76

The ethnic relations in Taiwan entered a new stage, as the country moved toward liberal democracy in the late 1980 s. The authoritarian regime of the Kuomintang was marked by political domination by a minority group of Chinese mainlanders, whose repression of native Taiwanese local culture created political tensions and social animosity between two groups. As the transition to democracy broke down the minority s political domination, a new Taiwanese identity was also created along the process. The conflict between native Taiwanese and Chinese mainlanders upholding different identities continues to serve as the center of ethnic politics in the country. Based on the data collected from several sets of nationwide house interview surveys, this article shows, a) As far as the ethnic politics is concerned, there are only two ethnic groups in Taiwan-- native Taiwanese (including Minnan and Hokka) andchinese mainlanders, as opposed to commonly held assertion of three ethnic groups with their own languages/dialects; b) due to the political change and social development in the past five decades, the social animosity and segregation between two groups have been greatly decreased; c) the rise of new Taiwanese identity and its conflict with the Chinese one has resulted in a widespread sense of distrust among native Taiwanese; and d) social contact (measured in terms of inter-marriage) between members of different ethnic groups has not decreased the political distrust. It appears that a combination of social assimilation and political tension best describes the nature of ethnic relations in current Taiwan. Keywords: national identity, nationalism, ethnicity, ethnic politics, ethnic relation 75-1182002 12 2001 10 9 2002 5 11

76

77 1 1970 (Scott 1990) 1 (2000)

78 2 1947 (2000) Donald Horowitz 1985 (worthiness) (status claims) (personal worth) 2 1964 Wilkie 2001: 137 McAdam (1988) Belfrage (1990 [1965])

79 (219) 1980 (Snyder 2000) (Berlin 1981 [1972])

80 2000/12/18 ( ) 1987 1987

81 (2001/6/20) 1980 1980 55 (cultural division of labor)

82 Gordon W. Allport (1986 [1954]: 261-282) 3 Allport (Hecter 1975: 9) (1992) (1997) (2001) 1970-74 1980 3 Forbes (1997)

83 1994 60.6% 54.9% 25.3% 29.4% 2 10 1999 1994 61.2% 61.6% 27.6%22.8% 4 85% 5 (representation) 6 4 1994 1994 7 1,4371999 3,496 5 6 1998

84 7 1998 1993 1998 82.1% 7 (1998)

85

86 Max Weber (1978: 389) Frederik Barth (1994)

87 Rogers Brubaker Frederick Cooper (2000: 10) 1994 1999 8

88 1994 38.6% 46.3% 7.7 24.5 10.9 24.5 9 1994 1999 1998 8 1994 1999 9 1998 39.1%49.5% 74.4% 2000 22.3%39.6% 70.1% 2001

89 (1994 & 1999) (N) % 94 (256) (140) (78) (79) (553) 46.3 25.3 14.1 14.3 100 99 (1,864) (334) (143) (158) (2,499) 74.6 13.4 5.7 6.3 100 94 (162) (91) (61) (106) (420) 38.6 21.7 14.5 25.2 100 99 (194) (78) (32) (29) (333) 58.3 23.4 9.6 8.7 100 94 (52) (47) (86) (183) (368) 14.1 12.8 23.4 49.7 100 99 (143) (93) (86) (123) (445) 32.1 20.9 19.3 27.6 100 94 (470) (278) (225) (368) (1,341) 35.0 20.7 16.8 27.4 100 99 (2,201) (505) (261) (310) (3,277) 67.2 15.4 8.0 9.5 100 1994 1999

