12 35 875 1991 t

12 35 875 1991 t

The relationship among the experience of the online games, the attitude toward online games and life adjustment of the fifth and sixth grade students in Taipei city. Abstract The purpose of this research is to understand elementary school students that experiences of the online games, and the relationship between the attitude toward online games and life adjustment. The research tools are two questionnaires. Subjects were randomly selected from public elementary school fifth and sixth grade students in Taipei city. There were 875 valid simples from 35 classes in 12 schools. The research tools are "The Online Game Experience and Attitude Scale of Elementary School Students" of and "Life Adjustment Inventory". The data analysis was conducted by frequency distribution, t-test, product-moment correlation, ANOVA. The results are follows: 1. The online game is a universal leisure activity of the fifth and sixth grade students in Taipei city, and students have time limited on using computers. 2. There is much differences that the significance of the attitude toward online games by sex, grades, internet equipments, using time and operation ability. 3. The mean is under average: the behavioral of the attitude toward online games; the mean is above average: the cognitive of the attitude toward online games and affective of the attitude toward online games. 4. There were helpful to social adjustment by playing online game. 5. There were good for social adjustment which they had cyberpeer in the online games. 6. Students who don t like to play online games have better life adjustment. Keyword: online game, experiences of the online games, the attitude toward online games, life adjustment.

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3-19 3 6 7 19 20 29 α 72 3-20..73 4-1...80 4-2...81 4-3...82 4-4...83 4-5...83 4-6...84 4-7...85 4-8...86 4-9...87 4-10..88 4-11..89 4-12..90 4-13..92 4-14 t...94 4-15 t 95 4-16 t 96 4-17...97 4-18...98 4-19 100 4-20.101 4-21.102 4-22 103

4-23 t 104 4-24 105 4-25...106 4-26 t 107 4-27...109 4-28...110 4-29...112 4-30.. 113 4-31 t.. 115 4-32...116 4-33.. 118 4-34 t.. 120 4-35.. 121 4-36.. 124 4-37...126 4-38.. 128 4-39.. 134

2-1.20 2-2.21 2-3.22 2-4.24 2-5.29 3-1.44 3-2.47 3-3.77

2005 5 7 3 DFC 2005 34 2011 130 2006 2005 1

2002 94 949 2005 92 12 857 2001 2002 2002 2004 2 3 2001 2002 2002 2

2002 2003 2001 3

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online game web game online game network game the experiences of online games attitude toward online games (attitude toward online games) 7

life adjustment 1996b fifth and sixth grade students 8

9

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2005 web game online game network game web online game Contents Provider network game 11

12 match game 1999 NPC MMORPG massive multiplayer online games or persistent state worlds or massively multiplayer online roleplaying games, 2006 Kolo, C., & Baur, T., 2004 MUD RPG MMORPG RPG MMORPG, 2006 yahoo 1999 online game web game online game network game

2005 2006 903 2006 3 6.2% 8 2006 13

(2002) 2005 (2001) Loxa 2006 6 ibravo 14

2006 6 yahoo Computer-Supported Social Networks, CSSNs 1998 2003 yahoo pchome 15

16

17 1999 61% 2002 88.4% 2 3 33% 20 30 19.6% 157 2.5 2001 2.52 130 100 121 110 116 2004 3 15 2004 2 2003 2002 2001 2 3

2002 53.5% 2004 6 2 2002 62.9% 23.4% 6.5% 2001 21.4% 30.1% 2001 2002 18

19 2001 2001 2000 2004 1996 MUD 2000 Young(1996)

Friedl, M.(2003) macro community micro community 20

1995 attitude Eagly Chiken, 1993 Olson Zanna 1993 Petty 1997Wegener 1997Fabrigar 1997Petty Wegeber 1998 attityde 2003 Ajzen Fishbein 1975 Feldman, R. S. 1985, p150 Ajzen Fishbein 1980 2-2 Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M.,1980 Feldman, R. S. 1985 21

Ajzen, I 1987 2-3 Ajzen, I, 1987 Feldman, R. S. 2001 Eagly Chaiken 1993 Olson Zanna 1993 Petty Fabrigar 1997 Petty Wegeber 1998 attitude Fazio Roskos-Ewoldsen 1994 2003 Weber(1991) Weber(1991) beliefs emotions behaviors 22

1990 1999 2-1 1990 1993 1996 1997 1997 1999 Subhi (2002) 1982 Ragheb Beard Leisure Attitude Scale, LAS Weber(1991).91.93.89.94 2003 Ragheb Beard 1982 1. 2. 3. 23

1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 2-4 24

(1991) (1992) (1993) (1994 2006 (1989) Woodrow 1994 Teo, T. 2006 183 1996 Scantlin 1999 Carl 2003 30, Scantlin 1999 572 2002 2006 (1993) (1995) Anderson (1996) (1996) (1999) 2001 25

(1998) 2006 1996 1997 Teo, Timothy 2006 1993 : 1992 Woodrow 1994 26

27 1988 2002 1998 adaptation 1859 (C. R. Darwin) 1998 1990 Piaget 1980 assimilation accommodation 1995 adaptation adjustment 1973 1968 1999 1996b

