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Theories and Techniques for Item Construction Lei Xinyong Zhou Qun Shanghai Municipal Educational Examinations Authority, Shanghai,200234 Abstract :Some psychological assumptions are the foundations of the item construction for large scale assessment. The assumptions are consistent with Osterlinter s item definition which means that an item consists of three components,definite measuring objective or psychological construct,a stimulus and a prescriptive form for answering. Without any one of the components,an item could not be used to infer the examinees psychological construct effectively. Based on these assumptions as well as the item definition, the authors have discussed the fundamental considerations in developing selected - response and constructed - response items. Key Words :Item construction Item Elements Selected2response item Constructed2response item 97