90 (1994&1999) (N) % 94 (117) (51) (10) (373) (551) 21.2 9.3 1.8 67.7 100 99 (388) (315) (16) (1825) (2,544) 15.3 12.4.6 71.7 100 94 (131) (20) (17) (269) (437) 30.0 4.6 3.9 61.6 100 99 (72) (32) (4) (238) (346) 20.8 9.2 1.2 68.8 100 94 (140) (9) (51) (174) (374) 37.4 2.4 13.6 46.5 100 99 (129) (12) (31) (290) (462) 27.9 2.6 6.7 62.8 100 94 (388) (80) (78) (816) (1,362) 28.5 5.9 5.7 59.9 100 99 (589) (359) (51) (2,353) (3,352) 17.6 10.7 1.5 70.2 100 (1994&1999) (N) % 94 (85) (162) (75) (322) 26.4 50.3 23.3 100 99 (525) (786) (197) (1,508) 34.8 52.1 13.1 100 94 (26) (113) (106) (245) 10.6 46.1 43.3 100 99 (65) (98) (36) (199) 32.7 49.2 18.1 100 94 (23) (957) (167) (247) 9.3 23.1 67.6 100 99 (45) (119) (119) (283) 15.9 42.0 42.0 100 94 (134) (332) (348) (814) 16.5 40.8 42.8 100 99 (635) (1,003) (352) (1,990) 31.9 50.4 17.7 100 1. 2. 1 2 1 2 1 2

91 1971 1.2% (ascribed) (Buckley and Kenney 1995: 6)

92 1994; Tsai 1996; 1999 1997 10 3 (1999) 11 1 1 A A 29 10 2,596 11 (447x463)/509=407 1

93 A A 1 50 30 60 0.1739 0.85 1993 (2001) 12 12 30 0.95 (19/20)

94 (2000) 1999 1951 B 60 0.0650 0.33 30 1 0.92

95 A (1997) * 20-29 1.01 2.00 0.85 0.89 30-39 1.03 3.50 0.72 0.79 40-49 1.04 5.75 0.44 0.64 50-59 1.03 9.00 0.47 0.58 60-1.04 ** 0.17 0.38 B (1999)(1951 ) 20-29 1.01 1.67 0.92 0.88 30-39 1.03 2.07 0.82 0.82 40-49 1.06 3.29 0.59 0.65 50-59 1.05 4.20 0.33 0.73 60-1.18 5.00 0.06 0.76 * ** 0 1999

96 A 67.7% 16.8% 6.7% 8.7% 13 A 15.9% 8.7% 13

97 (74.9%) 26.3% 63.4%

98 (1999) A % 60.7 a 67.7 -- 16.4 b 16.8 15.9 c 8.7 6.9 d 6.7 83.6 75.5 10.1 -- 13.3 2.6 6.1 3.7 5.2 85.6 67.5 9.3 16.2 -- 1.5 12.3 3.7 4.1 a + b c + d B (N) % (1,478) (36) (28) (7) (1,549) 95.4 2.3 1.8.5 85.6 8.4 12.6 4.1 60.7 (119) (272) (23) (5) (419) 28.4 64.9 5.5 1.2 6.9 63.4 10.3 2.9 16.4 (116) (113) (167) (9) (405) 28.6 27.9 41.2 2.2 6.7 26.3 74.9 5.2 15.9 (13) (8) (5) (151) (177) 7.3 4.5 2.8 85.3.8 1.9 2.2 87.8 6.9 (1,726) (429) (223) (172) (2,550) 67.7 16.8 8.7 6.7

99 1998 50 60 20 50 50

100 (Multinomial Logistic) (1999) A b s.e. b s.e. ( ).2058.1478.0890.1985 (20~29 ) 30~39.2484.2068 -.5168.3608 40~49.1678.2230.5130.3060 50~59.1405.2903.8410*.3606 60.3736.3362 1.6703***.3431 ( ) -.0959.2017.1759.2581 -.0500.2369 -.1841.3518 -.0761.2482 -.1446.3571 ( ) -.0034.1601 -.0750.2077 -.3330.2634 -.5801.3883 ( ) -.0630.1944 -.2057.2795 -.2551.3169 -.8902.5351-1.3829.2635-2.4321.3606 LR 2 67.73*** 1,419 *p<.05, ***p<.001 B b s.e. b s.e. ( ) -.4211.4800 -.1133.5815 (20~29 ) 30~39.2640.6022 -.7843.7539 40~49-2.0745*.9458 -.7957.8054 50~59 -.7305.9209-37.2205.0000 60-37.5519.0000-37.7440.0000 ( ) -.2323.6546 -.0110.7733-1.4887.8953-1.2469 1.0258-1.2332.8915-1.9574 1.2585 ( ).2444.5394 -.2284.6633 -.4696.7860.0782.8672 ( ) -.0355.5332-1.0048.8419-36.1969.0000.3951.9672 -.4599.7950 -.6527.9287 LR 2 42.01* 188 *p<.05

