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1 No.3, May 2002 Journal of Foreign Languages General Serial No H030 A Grice Grice On the Logical Nature of Pragmatic Inference Towards a Formal Theory of Pragmatics JIANG Yan Department of Chinese & Bilingual Studies, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China Abstract: This paper explores the logical nature of pragmatic reasoning. After introducing the basic features of abductive inference and its constraining principles in logic and computing science, we contrast abduction with pragmatic inference, with special reference to the pragmatic principles in Gricean theory and relevance theory. The conclusions are that pragmatic reasoning is no more than abductive inference as applied to verbal communication and that pragmatic principles are just special forms of abductive principles. Pragmatic reasoning is not that independent, nor is it necessary to establish the logic of language use. Finally, we explore the relationship between abduction and probability with the hope of establishing a probability-based formal theory of abductive pragmatics. Key words: abductive inference; pragmatic reasoning; Gricean pragmatics; relevance theory Sperber & Wilson 1995 Grice 1975 inferential pragmatics underdetermined 18

2 explicature Grice 1975,1989 higher-order explicature propositional attitude Strawson implicature Austin Grice Austin 1962 performative locution illocutionary force perlocutionary effects felicity conditions Grice 1975 conversational implicature the Cooperative P.F. Strawson Principle the maxims of conversation Grice Grice what the logic of language is implicated formal logic what is said Strawson 1952: 8 Strawson Strawson 19

3 Montague Strawson 1 a. A B Montague Montague 1974 b. A B inference to the best explanation Grice 2 a. C C b. A C A C A C c. A C 1 d. A A 2 abductive reasoning inferential pragmatics abducibles Josephson & Josephson a. A b. A deduction induction c. abduction d. introduction elimination Josephson & Josephson 1994 truth-preserving 4 a. 1 Poznanski 1990 Gabbay et al

4 b. α e. Θ ϕ novelty Aliseda-Llera 5 3 7R = 5 W = S = C A B C A B 7 a. Θ: R W, S W Aliseda-Llera 1997 d Θ ϕ; α ϕ b. ϕ: W c. Θ α ϕ d. α truth-producing 2 R, S, R S, R Z, R W, S W,W, [C, C W], Θ W. e. R W, S W R, S, R S, R Z, W, [C, C W], Θ W. Θ α f. W, [C, C W] R, S, R S, R Z, Θ W. α ϕ g. R S, R Z R, S, Θ W. h. Θ W R, S 7 a,b c c Θ ϕ Aliseda-Llera 1997 α Θ d α ϕ e α R W a 6 a. Θ α ϕ R W b. α Θ R W c. α 2 Josephson & Josephson

5 d R W a 22 R W R W 9 Gabbay 1991 S W a Data S W α a. D I T?D Θ b. I L Θα ϕ α ϕ 4 f W [C, C W]d. T O P ϕ Θ a g 9 a-e D R S R Z R S D a W R S R Z R S Prolog pointer R S R Z Θ W i literal Θ 7?D D ii Horn Θ clause head I h T I T a 5 α D I T b c I T e L 8 b Labeled Deductive Systems LDS I D T S S Gabbay 1991 LDS 8 a. L S b. c T D declarative item iii c. resource logic A B 6 c. T L S e. L Query 6 Neal 2000 planning and causation 4 Θ ϕ Θ ϕ Θ α Θ α Θ 9 L 9

6 S D 12 Kempson et al L O P O P d T D LDS NL Gabbay 8 Labelled Deductive Systems for Natural Language Understanding LDS NL Kempson, Meyer-Viol & Gabbay LDS NL LDS NL the choice function LDS NL on-line 10 a. the underdeterminacy thesis LDS NL b. parsing as deduction LDS proof-theoretic Gabbay et al c. procedural Relevant Assumptions RAA queries and answers RAA LDS NL structural abduction LDS NL abduction on databases the Rule of 12 8a 13 parsing 14 Skolem function Kempson Hobbs et al LDS NL local pragmatics 23

7 24 LDS NL CP Grice 1975 LDS NL 11 a. S p b. S CP c. q S d. S H q e. S H q LDS NL f. S H q g. p implicate q 11 LDS NL CP 12 a. S H θ θs,h S p LDS NL ps Θ α ϕ α Θ θs,h ϕ ps α α t <s, t> LDS NL b. CP Fox 1992 Hobbs et al CP LDS NL α α LDS NL p CP q c. S H Grice q 16 Grice d. q α Grice CP

8 S H common ground B 12b Grice p Grice CP q Grice 12b Grice A particularized X conversational implicature B A X B B p q Grice X B CP p A X processing B CP effort contextual effects q 12b - 12d p 11c11e B 18 q q p paraphrasing q= p q 6c B p qa X A B Grice q 19 Wilson & Sperber 1981 Grice A 17 B 18 25

9 a. b. Grice 15 a. Grice 11 b. Grice c. CP Sperber & Wilson 1995 : d Presumption of optimal relevance a. make manifest I b. I Bach Sperber & Wilson 1995: 14 LDS NL Bach 1997 Bach 20 Dan Sperber Deirdre Wilson CP Sperber & Wilson a.

