批判教育學在台灣之應用與限制

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1 Henry GirouxPeter McLaren Henry Giroux 1

2 The Development And Difficulties Of Critical Pedagogy In Taiwan Yu-Chen Lin Abstract Since the 1980 s, critical pedagogy has become a powerful discourse to challenge American education, particularly its ideological and political aspects. Because of its critical and liberal approach, critical pedagogy has been introduced and applied more widely in Taiwanese academics. In order to understand the application, this paper attempts to explore the development and difficulties of critical pedagogy in Taiwan. First, it introduces the background and major concepts of critical pedagogy. Second, it discusses relating research in Taiwan. Finally, it makes some suggestions for further research. The results show that Taiwan s critical pedagogy research has the following problems: 1. Critical pedagogy is understood in a partial manner. 2. There is an imbalance between theory and practice. 3. The critical language is decontextualized. 4. It lacks researches about teachers as transformative intellectuals. 5. It lacks researches about resistance of student culture. The suggestions were presented at the end of this paper. Keywords: critical pedagogy, resistance, transformative intellectual, Henry Giroux 2

3 Paulo Freire

4 Faulo Freire Freire H. Giroux (1985, xiv-xviii) Freire a language of critique a language of possibility Freire 1980 Henry GirouxPeter McLaren Henry GirouxMichael Apple 4

5 Faulo Freire P. Freire Paulo Freire Faulo Freire Farabundo MartiCesar Augusto SandinoRosa LuxemburgChe Guevara Sleeter & McLaren, 1995: 14 Freire critical literacy Weiler,

6 17-18Freire1972 banking education conscientize P. Freire literacy language of critique language of possibility Giroux, 1985, xiv-xviii Freire Frankfurt School Theodor AdornoMax HorkheimerHerbert Marcuse McLaren, John Dewey, William H. Kilpatrick 1920 George Counts Dwayne HuebnerTheodore Brameld James McDonald McLaren,

7 Ornstein, 1995: / Weiler, Karl Marx 1 resistance determined Giroux, 1983: R. Gibson 1 Louis Althusser Samuel Bowles Herbert Gintis Pierre Bourdieu Basil Bernstein Antonio Gramci Giroux, 1983: 76-98Weiler, 1988: 6-11;

8 P. Willis1977 lads Willis Giroux, 1983: R. Gibson 1980 relative autonomy Giroux 1983:

9 Giroux Henry GirouxMichael AppleJean AnyonPhilip WexlerBill PinarMadeline Grumet Giroux & McLaren, 1995: 30; Sleeter & McLaren, 1995: 15 Peter McLarenHenry GirouxStanley AronowitzBill Pinar Michael Apple Paul WillisKathleen WeilerBarry Kanpol Peter Mclaren McLaren, H. Giroux / H. Giroux 9

10 bell hookscornel WestStuart HallEdward SaidChandra MohantyLarry GrossbergGayatri C. Spivak / Giroux, 1992, 1-2Giroux & McLaren, 1995: H. Giroux / Roger Simon / Giroux, 1992, 3 Girux 1990 LankshearMcLaren literacy Patti Lather McLaren, 1994 Giroux (1992) border pedagogymclaren (2000) revolutionary pedagogybell hooks (1994) engaged pedagogy empowerment 10

11 1980 Freire moral imperative Weiler, agents Giroux, 1983: McLaren, 1994 M. Apple P. Freire 11

12 K. Weilerbell hooksp. McLaren Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies CCCS Apple1993 official knowledge Apple Apple Apple / Giroux regimes of truth 12

13 transformative intellectuals Giroux McLaren, 1988:xviii Giroux Giroux McLaren, 1988:xv-xvii P. McLarenK. Weilerbell hooks P. McLaren Life in schools McLaren K. Weiler1988 Weiler bell hooks Gloria Watkins P. Freire P. Freirebell hooks bell hooks 1994 engaged pedagogy 13

14 hooks, bell hooks Giroux Giroux McLaren, 1988:xv-xvii Willis CCCS Dick Hebdige1991 mods skin-heads punks R. W. Connell Roger Simon R. W. Connell DowsettKesslerAschenden (1982) Roger Simon (1983) Weiler, 1988: 23-24Connell Simon 14

15 a 1999 Roger Simon1987 pedagogy teaching teaching pedagogy realities representations Roger Simon, 1987: 30 Hernandez, pedagogy teaching 15

16 Freire 2 Freire Freire Freire 5 Freire e 2 Freire 1990 Freire J. L. Elias S. Marriam Giroux H. A Giroux 2000Giroux 2000Giroux 1999Giroux Freire 1995a

17 a 2000b, FreireGirouxApple Freire Weilerhooks 6 Apple Apple

18 Apple 2000b, / FreireGirouxApple Apple / Giroux / AppleGiroux Weilerhooks AppleGiroux WeilerhooksConnellSimon 18

19 7 Apple

20 a2000b,

21 2001 / 21

22 / / J. L. Elias S. Marriam 4 (4) J. L. Elias S. Marriam a b Gibson, R

23 50 (3) (4) H. A Giroux Giroux 51 (1) a b (2)

24 2000Giroux Giroux / Apple, M. W. (1993). Official knowledge: Democratic education in conservative age. New York: Routlege. Freire, P. (1972). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Translated by Myra Bergman Ramos. New Yor: Herder and Herder. Giroux, H. (1983). Theory, resistance, and education: A pedagogy for the opposition. South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Garvey. Giroux, H. A. (1985). Introduction. In P. Freire, The politics of education (pp. xi-xxv). South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Garvey. Giroux, H. A. (1992). Border crossings: Cultural workers and the politics of education. New York: Routledge. Giroux, H. A. & McLaren, P. (1995). Radical pedagogy as a cultural politics: Beyond the discourse of critique and anti- utopianism. In P. McLaren, Critical pedagogy and predatory culture: Oppositional politics in a postmodern era (pp ). New York: Routledge. Hebdige, D. (1991). Subculture, the meaning of style. New York: Routledge. hooks, b. (1994). Teaching to transgress. New York: Routledge. Hernandez, A. (1997). Pedagogy, democracy, and feminism: Rethinking the public sphere. Albany, State University of New York Press. McLaren, P. (1988). Foreword: Critical theory and the meaning of hope. In H. A. Giroux, Teachers as intellectuals (pp. ix-xxi). Granby, MA: Bergin & Garvey. McLaren, P. (1994). Life in schools: An introduction to critical pedagogy in the foundations of education(2 nd ). New York: Longman. McLaren, P. (2000). Che Guevara, Paulo Freire, and the pedagogy of revolution. 24

25 Boulder, CO: Rowan and Littlefield. Ornstein, A. C. (1995). Philosophy as a basis for curriculum decision. In A. C. Ornstein & L. S. Behar (Eds.), Contemporary issues in curriculum. (pp ). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Simon, R. (1987). Empowerment as a pedagogy of possibility. Language arts 64 (4), 370. Sleeter, C. E., & McLaren, P. L. (1995). Multicultural education, critical pedagogy, and the politics of difference. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Weiler, K. (1988). Women teaching for change: Gender, class & power. New York: Bergin & Garvey. Willis, P. (1977). Learning to labour: How working class kids get working class jobs. Farnborough: Saxon House. 25

課程實踐與教學創新

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