101

102 1 10 0 A (51%) 17.6% 1 10 6-2, 7-3, 8-4, 9-5 7 3 5

103 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 C 2.6% B B A B C (1999)

104 A 4 9 (28.2%) 16.5% 9.5%9.8%

105 (1999) (N) % (-9~0) (1~3) (4~9) (191) (170) (142) (503) 38.0 33.8 28.2 100.0 21.4 30.7 44.8 28.5 (381) (267) (128) (776) 49.1 34.4 16.5 100.0 42.6 48.3 40.4 44.0 (112) (69) (19) (200) 56.0 34.5 9.5 100.0 12.5 12.5 6.0 11.3 (210) (47) (28) (285) 73.7 16.5 9.8 100.0 23.5 8.5 8.8 16.2 (894) (553) (317) (1764) 50.7 31.3 18.0 100.0 2 =120.187, df=6, p<.001

106 (1999) b s.e. ( ).3921**.1236 (20~29 ) 30~39.2412.1697 40~49.9110***.1779 50~59 1.5168***.2372 60 1.7729***.2797 ( ).1463.1683.2213.1715 ( ).6112***.1338 -.1974.1936 ( ).4196**.1575 -.1699.2690 ( ) -.1983.1544 1.0524***.1502 -.2267.5343 ( ).0631.2022 ( ) -.0175.1533.1586.2492 R 2.1678 1,276 **p<.01, ***p<.001 1.

107 (1999) % (N) (-9~0) (1~3) (4~9) 50.7 31.7 17.6 77.9 (1,781) 51.1 32.0 16.9 14.2 (325) 64.6 22.0 13.4 5.6 (127) 75.5 22.6 1.9 2.3 (53) 52.1 31.0 16.9 (1,191) (708) (387) 100.0 (2,286) 2. 3. 4. Anthony Oberschall (2000) (mind frame)

108

109 (1998) 2001/7/16 2001/7/30 (2001) 1998/10/8 2001/9/26 2002/3/28 (2002/3/28)

110 Jack Snyder (2000) 14 ( 2001/5/10) ( 2001/6/ 17) ( 2001/6/28) 14 (2002/10/28)

111 ( 2001/7/30) 2001 2001 1 12

112 (1997, N=2,239) ( ) 20-29 413 (407) 34 (40) 447 50 (56) 12 (6) 62 2 =9.142 df=1 p<.01 509 30-39 600 (585) 38 (53) 638 57 (72) 21 (6) 78 2 =40.409 df=1 p<.001 716 40-49 524 (505) 15 (34) 539 34 (53) 23 (4) 57 2 =121.878 df=1 p<.001 596 50-59 262 (254) 7 (15) 269 11 (19) 9 (1) 20 2 =63.986 df=1 p<.001 289 60-120 (115) 1 (6) 121 3 (8) 5 (0) 8 2 =64.359 df=1 p<.001 129 (1999, N=2,497) ( ) 20-29 148 (146) 23 (25) 171 15 (17) 5 (3) 20 2 =1.909 df=1 p=.167 191 30-39 503 (488) 67 (82) 570 67 (82) 29 (14) 96 2 =22.765 df=1 p<.001 666 40-49 643 (604) 55 (94) 698 72 (111) 56 (17) 128 2 =118.683 df=1 p<.001 826 50-59 314 (298) 8 (24) 322 44 (60) 21 (5) 65 2 =70.813 df=1 p<.001 387 60-273 (232) 1 (17) 274 52 (68) 20 (4) 72 2 =103.906 df=1 p<.001 346