1973 1981 1984 Arkoff 1968 Lazarus 1976 1995 Shaffer 1956 Hollander 1967 Calhoun Acocella 1978 1993 James Charles 1971 2001 28

2002 1995 1997 1985 1977 1981 1994 29

1983 1981 2001 1996a 1996b 30

1996b 1996b 1996b 2001 31

1996b Wilkinson Canter 1982 2004 James 1985 Carpenter 1983 2000 2001 2001 (1998) 2002 32

2003 874 1996b 1985 Groos 1993 2002 33

1. 2001 93.44% 0.5 2002 2001 2002 2. 2002 2002 2003 34

2002 3. 2003 2002 1996b 35

1996b 1 2 3 4 5 ( 2003) 2001 2002 2003 2003 2001 2003 874 박성봉 2002 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 36

1996b 2004 7.31 14.04 2 1 1996b 37

1996b 2002 2000 1996b Lutz Snow 1993 38

Young Rogers 1998 Young 2001 2004 2003 Young Rogers 1998 2004 1996b (2002) 39

1996b 1996b (2001) 2003 40

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 41

2000 2002 2004 (2001) 2003 42

3-1 3-1 43

44

1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 45

46 94 149 2171 64224 94 5.34% 53 4.74% 48 7.22% 73 7.73% 78 11.92% 120 6.92% 70 9.33% 94 10.99% 111 9.39% 94 11.28% 113 3.98% 40 11.15% 112 30 2 2 2 3 4 2 3 4 3 4 2

25 4 34 1045 64224 47

1045 1000 95.69% 125 875 83.73% 48

3-1 % % 55 51 (92.73%) 46 (83.64%) 60 60 (100.00%) 58 (96.67%) 120 108 (90.00%) 103 (85.83%) 120 119 (99.17%) 112 (93.33%) 120 119 (99.17%) 107 (89.17%) 60 53 (88.33%) 51 (85.00%) 90 90 (100.00%) 76 (84.44%) 90 75 (83.33%) 74 (82.22%) 120 119 (99.17%) 110 (91.67%) 60 58 (96.67%) 56 (93.33%) 90 88 (97.78%) 82 (91.11%) 60 60 (100.00%) 0 (0.00%) 1045 1000 (95.69%) 875 (83.73%) 49

1996b 1996b 1996b.915 p.01 50

51

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 52

1. 2. 53

3. 4. 5. 1996b 1. 50 35 2. 50 54

3. 1 2 3 4 55

Cronbach s α.9395 1. 2003 2005 2002 2002 Weber(1991) 30 2. 56

1 3-2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 13 FrontPage 15 17 18 57

58 2 1 3 4 5 8 2 6 7 3-3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 8 7 8

59 9 10 12 14 15 11 13 14 15 3-4 9 10 10 9 27 11 12 13 9 14 15

60 16 18 20 11 13 14 15 3-5 16 9 11 17 17 19 18 9 11 16 19 17 19 20 21 22

61 23 25 26 27 24 28 3-6 23 24 25 25 27 26 27 25 27 28

16 18 20 11 13 14 15 3-7 29 30 30 34 31 32 33 33 36 34 62

36 37 39 35 38 40 3-8 35 36 33 36 37 38 39 40 63

42 45 41 43 46 47 44 3-9 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 42 43 64

52 53 49 51 48 50 54 3-10 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 48 48 3 54 30 2~3 3. 65

54 30 2 3-11 1-5 51. 14 2. 5 1 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1-30 30 1. 2. 3. 4. 66

3 7 1~4 4 3 2 1 1. 87 44 43 51 23 28 150 92 2. 1 2 3 1 CR 5.40 67

3-12 1 6.671.5720 2 6.346.4238 3-3.339.4273 X 4 6.760.6403 5 7.768.5958 6 4.823.3845 X 7 -.071.2939 X 8 5.973.4609 9 7.946.6239 10 8.714.6553 11 9.099.6641 12 11.653.7193 13 6.414.3907 14 5.346.5236 15 9.422.6549 16 11.637.7567 17 8.483.5773 18 5.198.4977 19 1.530.4428 X 20-1.323.3717 X 21 10.592.6283 22 8.220.5449 23 10.597.6752 24 7.008.4968 25 6.751.6075 26 8.350.5864 27 6.176.3514 28 7.056.6718 29 1.645.4479 X 30 12.315.6080 68

3 6 7 19 20 29 Cronbach s α Cronbach s α 2 Wortzel 1979Wortzel (1979) Cronbach s 0.70 0.98 爲 Cronbach s α 3 6 7 19 20 29 Cronbach s α.9395 DeVellis 1991 Nunnally 1978 ( 2000) α.70 3-13 α 1.5720.6983 1 2.4238.7015 3.4273.8005 4.6403.6985 2 5.5958.6934 6.3845.7208 7.2939.7779 8.4609.7210 3 9.6239.6943 10.6553.6838 11.6641.6826 α.7385 69

3-13 6 7.40 3 CR 5 3 7 6 倂 α.8456 3-14 3 7 6 α 1 1.6077.8254 2.4934.8386 2 4.6108.8243 5.6056.8240 8.3566.8528 3 9.6327.8205 10.6869.8133 11.6709.8155 α.8456 3-15 19 20.40 3-15 α 12.6197.6498 1 13.4781.6788 14.4606.6818 2 15.5821.6579 16.6325.6458 17.5435.6673 3 18.5005.6750 19.0501.7449 20 -.1956.7981 α.7190 70

