. 1836 1837, () 1 239 : 1837 10 17 1836 1837,446,,,,,, 1836 1837 743,, 63
2002 2 3,1838 1839 17000,1839, 2,3, (imported),,,,,,,2 (),,,,,,,,,,,, Canton Press Price Current, Canton Press, 2nd March, 1939 ; 6th April, 19391 64
,,,1837 1 12,1827 1828 1838 1839, 5 1837 1 12 :/ Patna Benares 1 785 730 700 655 655 2 785 705 680 680 3 800 800 730 710 685 685 4 800 800 730 710 685 685 5 830 740 730 685 550 550 6 830 740 730 685 550 550 7 825 710 730 665 535 8 810 685 730 665 525 9 10 655 655 525 11 790 650 750 630 500 12 790 650 750 630 500 : Canton Press1937 1 12,, 65
2002 2,,,,,,1821 1839 : 6 1827 1839 :/ Patna Benares 1827 1828 1120 1120 1400 780 1828 1829 1105 981 1157 737 1829 1830 867 845 865 697 1830 1831 881 878 609 674 1831 1832 970 968 705 553 1832 1833 808 803 659 700 1833 1834 675 661 676 695 1834 1835 577 545 597 580 1835 1836 745 704 601 566 1836 1837 785 710 550 611 1837 1838 716 654 517 513 1838 1939 532 497 569 384 :(1827 1828 ),, 1 ( 288 ) :111827 1828 1833 1834, 66
2. 1834 1835 1835 1836, 3. 1836 1837 1838 1839, 4. 1827 1828 1833 1834, (price current) ;1834 1835 1835 1836, ;1836 1837 1838 1839,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,( ),,1827 1828 1838 1839, (), 67
2002 2 1821 1822 1826 1827,,,, 18 (), 1821 1822 1838 1839, ( 7), 7, 1,,, 1795 1835 : 1821 1836,, (),,, Chinese Repository, Vol1 6, p1 1951 1,240 68
7 1821 1822 1838 1839 ( ) () () () () () 1821 1822 2910 1718 462 5090 8753500 1822 1823 1822 4000 40 5862 8030930 1823 1824 2910 4172 270 7352 8785100 1824 1825 2665 6000 100 8765 7629625 1825 1826 3442 6179 550 10171 8158205 1826 1827 3661 6308 56 10025 9640045 1827 1828 5114 4361 1000 10475 11162141 1828 1829 5961 7171 1256 14388 13458787 1829 1830 7143 6857 700 14700 12545057 1830 1831 6660 12100 1671 20431 14026285 1831 1832 5960 8265 402 14627 11723890 1832 1833 8290 1540315 380 2407315 15618429 1833 1834 9535 11715 963 22213 14675890 1834 1835 7767 8749 743 17259 10085910 1835 1836 11992 14208 911 () 27111 17904248 1836 1837 807515 1343015 743 24249 3 16236166 1837 1838 720315 1450815 743 24455 3 12387536 1838 1839 7637175 761115 743 17992 3 9590070 279239 210411814 3 1836 1839 3, 2000 69
2002 2 :11,1 4 211821 1822 1833 1834, 311834 1835 1835 1836, 1834 1835 411836 1837 1838 1839, 2000,,6 51,4 6 1834 1835 1837 1838 1838 1839, 743,,,,, 7,,,,,,,1821 1836 1828 29 1836 37 ( ),,,,,, 70
1798 99 1836 37 1798 1855,,,,,,,,,,, 1828 1837,,, 1833 1834, 5,,, 1828 1829 1830 1831,,,,,,,,,, (1830 1860),, 71
2002 2,,,,,18,,,,,,,,,,, : (1) 1821 1822 1827 1828,,(2) 1828 1829 1833 1834 1828 29 1836 37 ( ),,, (3),, 7,,,, (4) :,,, (2, 2000,542 545 ) 7 72
,,,,,,,,,,, 18,,1820,,,, 18,,,, 1 1000,, 510275 : 73
Modern Chinese History Studies No. 2, 2002 The Guomindang Suppression of t he Guangdong Peasant Movement and Its Effects L iang S hangxian (1) In its purge of Communist Party members in Guangdong, the Guomindang used force to suppress the peasant movement which it had supported with all its might before, and encouraged civilian militias organized by local tyrants and evil gentry into frenzied retaliation against peasants and peasant unions. Some Guomindang corrupt elements linked closely with feudal forces in the Guangdong countryside openly colluded with local tyrants and evil gentry to destroy peasant unions and oppress the peasants. Furthermore, they directed the fire the anti2communist purge at a number of loyal comrades, followers of the Premierandtrue members of Guomindangwho had adhered to thepremier s will and testamentand dedicated themselves to the nationalist revolution. This led the Guomindang onto the path of corruption. Because of the suppression to peasant movement, the Guomindang cast aside the peasants, and sowed deeply the seeds of its failure to come. A Reconsideration of the Opium Trade before the Opium War W u Yi xiong (50) The subject of the opium trade before the Opium War has always been a focus of research by both Chinese and overseas scholars. However, until now all the relevant statistics and descriptions of the opium trade were for various reasons not accurate enough, or not complete enough. The abundant trade data published promptly and over many years in the Canton Register and Canton Press English language periodicals issued in Guangzhou ( Canton) before the Opium War has made it possible to recalculate the volume, prices and value of the trade in each type of opium for every year from 1821 to 1839, and therefore to give a more accurate and complete depiction of the condition of the opium trade. Integrating these newly uncovered sources with past research, we find out that over the 18 years leading up to the Opium War an average of over 10,000 chests of opium per year were imported, looting China of over 10 million taels of silver annually. While these figures are not as great as those published in past research, 1
they are sufficient nevertheless to reveal the inherently predatory nature of the opium dealers and the interest groups which backed them. The Stat us of Vernacular Chinese in Literary History and t he Vernacular Trend in the New Literature : The Debate among New Literature Advocates during the Post May Fourt h Movement Period L uo Zhitian (74) In the early 1920 s, some Shanghai members of the Literature Studies Association vigorously echoed Hu Shi s call to put the nation s literary heritage in order. However, they had many differences with Hu over specific ideas. These differences mostly related to vernacular literature. Yan Jicheng, a member of the Literature Studies Association, criticized Hu Shi for a tendency toevaluate old verse by vernacular standards. Both sides argued over this point, focusing on what was the mainstream of literary history. When vernacular literature showed a tendency towards Europeanization, and people complained that they could not understand it, most members of the Literature Studies Association held that readers should change their ideas to adapt to the Europeanized style of writing. Some members argued that vernacular literature should be open to both Europeanizationand classical literature. But Hu Shi sharply disagreed with this view ; he thought it should only strive to appeal to the masses. A Comparative St udy of Two Different Discourses of Modern Chinese History in the 1930s O uyang J unxi (111) There were two different discourses of modern Chinese history in the 1930s. One was modernization discourserepresented by Chen Gonglu s Modern Chinese History ; another one was revolution discourse represented by Li Dingsheng s Modern Chinese History. These two discourses had different, even opposing views about the basic concepts, theoretical framework and narrative methods of modern Chinese history. On the one hand, this was because they represented two different political tendencies. On the other hand, they drew upon different Western intellectual sources. Is Rabe s DiaryBaseless Fabrication? A Scrutiny of The Scruti ny of John Rabe s Diary Cheng Zhaoqi (150) 2