113 (1999) (N) % (1,220) (327) (183) (131) (1,861) 65.6 17.6 9.8 7.0 100.0 72.2 77.9 83.2 79.4 74.6 (350) (73) (29) (24) (476) 73.5 15.3 6.1 5.0 100.0 20.7 17.4 13.2 14.5 19.1 (120) (20) (8) (10) (158) 75.9 12.7 5.1 6.3 100.0 7.1 4.8 3.6 6.1 6.3 (1,690) (420) (220) (165) (2,495) 67.7 16.8 8.8 6.6 100.0 2 =19.129, df=6, p<.01 (N) % (146) (25) (14) (9) (194) 75.3 12.9 7.2 4.6 100.0 58.2 55.6 66.7 56.3 58.3 (83) (18) (4) (5) (110) 75.5 16.4 3.6 4.5 100.0 33.1 40.0 19.0 31.3 33.0 (22) (2) (3) (2) (29) 75.9 6.9 10.3 6.9 100.0 8.8 4.4 14.3 12.5 8.7 (251) (45) (21) (16) (333) 75.4 13.5 6.3 4.8 100.0 2 =4.197, df=6, p=.650

114 (1999) (N) % (361) (82) (50) (33) (526) 68.6 15.6 9.5 6.3 100.0 20.9 19.1 22.4 19.2 20.6 (571) (124) (65) (24) (784) 72.8 15.8 8.3 3.1 100.0 33.1 28.9 29.1 14.0 30.7 (155) (23) (9) (10) (197) 78.7 11.7 4.6 5.1 100.0 9.0 5.4 4.0 5.8 7.7 (639) (200) (99) (105) (1,043) 61.3 19.2 9.5 10.1 100.0 37.0 46.6 44.4 61.0 40.9 (1,726) (429) (223) (172) (2,550) 67.7 16.8 8.7 6.7 100.0 2 =59.441, df=9, p<.001 (N) % (48) (9) (6) (2) (65) 73.8 13.8 9.2 3.1 100.0 18.3 19.6 28.6 11.1 18.7 (77) (13) (6) (2) (98) 78.6 13.3 6.1 2.0 100.0 29.4 28.3 28.6 11.1 28.2 (29) (3) (3) (1) (36) 80.6 8.3 8.3 2.8 100.0 11.1 6.5 14.3 5.6 10.4 2 =10.059, df=9, p=.346 (108) (21) (6) (13) (148) 73.0 14.2 4.1 8.8 100.0 41.2 45.7 28.6 72.2 42.7 (262) (46) (21) (18) (347) 75.5 13.3 6.1 5.2 100.0

115 (1999) (N) % 20-29 (428) (95) (37) (22) (582) 73.5 16.3 6.4 3.8 100.0 30-39 (447) (116) (29) (33) (625) 71.5 18.6 4.6 5.3 100.0 40-49 (452) (109) (59) (63) (683) 66.2 16.0 8.6 9.2 100.0 50-59 (209) (62) (37) (30) (338) 61.8 18.3 10.9 8.9 100.0 60 (190) (46) (61) (24) (321) 59.2 14.3 19.0 7.5 100.0 (1,726) (428) (223) (172) (2,549) 67.7 16.8 8.7 6.7 100.0 2 = 87.468, df = 12, p <.001 (N) % 20-29 (48) (14) (6) (2) (70) 68.6 20.0 8.6 2.9 100.0 30-39 (69) (19) (6) (5) (99) 69.7 19.2 6.1 5.1 100.0 40-49 (79) (7) (7) (5) (98) 80.6 7.1 7.1 5.1 100.0 50-59 (35) (3) (2) (3) (43) 81.4 7.0 4.7 7.0 100.0 60 (31) (3) -- (3) (37) 83.8 8.1 8.1 100.0 (262) (46) (21) (18) (347) 75.5 13.3 6.1 5.2 100.0 2 = 16.491, df = 2, p =.170