3-16 19 20.40 α.8377 3-16 19 20 α 12.6183.8109 1 13.5317.8243 14.5168.8268 2 15.6945.7985 16.7198.7936 17.5213.8257 3 18.5194.8260 α.8377 3-17 29.40 α.8460.8672 3-17 α 21.6439.8223 22.5346.8329 1 23.7122.8168 24.5261.8336 25.6135.8253 26.6185.8250 27.4017.8451 2 28.6492.8226 29.0316.8672 30.6846.8178 α.8460 71

.8672 3-18.40 29 α 3-18 29 α 21.6693.8465 22.5406.8590 1 23.6923.8450 24.5350.8594 25.6265.8505 26.6338.8500 2 27.3754.8738 28.6693.8471 30.6896.8442 α.8672 3-19.40 6 7 19 20 29 CR 5 3 α.9390 3-19 3 6 7 19 20 29 α α 1.6009.9368 2.4813.9382 4.6089.9366 5.6263.9362 8.3953.9391 9.6331.9361 10.6540.9358 11.6780.9355 12.6988.9351 13.5118.9378 14.5380.9374 15.7049.9351 16.7782.9339 17.6086.9364 18.5723.9369 72

3-19 α α.9390 21.7147.9348 22.5795.9370 23.6922.9352 24.5871.9369 25.5932.9367 26.6141.9364 27.4057.9396 28.6339.9361 30.6640.9356 3 3-20 Cronbach s α.8365.8693 Cronbach s α.9395 3 6 7 19 20 29 3-20 Cronbach s α.8461.8365.8693.9395 73

SPSS (Descriptive statistic) t t One-Way ANOVA Pearson Product Moment Correlation 74

75

SPSS10.0.7C 76

77

78

441 50.4 434 49.6 309 35.3 566 64.7 795 90.9 80 9.1 79

4-1 % 1. 1 441 50.4 2 434 49.6 2. 1 309 35.3 2 566 64.7 3. 1 795 90.9 2 80 9.1 1. Namo FrontPage 63 7.2 101 11.5 584 66.7 127 14.5 2.89 2. Word 23 2.6 65 7.4 471 53.8 316 36.7 3.23 3. PowerPoint MediaShow 37 4.2 108 12.3 502 57.4 228 26.1 3.05 4. PhotoImpact 17 1.9 71 8.1 455 52.0 332 80

37.9 3.26 5. 227 25.9 162 18.5 343 39.2 143 16.3 2.46 4-2 % 4-1. 1 63 7.2 2 101 11.5 3 584 66.7 4 127 14.5 4-2. 1 23 2.6 2 65 7.4 3 471 53.8 4 316 36.1 4-3. 1 37 4.2 2 108 12.3 3 502 57.4 4 228 26.1 4-4. 1 17 1.9 2 71 8.1 3 455 52.0 4 332 37.9 4-5. 1 227 25.9 2 162 18.5 3 344 39.3 4 142 16.2 2.89.73 3.23.70 3.05.74 3.26.69 2.46 1.05 81

N=875 627 71.7 248 28.3% 4-3 % 5. 1 627 71.7 2 248 28.3 94 2001 93.44% 2002 53.8% 1. N=627 431 68.7 1 287 2 RO 51 3 2006 6 42 4 26 5 online 20 6 19 7 2 15 8 14 9 CS 11 10 online 10 82

0 4-4 5-1. 1 177 110 287 57% 2 RO 39 14 51 10% 3 17 25 42 8% 4 17 9 26 5% 5 online 17 3 20 4% 6 19 0 19 4% 7 2 9 6 15 3% 8 8 6 14 3% 9 CS 10 1 11 2% 10 10 0 10 2% 10 online 8 2 10 2% 2. N=627 125 19.9 3. N=627 71 11.3 4-5 % % N=627N=875 5-1. 1 431 68.7 49.3 2 125 19.9 14.3 3 71 11.3 8.1 83

N=627 308 49.1% N=875 35.2 319 50.9% N=875 36.5 4-6 % % N=627 N=875 5-2. 1 308 49.1 35.2 2 319 50.9 36.5 3 Young 1996 N=627 188 30.0 120 19.1 110 17.5 87 13.9 55 8.8 84

20 3.2 47 7.5 4-7 % N=627 N=875 5-3.1 188 30.0 21.5 2 120 19.1 13.7 3 110 17.5 12.6 4 87 13.9 9.9 5 55 8.8 6.3 6 20 3.2 2.3 7 47 7.5 5.4 254 40.5 29.0 197 27.3 19.5 81 12.9 9.3 51 8.1 5.8 70 11.2 8.0 29.0 2002 2 3 33% 20 30 85

4-8 % % 5-4. 1 1 254 40.5 29.0 2 1~2 171 27.3 19.5 3 2~3 81 12.9 9.3 4 3~4 51 8.1 5.8 5 4 70 11.2 8.0 2.5 20 60 4-9 20.48 20 86