10 b. Grice Fox 1992 Hobbs et al Merin 1999 weight and cost Hobbs et al Merin 1999 decision semantics Carnap 21 Lin 1992 Jurafsky & Martin 2000 Sanford Fox 1992Josephson & Josephson

11 Merin 1999 [1] Aliseda-Llera, Atocha. Seeking Explanations: Abduction in Logic, Philosophy of Science and Artificial Intelligence [D]. Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University. ILLC Dissertation Series, [2] Austin,John. How to Do Things with Words [M]. Oxford University Press, [3] Bach, Kent. The semantics-pragmatics distinction: what it is and why it matters [J/A]. Linguistische Berichte 8, Special Issue on Pragmatics, Also in Ken Turner. The Semantics/ autonomy Pragmatics Interface from Different Points of of syntax View [C]. Oxford: Elsevier Science [4] Fox, Richard Keith. Layered Abduction for parsing as deduction Speech Recognition from Articulation: ARTREC interpretation as abduction [D]. Ph.D. dissertation. The Ohio State the University,1992. under- determinacy thesis [5] Gabbay, Dov. Abduction in labelled deductive systems a conceptual abstract [A]. R. Kruse and P. Siegel. Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Uncertainty [C]. Springer-Verlag, [6] Gabbay, Dov. Labelled Deductive Systems [M]. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press,1994. [7] Gadzdar, Gerald. Pragmatics: Implicature, Presupposition, Logical Form [M]. New York: a position Academic Press,1994. paper [8] Grice, Herbert Paul. Retrospective epilogue [A]. Grice Grice. Studies in the Way of Words [M]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, [9] Hobbs, Jerry R., Mark E. Stickel, Douglas E. Appelt and Paul Martin. Interpretation as abduction [J]. Artificial Intelligence, 1993, Vol.63: LDS NL [10] Josephson, John R. and Susan G. Josephson. Abductive Inference: Computation, Philosophy, Technology [M]. Cambridge University 28

12 Press,1994. [11] Jurafsky, Daniel. and James H. Martin. Speech and Language Processing: an Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition [M]. New Jersey: Prentice Hall,2000. [12] Kempson, Ruth. Semantics, pragmatics, and natural language interpretation[a]. Shalom Lappin.The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory. Oxford: Blackwell,1996, [13] Kempson, Ruth., Wilfried Meyer-Viol, and Dov Gabbay. Dynamic Syntax: The Flow of Language Understanding [M]. Oxford: Blackwell,2001. [14] Lin, Dekang. Obvious Abduction [D]. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Alberta,1992. [15] Merin, Arthur. Information, relevance, and social decision making: some principles and results of decision-theoretic semantics [A]. Moss, L.S., J. Ginzburg, and M. de Rijke. Logic, Language, and Computation. Vol. 2 [C]. Stanford, Calif.: CSLI Publications,1999, [16] Montague, Richard. Pragmatics [A]. Richmond Thomason. Formal Philosophy: Selected Papers of Richard Montague [M]. New Haven & London: Yale University Press,1974, [17] Neal, Philip. Abduction and induction: a real distinction? [A]. Harry Bunt and William Black. Abduction, Belief and Context in Dialogue: Studies in Computational Pragmatics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2000, [18] Poznanski, Victor. A Relevance-Based Utterance Processing System [D]. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge. University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory Technical Report No. 246, [19] Sanford, David H. If P, Then Q: Conditionals and the Foundations of Reasoning [M]. London & New York: Routledge. Second edition,1992. [20] Sperber, Dan. and Deirdre Wilson. Relevance: Communication and Cognition [M]. Oxford: Blackwell. Second Edition,1995. [21] Strawson, P.F. Introduction to Logical Theory [M]. London, Methuen,1952. [22] Wilson, Deirdre. and Dan Sperber. On Grice s theory of conversation [A]. Paul Werth. Conversation and Discourse. London: Croom Helm,1981, [23],. [M]., RGC Directly Allocated Research Grant, Hong Kong Investigating Cognitive Semantic Structures A-PC

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2014 年第 5 期 ( 总第 225 期 ) 厦门大学学报 ( 哲学社会科学版 ) JOURNAL OF XIAMEN UNIVERSITY( Arts & Social Sciences) No. 5 2014 General Serial No. 225 真理的语用和限度周建漳, 王摇展 ( 厦门大学哲学系, 福建厦门 361005)