116 (1999) (N) % (689) (177) (129) (105) (1,100) 62.6 16.1 11.7 9.5 100.0 (516) (133) (54) (45) (748) 69.0 17.8 7.2 6.0 100.0 (280) (68) (21) (16) (385) 72.7 17.7 5.5 4.2 100.0 (234) (51) (18) (6) (309) 75.7 16.5 5.8 1.9 100.0 (1,719) (429) (222) (172) (2,542) 67.6 16.9 8.7 6.8 100.0 2 = 58.337, df = 9, p <.001 (N) % (98) (14) (7) (7) (126) 77.8 11.1 5.6 5.6 100.0 (77) (19) (8) (6) (110) 70.0 17.3 7.3 5.5 100.0 (44) (9) (5) (2) (60) 73.3 15.0 8.3 3.3 100.0 (42) (4) (1) (3) (50) 84.0 8.0 2.0 6.0 100.0 (261) (46) (21) (18) (346) 75.4 13.3 6.1 5.2 100.0 2 =6.686, df=9, p=.670

117 (1993) 76: 43-94 (2000) 12 14-16 (1998) 4 16-17 (1992) 101-160 (1993) 74: 33-61 (1997) 1: 137-167 (2001) 25:1-54 (1999) 1970 1990 5 18 (2000) 12 2-3 (1987) 13: 28-32 (2001) 7 14 (1994) 6(2): 335-371 (2001) 29(2): 117-151 (2001) 1 8 Allport, Gordon W. (1986[1954]) The Nature of Prejudice. Reading, Mass.: Addison- Wesley. Barth, Ferderik (1994) Enduring and Emerging Issues in the Analysis of Ethnicity. Pp. 11-32 in The Anthropology of Ethnicity: beyong Ethnic Groups and Boundaries, edited by Hans Vermeulen and Cora Govers. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis. Belfrage, Sally (1990[1965]) Freedom Summer. Charlottesville: University of Virginia

118 Press. Berlin, Isaiah (1981[1972]) Nationalism: Past Neglect and Present Power. Pp. 333-355 in Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brubaker, Rogers, and Frederick Cooper (2000) Beyond Identity. Theory and Society 29: 1-47. Buckley, Anthony D., and Catherine Kenney (1995) Negotiating Identity: Rhetoric, Metaphor, and Social Drama in Northern Ireland. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. Forbes, H. D. (1997) Ethnic Conflict: Commerce, Culture, and the Contact Hypothesis. New Haven: Yale University Press. Hecter, Michael (1975) Internal Colonialism: the Celtic Fringe in British National Development, 1536-1966. Berkeley: University of California Press. Horowitz, Donald L. (1985) Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press. McAdam, Doug (1988) Freedom Summer. New York: Oxford University Press. Oberschall, Anthony (2000) The Manipulation of Ethnicity: from Ethnic Cooperation to Violence and War in Yugoslavia. Ethnic and Racial Studies 23,6 (November): 982-1001. Parsons, Talcott (1975) Some Theoretical Considerations on the Nature and Trends of Change of Ethnicity. Pp. 53-83 in Ethnicity: Theory and Practice, editedbynathan Glazer and Danniel P. Moynihan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Scott, James C. (1990) Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven: Yale University Press. Snyder, Jack (2000) From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflicts. New York: W. W. Norton. Tsai, Shu-ling (1996) The Relative Importance of Ethnicity and Education in Taiwan s Changing Marriage Market. Proceedings of the National Science Council, Part C: Humanities and Social Sciences 6,2(July): 301-315. Weber, Max (1978) Economy and Society. Edited by Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. Berkeley: University of California Press. Wilkie, Curtis (2001) Dixie: a Personal Odyssey through Events that Shaped the Modern South. New York: Scribner.