4-9 1. 875 3.02.78 2. 875 2.90.86 3. 875 3.08.76 4. 875 2.35.94 5. 875 1.64.77 6. 875 2.62.92 7. 875 2.75.91 8. 875 2.12.88 875 20.48 4.76 4-10 2001 2002 2003 2001 2002 2003 2003 2003 87

4-10 351 40.1 90 10.3 276 31.5 158 18.1 627 28.3 248 71.7 4-11 20.09 20 88

4-11 9. 875 2.28.95 10. 875 2.30.94 11. 875 2.81.92 12. 875 2.75 1.00 13. 875 2.52 1.03 14. 875 1.94.93 15. 875 3.00.92 16. 875 2.49 1.04 875 20.09 5.69 2003 2003 2003 89

4-12 18.62 20 4-12 17. 875 2.19 1.05 18. 875 2.00.94 19. 875 2.74 1.03 20. 875 2.60.98 21. 875 2.24 1.07 22. 875 1.99 1.04 23. 875 2.51 1.01 24. 875 2.22 1.03 875 18.62 6.19 90

2003 4-13 59.05 60 20.48 20 20.09 18.62 20 91

2.5 57.3 4-13 875 59.05 15.40 875 20.48 4.76 875 20.09 5.69 875 18.62 6.19 92

t One-Way ANOVA 4-14 t=7.492 p.001 H0 t=4.408 p.001 t=6.873 p.001 t=8.966 p.001 93

4-14 t t 441 62.80 15.37 434 55.24 14.49 441 21.17 4.91 434 19.77 4.49 441 21.36 5.66 434 18.79 5.41 441 20.27 6.04 434 16.68 5.80 ***p.001 7.492*** 4.408*** 6.873*** 8.966*** 1997 2000 2000 t 4-15 t=-2.019 p.05 H0 t=-3.560 p.05 t=-1.251 p.05 t=-1.149 p.05 94

4-15 t t 309 57.63 15.24 566 59.83 15.45 309 19.71 4.79 566 20.90 4.69 309 19.76 5.65 566 20.26 5.70 309 18.16 6.05 566 18.66 6.26 ***p.001 *p.05-2.019* -3.560*** -1.251-1.149 t 4-16 t=1.969 p.05 H0 t=1.685 p.05 t=1.566 p.05 t=2.165 p.05 95

4-16 t t 795 59.38 15.37 1.969* 80 55.83 15.49 795 20.56 4.75 1.685 80 19.63 4.81 795 20.18 5.68 80 19.14 5.73 1.566 795 18.63 6.18 80 17.06 6.08 2.165* *p.05 4-17 F=2.030 p.05 H0 F=1.885 p.05 F=1.839 p.05 F=1.778 p.05 96

4-17 F p 63 59.38 15.11 1439.643 3 479.881 2.030.108 101 59.40 14.23 205937.043 871 236.437 584 58.32 15.07 207376.686 874 127 62.00 17.63 875 59.05 15.40 63 20.79 4.58 127.699 3 42.566 1.885.131 101 20.50 4.26 19668.660 871 22.582 584 20.26 4.59 19796.359 874 127 21.33 5.81 875 20.48 4.76 63 20.44 5.97 177.837 3 59.279 1.839.138 101 20.33 5.64 28072.734 871 32.230 584 19.80 5.49 28250.571 874 127 21.04 6.35 875 20.09 5.69 63 18.14 5.88 203.530 3 67.843 1.778.150 101 18.56 5.79 33231.068 871 38.153 584 18.26 6.17 33434.599 874 127 19.63 6.65 875 18.49 6.19 97

4-18 F=1.212 p.05 H0 F=.603 p.05 F=1.645 p.05 F=1.373 p.05 4-18 F p 23 62.57 15.84 862.272 3 287.424 1.212.304 65 60.62 14.86 206514.414 871 237.100 471 58.25 14.89 207376.686 874 316 59.66 16.20 875 59.05 15.40 23 20.70 4.59 41.027 3 13.676.603.613 65 20.45 4.44 19755.332 871 22.681 471 20.29 4.57 19796.359 874 316 20.75 5.10 875 20.48 4.76 23 21.78 6.24 159.164 3 53.055 1.645.177 65 20.95 5.78 28091.408 871 32.252 471 19.80 5.46 28250.571 874 316 20.21 5.94 875 20.09 5.69 23 20.09 6.07 157.338 3 52.446 1.373.250 65 19.22 6.10 33277.261 871 38.206 471 18.16 6.04 33434.599 874 316 18.70 6.41 875 18.49 6.19 98

4-19 F=2.393 p.05 H0 F=2.594 p.05 F=2.197 p.05 F=2.206 p.05 99

4-19 F p 37 57.27 16.31 1694.997 3 564.999 2.393.067 108 58.14 14.40 205681.689 871 236.144 502 58.33 15.03 207376.686 874 228 61.37 16.36 875 59.05 15.40 37 20.38 5.29 175.315 3 58.438 2.594.051 108 19.67 4.31 19621.044 871 22.527 502 20.36 4.61 19796.359 874 228 21.13 5.14 875 20.48 4.76 37 19.16 6.00 212.124 3 70.708 2.197.087 108 20.04 5.31 28038.447 871 32.191 502 19.81 5.49 28250.571 874 228 20.87 6.16 875 20.09 5.69 37 17.73 6.06 252.090 3 84.030 2.206.086 108 18.44 6.00 33182.509 871 38.097 502 18.16 6.11 33434.599 874 228 19.36 6.40 875 18.49 6.19 4-20 F=.999 p.05 H0 100

