Issues and Prospects of Participatory Community Planning in Taiwan from the Viewpoint of Citizen Governance Yu-Chang Ke* Abstract Participatory commun

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1 Journal of Taiwan Land Research Vol. 12, No.1 pp. 125~151 * 摘要 TEL #5867 ycke@isu.edu.tw 125

2 Issues and Prospects of Participatory Community Planning in Taiwan from the Viewpoint of Citizen Governance Yu-Chang Ke* Abstract Participatory community planning has been attracting much attention in recent years. Not only does it impact the planning field, but it also offers a theoretical basis and some practical examples for local governance. However, it is difficult to assess its effects on public affairs only from the planning perspective. This study discusses the issues related to participatory community planning and the solutions from the viewpoint of local governance. This standpoint includes communitarianism and citizen governance. The aim of the study is to explore ways to facilitate a more active and positive role of community participation in planning and public affairs. Keywords: Participatory Community Planning, Citizen Governance, Communitarinism, Neighborhood Improvement Program, Community Planners * Assistant professor, Department of Public Policy and Management, I-Shou University. TEL #5867 ycke@isu.edu.tw 126

3 participatory community planning community empowerment local governance citizen governance institutional settings communitarianism citizen governance participatory planning 127

4 community planning Office of Deputy Prime Minister, 2004 stakeholders Forester, 1999 Sanoff, Sanoff, 2000 Kelly, Becker, and Kelly, 2000 Talen,

5 ( ) a ( ) 2004b

7 Walking City

8 89 City Entrance 91 S t r e e t Corner

10 1980 ungovernance Stoker, local governance 2003 BOT 134

11 ( ) communitarinism Etzioni Culbertson and Chen 1997 Amitai Etzioni Robert Bellah 1 2 cohesion interconnectedness 3 135

12 4 5 6 Adrian Oldfield Oldfield, Etzioni,

13 publicness Robert Bellah democratic communitarianism Bellah, 1995 ( ) Box 1998 citizen governance Box 2003 Box public manager Box Box ( ) 137

15 ( ) information asymmetry 2001 elitist model Lester and Stewart,

16 Bellah free rider Olson, ( ) focus group citizen panel Renn, Webler, and Johnson,

17 ( ) public-private partnerships

18 Olson Olson, McGarity, pluralism 2004 interest politics

19 ( ) 民眾角色 Box 2. 專業者角色

20 3. 政府官僚與機構角色 Box

21 1999 Box empowerment

22 ( ) Bell Bell 1993 constituent community community of place or geographical location groups of strangers who share a morally significance psychological communities virtual community Educities 146

24 a b communityplanner.taipei.gov.tw/ NSC H

25 NSC H NSC H SSS NSC H

26 new_page_24.htm Bell, Daniel 1993, Communitarianism and Its Critics, N.Y.: Oxford University Press. Bellah, Robert N. 1995/6, Community Properly Understood: A Defense of Democratic Communitarianism, The Responsive Community 6 1, winter. Box, Richard C. 1998, Citizen Governance: Leading American Communities into 21 st Centur, California: SAGE Publishers, Inc. Culbertson, Hugh M. and Ni Chen 1997, Communitarianism: A Foundation for Communication Symmetry, Public Relation Quarterly 42 2 : 36-41, summer. Etzioni, Amitai 1993, The Spirit of Community: Rights, Responsibilities, and the Communitarian Agenda, New York: Crown Publishers. Etzioni, Amitai 1998, The Essential Communitarian Reader, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Forester, John 1999, The Deliberative Practitioner: Encouraging Participatory Planning Processes, MA: The MIT Press. Kelly, Eric D., Barbara Becker, and Eric Damian Kelly 2000, Community Planning: An Introduction to the Comprehensive Plan. Island Press. Lester, James P. and Joseph Stewart, JR. 2000, Public Policy: an Evolutionary Approach, 2 nd Edition, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. McGarity, Thomas O. 1991, Public Participation in Risk Regulation, Risk: Health, Safety, and Environment: 11, spring. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister 2004, Creating Sustainable Communities: Participatory Planning for Sustainable Communities, Office of Deputy Prime Minister of Great British. Oldfield, Adrian 1990, Citizenship and Community: Civic Republicanism and the Modern World, London: Routledge. Olson, Mancur 1965, The Logic of Collective Action, MA: Harvard University Press. Renn, Ortwin, Thomas Welber, and Branden B. Johnson 1991, Public Participation in Hazard Management: The Use of Citizen Panels in the U.S., Risk: Health, Safety, and Environment 12, summer. 150

27 Sanoff, Henry 2000, Community Participation Methods in Design and Planning, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Stoker, G. 1997, Public-private Partnerships and Urban Governance, in G. Stoker ed., Partners in Urban Governance: European and American Experience, pp. 1-21, London: MacMillan. Talen, Emily 2000, The Problem with Community in Planning, Journal of Planning Literature 15 2 :

82 1995a&b 1995b: 34 1 2 3 4 5 2003 89 629 6 Degree of tokenism 7 8 Arnstein, 1969 90 88-89 91.09-92.08 9 1995b: 34 2000 planning GilbertSpecht1977: 1

82 1995a&b 1995b: 34 1 2 3 4 5 2003 89 629 6 Degree of tokenism 7 8 Arnstein, 1969 90 88-89 91.09-92.08 9 1995b: 34 2000 planning GilbertSpecht1977: 1 81 108 Journal of Building and Planning National Taiwan University NUMBER 12, Dec. 2004, RESEARCH. pp. 81~108 * Let Community Direct the Planning Efforts: The Wenshan Experience in Taipei by Rosa Shiow-hwa