F=.655 p.05 F=1.129 p.05 F=.903 p.05 4-20 F p 17 58.47 17.65 711.357 3 237.119.999.392 71 59.21 14.67 206665.328 871 237.274 455 58.24 15.03 207376.686 874 332 60.16 15.94 875 59.05 15.40 17 20.00 5.33 44.563 3 14.854.655.580 71 20.42 4.61 19751.796 871 22.677 455 20.30 4.57 19796.359 874 332 20.76 5.02 875 20.48 4.76 17 20.12 6.63 109.407 3 36.469 1.129.336 71 20.41 5.58 28141.164 871 32.309 455 19.75 5.53 28250.571 874 332 20.48 5.87 875 20.09 5.69 17 18.35 6.56 103.655 3 34.552.903.439 71 18.38 5.78 33330.943 871 38.267 455 18.19 6.08 33434.599 874 332 18.92 6.39 875 18.49 6.19 101

4-22 F=18.263 p.001 H0 F=13.526 p.001 F=14.435 p.001 F=18.889 p.001 4-21 227 56.02 14.37 162 55.29 13.55 344 59.78 15.31 142 66.42 16.52 875 59.05 15.40 227 19.81 4.53 162 19.27 4.17 344 20.70 4.55 142 22.40 5.58 875 20.48 4.76 227 19.21 5.32 162 18.87 5.25 344 20.18 5.68 142 22.63 5.95 875 20.09 5.69 227 17.00 5.94 162 17.15 5.47 344 18.90 6.18 142 21.39 6.26 875 18.49 6.19 102

4-22 F p 12272.574 3 4090.858 18.263***.000 195104.11 871 224.000 1 207376.68 6 881.240 3 293.747 13.526***.000 874 18915.119 871 21.717 19796.359 874 1338.023 3 446.008 14.435***.000 26912.548 871 30.898 28250.571 874 2042.321 3 680.774 18.889***.000 ***p.001 31392.278 871 36.042 33434.599 874 t 4-23 t=15.497 p.001 H0 103

t=11.411 p.001 t=13.997 p.001 t=17.643 p.001 4-23 t t 627 63.55 13.92 248 47.68 12.93 627 21.56 4.40 248 17.75 4.54 627 21.62 5.22 248 16.22 4.94 627 20.38 5.64 248 13.71 4.78 ***p.001 15.497*** 11.411*** 13.997*** 17.643*** Ajzen, I 1987 Feldman, R. S. 1985 4-25 F=37.930 p.001 H0 104

F=19.735 p.001 F=29.890 p.001 F=43.888 p.001 4-24 431 66.49 13.04 125 55.18 12.74 71 60.44 14.60 875 59.05 15.40 431 22.22 4.29 125 19.52 4.10 71 21.11 4.53 875 20.48 4.76 431 22.59 4.89 125 18.75 4.99 71 20.73 5.60 875 20.09 5.69 431 21.68 5.21 125 16.91 5.11 71 18.59 5.99 875 18.49 6.19 105

4-25 F p 13155.354 2 6577.677 37.930***.000 108211.913 624 173.417 A C B 121367.266 626 722.381 2 361.191 19.735***.000 11420.359 624 18.302 12142.740 626 1491.009 2 745.505 29.890***.000 15563.357 624 24.941 17054.367 626 2453.459 2 1226.730 43.888***.000 17441.711 624 27.951 19895.171 626 A B C B A C B A B A C ***p.001 N=627 A B C 106

t 4-26 t=9.199 p.001 H0 t=8.193 p.001 t=6.959 p.001 t=9.689 p.001 4-26 t t 308 68.44 13.07 9.199*** 319 58.83 13.08 308 22.95 4.28 8.193*** 319 20.21 4.10 308 23.04 4.91 319 20.24 5.15 6.959*** 308 22.45 5.23 319 18.38 5.29 9.689*** ***p.001 N=627 N=627 107

Young(1996) 4-28 F=18.015 p.001 H0 F=9.979 p.001 F=15.607 p.001 F=18.049 p.001 108

4-27 188 56.49 13.23 120 63.85 12.46 110 63.96 12.54 87 70.70 11.44 55 65.49 15.06 20 71.90 9.77 47 70.96 14.50 627 63.55 13.92 188 19.82 4.15 120 21.71 3.79 110 21.72 4.36 87 23.21 3.93 55 21.87 4.67 20 23.80 3.65 47 23.36 5.32 627 21.56 4.40 188 19.16 5.06 120 21.63 4.95 110 21.76 4.30 87 24.08 4.46 55 22.31 5.88 20 24.80 3.93 47 24.32 5.14 627 21.62 5.22 188 17.52 5.51 120 20.51 5.17 110 20.48 5.13 87 23.41 4.38 55 21.31 5.90 20 23.30 3.95 47 23.28 5.46 627 20.38 5.64 109

4-28 F p 1069.398 6 178.233 9.979***.000 11073.342 620 17.860 12142.740 626 2237.838 6 372.973 15.607***.000 14816.529 620 23.898 17054.367 626 2958.310 6 493.052 18.049***.000 16936.861 620 27.318 19895.171 626 D B A D C A E A F A G A B A C A D A F A G A B A C A D A E A F A G A 18017.427 6 3002.904 18.015***.000 103349.839 620 166.693 121367.266 626 D B A D C A E A F A G A ***p.001 N=627 A: B C D E F G 1996 Scantlin 1999 Ajzen, I 1987 110

Feldman, R. S. 1985 4-30 F=34.692 p.05 H0 F=20.481 p.05 F=26.649 p.05 F=36.889 p.05 111

4-29 254 57.70 12.41 171 63.26 12.44 81 68.19 11.97 51 70.51 11.71 70 75.03 15.06 875 59.05 15.40 254 20.12 4.19 171 21.32 3.98 81 22.91 3.68 51 23.59 3.90 70 24.29 5.05 875 20.48 4.76 254 19.74 4.91 171 21.43 4.73 81 22.90 4.80 51 23.78 4.27 70 25.80 5.25 875 20.09 5.69 254 17.83 4.98 171 20.51 4.91 81 22.37 4.95 51 23.14 4.87 70 24.94 6.07 875 18.49 6.19 112

4-30 F p P.001 22137.938 4 5534.485 34.692***.000 99229.328 622 159.533 121367.26 6 626 1413.180 4 353.295 20.481***.000 10729.560 622 17.250 12142.740 626 2495.127 4 623.782 26.649***.000 14559.240 622 23.407 17054.367 626 E B A D B A E C A D A E A C A D A D B E A E B E B A E C A D A E A 3814.703 4 953.676 36.889***.000 16080.468 622 25.853 19895.171 626 D B A E B A E C A ***p.001 N=627 A: B C D E Ajzen, I 1987 113

t t-test One-way ANOVA t 4-31 t=-1.887 p.05 t=2.005 p.05 t=-2.297 p.05 t=-2.416 p.05 114

4-31 t t 622 60.15 12.73 246 61.95 12.63-1.887 626 6.69 2.05 248 6.67 2.03.162 627 6.85 2.10 248 6.89 2.20 -.242 627 5.34 2.09 247 5.02 2.10 2.005* 626 5.21 2.15 248 5.58 2.13-2.297* 626 6.68 1.84 248 6.85 1.77-1.278 626 6.49 2.02 248 6.85 2.07-2.416* 626 4.71 2.19 248 4.99 2.23-1.657 627 5.12 2.22-1.507 248 5.37 2.24 625 6.41 3.27-1.741 247 6.83 3.09 627 6.67 2.39 248 6.96 2.36-1.591 *p.05 4-31 71.7 115

4-33 F=.131 p.05 4-32 427 60.15 12.47 124 59.79 13.53 71 60.76 12.99 622 60.15 12.73 431 6.68 2.02 124 6.86 2.02 71 6.48 2.29 626 6.69 2.05 431 6.77 2.11 125 7.19 2.07 71 6.73 2.08 627 6.85 2.10 431 5.45 2.08 125 5.12 2.00 71 5.08 2.30 627 5.34 2.09 116

4-32 430 5.17 2.22 125 5.18 1.90 71 5.48 2.12 626 5.21 2.15 430 6.69 1.81 125 6.50 1.89 71 6.97 1.86 626 6.68 1.84 430 6.45 2.03 125 6.59 2.01 71 6.51 2.03 626 6.49 2.02 431 4.72 2.21 124 4.61 2.17 71 4.83 2.14 626 4.71 2.19 431 5.09 2.23 125 5.16 2.32 71 5.21 1.97 627 5.12 2.22 430 6.50 3.25 124 5.82 3.43 71 6.90 2.94 625 6.41 3.27 431 6.66 2.44 125 6.78 2.23 71 6.56 2.37 627 6.67 2.39 117

4-33 F 42.504 2 21.252.131.877 100591.183 619 162.506 100633.686 621 6.967 2 3.483.828.437 2620.912 623 4.207 2627.879 625 18.500 2 9.250 2.102.123 2746.106 624 4.401 2764.606 626 15.480 2 7.740 1.774.171 2723.162 624 4.364 2738.641 626 5.892 2 2.946.639.528 2873.111 623 4.612 2879.003 625 10.294 2 5.147 1.529.218 2097.808 623 3.367 2108.102 625 1.958 2.979.239.788 2552.413 623 4.097 2554.371 625 2.281 2 1.141.237.789 2997.535 623 4.811 2999.816 625 1.110 2.555.113.893 3072.919 624 4.925 3074.029 626 63.593 2 31.797 2.997.051 6599.904 622 10.611 6663.498 624 2.263 2 1.132.197.821 *p.05 N=627 3576.056 624 5.731 3578.319 626 118

2001 t 4-34 t=.097 p.05 t=2.314 p.05 119

4-34 t t 305 60.20 13.49 317 60.10 11.97.097 308 6.61 2.13 318 6.76 1.97 -.918 308 6.79 2.14 319 6.91 2.07 -.697 308 5.54 2.05 319 5.15 2.12 2.314* 307 5.08 2.34 319 5.33 1.94-1.402 308 6.72 1.76 318 6.64 1.91.496 307 6.47 2.03 319 6.50 2.01 -.201 308 4.80 2.27 318 4.64 2.11.915 308 5.26 2.24 1.521 319 4.99 2.18 307 6.41 3.35 -.042 318 6.42 3.19 308 6.54 2.55 319 6.80 2.23-1.395 *p.05 2002 2002 Groos 1993 120

4-36 F=.297 p.05 4-35 184 61.05 12.54 120 60.18 11.95 110 61.01 13.91 87 59.89 12.28 55 58.73 12.58 20 58.65 13.60 46 57.22 13.32 622 60.15 12.73 187 6.84 2.06 120 6.67 1.96 110 6.85 2.17 87 6.84 1.95 55 6.49 2.01 20 5.30 2.11 47 6.32 1.97 626 6.69 2.05 121

4-35 188 6.92 2.12 120 6.83 1.87 110 7.20 2.20 87 6.71 2.17 55 6.78 2.07 20 6.60 2.06 47 6.23 2.24 627 6.85 2.10 188 5.24 2.19 120 5.43 1.86 110 5.33 2.40 87 5.32 2.01 55 5.36 1.90 20 5.70 1.78 47 5.40 2.05 627 5.34 2.09 187 5.37 2.09 120 5.33 2.22 110 5.16 2.19 87 5.11 2.16 55 4.89 2.07 20 4.90 2.38 47 5.02 2.07 626 5.21 2.15 187 6.79 1.84 120 6.73 1.72 110 6.57 2.14 87 6.74 1.50 55 6.38 1.85 20 6.55 1.79 47 6.66 1.97 626 6.68 1.84 122

4-35 187 6.65 1.95 120 6.48 1.89 110 6.57 2.07 87 6.44 2.13 55 5.98 1.97 20 6.30 2.32 47 6.43 2.23 626 6.49 2.02 187 4.63 2.07 120 4.73 2.29 110 4.98 2.33 87 4.68 2.17 55 4.80 2.24 20 4.25 2.10 47 4.55 2.14 626 4.71 2.19 188 5.34 2.15 120 5.02 2.18 110 5.30 2.17 87 5.00 2.23 55 5.00 2.39 20 4.65 2.70 47 4.66 2.20 627 5.12 2.22 187 6.48 3.23 120 6.28 3.41 110 6.36 3.49 87 6.46 3.03 55 6.40 3.05 20 7.65 3.03 46 5.98 3.36 625 6.41 3.27 123

4-35 188 6.85 2.14 120 6.68 2.35 110 6.68 2.53 87 6.59 2.76 55 6.64 2.30 20 6.75 2.22 47 6.09 2.56 627 6.67 2.39 4-36 F p 1364.054 7 194.865 1.206.297 138945.323 860 161.564 140309.377 867 56.540 7 8.077 1.950.059 3586.669 866 4.142 3643.209 873 35.719 7 5.103 1.126.344 3927.990 867 4.531 3963.710 874 23.264 7 3.323.754.626 3816.861 866 4.407 3840.125 873 40.946 7 5.849 1.273.261 3980.780 866 4.597 4021.727 873 14.845 7 2.121.639.724 2873.430 866 3.318 2888.275 873 44.963 7 6.423 1.547.148 3596.397 866 4.153 3641.359 873 28.754 7 4.108.844.551 4213.346 866 4.865 4242.101 873 124

4-36 F p 41.198 7 5.885 1.190.306 4287.929 867 4.946 4329.127 874 74.063 7 10.580 1.019.416 8975.037 864 10.388 9049.101 871 37.075 7 5.296.932.481 N=875 4928.109 867 5.684 4965.184 874 4-38 F=3.698 p.05 F=2.983 p.05 F=3.165 p.05 F=2.227 p.05 F=2.440 p.05 125

4-37 254 62.20 12.60 166 59.79 12.53 81 57.68 12.65 51 56.41 12.65 70 59.11 12.84 622 60.15 12.73 254 6.84 1.99 170 6.77 2.06 81 6.47 2.12 51 6.06 2.26 70 6.67 1.98 626 6.69 2.05 254 7.09 2.08 171 6.89 2.07 81 6.58 1.91 51 6.22 2.31 70 6.61 2.23 627 6.85 2.10 254 5.42 2.08 171 5.23 1.97 81 5.58 2.16 51 4.75 2.07 70 5.47 2.30 627 5.34 2.09 254 5.52 2.13 170 5.05 2.13 81 5.09 2.07 51 4.90 2.13 70 4.84 2.25 626 5.21 2.15 126

254 6.77 1.90 170 6.77 1.75 81 6.49 1.68 51 6.24 2.05 70 6.67 1.78 626 6.68 1.84 254 6.79 1.92 170 6.31 1.95 81 6.20 2.14 51 6.35 2.13 70 6.24 2.25 626 6.49 2.02 254 4.80 2.08 170 4.60 2.35 81 4.48 2.15 51 4.76 2.03 70 4.90 2.35 626 4.71 2.19 254 5.40 2.15 171 5.01 2.35 81 4.81 2.12 51 4.59 2.20 70 5.11 2.15 627 5.12 2.22 254 6.61 3.30 169 6.58 3.14 81 5.89 3.34 51 6.18 3.19 70 6.06 3.43 625 6.41 3.27 254 6.96 2.13 171 6.67 2.60 81 6.09 2.32 51 6.37 2.46 70 6.53 2.69 627 6.67 2.39 127

4-38 F 2372.213 4 593.053 3.724**.005 98261.473 617 159.257 100633.686 621 n.s. 31.005 4 7.751 1.854.117 2596.874 621 4.182 2627.879 625 45.827 4 11.457 2.621*.034 2718.779 622 4.371 n.s. 2764.606 626 27.377 4 6.844 1.570.181 2711.265 622 4.359 2738.641 626 43.766 4 10.942 2.397*.049 2835.237 621 4.566 n.s. 2879.003 625 16.427 4 4.107 1.219.301 2091.675 621 3.368 2108.102 625 40.978 4 10.244 2.531*.039 2513.393 621 4.047 n.s. 2554.371 625 11.160 4 2.790.580.677 2988.656 621 4.813 2999.816 625 43.553 4 10.888 2.235.064 3030.476 622 4.872 3074.029 626 48.954 4 12.238 1.147.333 6614.544 620 10.669 6663.498 624 54.375 4 13.594 2.399*.049 3523.944 622 5.666 n.s. *p.05 **p.01 3578.319 626 128

2001 2002 2003 2003 Young Rogers 1998 2001 2001 129

130

4-38 0.01 p.01.108 0.01 p.01 -.111 -.103 0.05 p.05 -.083 131

132 0.01 p.01.097 0.01 p.01 -.111 -.137 -.127 -.098 0.05 p.05 -.067 -.077 0.01 p.01.108 0.01 p.01 -.141 -.116 0.05 p.05 -.075 -.080 -.072

0.01 p.01.133 0.01 p.01 -.097 -.141 -.125 0.05 p.05 -.072 -.086 133

4-39 -.066 -.098** -.072* -.086* -.034 -.061 -.044 -.051 -.005 -.020 -.017 -.016.108**.097**.159**.133** -.083* -.111** -.075* -.097**.005 -.010 -.010 -.006 -.111** -.137** -.141** -.141** -.049 -.067* -.063 -.065 -.038 -.077* -.080* -.072* -.054 -.037 -.024 -.040 -.103** -.127** -.116** -.125** * p.05 ** p.01 2001 2001 134

Groos 1993 2002 2001 2002 2003 2000 2001 2002 135

1996b 136

1996b 1045 1000 875 t Pearson 1/3 94 137

138

139

1 2 RO 3 4 5 online6 7 28 9 CS 10 online 140

141

142

143

144

2006 145

146 Sina 2006 2005 2005 2002 2003 2003

147

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. conformity 6. 148

149 2006 7 15 B4 2006 10 7 Sina http://news.sina.com/gmw/102-101-101-101/ 2006-10-07/20011390881.html 2000 1999 2002 1994 100 2005 7 27 C5 2005 7 26 A8 1992 32 2 39-45 2000 1997 1973 27 131-162 1998 5 7-11 1996a 1996b 1993 6 169-188 1998

150 2003 1995 47 224-34 Michael Argyle 2003 2002 2003 1993 67 75-106 2002 1993 2003 1983 2004 2005 9 28 2005 9 28 http://tw.games.yahoo.com/rookie_what.html 1997 2005 30 94-99 2002 9 12 http://chinese.chosun.com/big5/site/data/html_dir/2002/09/12/20020912000023. html 2001 2002

151 2006 6 29 C8 2003 2005 2002 2003 3 10 2003 3 10 http://chinese.chosun.com/big5/site/data/html_dir/2003/ 03/10/20030310000026.html 1998 2000 23 147-171 2001 259-275 1990 1995 1995 47 2 19-23 1977 10 91-106 2002 2004 2000 -- 392 27-30 2006 5 19 http://www.find.org.tw/0105/news/0105_news_friendly_ mail.asp?news_id=4291 1999 223 298-300

152 2001 -- 2002 1989 11 179-186 1998 2006 1 26 http://140.111.1.22/mandr/clc/dict/ 2001 (2002) 1995 1997 A 1999 1988 1999 2000SPSS 2001 2001 2001 5 31 18 2006 1984 204 11 2002

153 1968 13 95-145 1981 2006 10 2 DFC 2011 130 2006 10 2 http://www.find.org.tw/find/home.aspx? page=news&id=4332 2002 2 29-58 1999 2002 10 18 2002 10 18 http://chinese.chosun.com/big5/site/data/html_dir/2002/10/ 18/20021018000031.html 2005 10 20 2005 10 20 http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/ it/2005-10/20/content_3651894.htm 2001 58-61 2003 1998 265 128-131 1996 2000 1985 1995 (2003) 2006 10 2 MMORPG 2006 10 2 http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/mmorpg#.e5.8e.86.e5.8f.b2

154 2004 2003 2001 1981 2002 1993 6 18-117 2000 2001 2002 2001 2001 2002 1996 MUD 2003 --- 1991 13 23-36

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