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骥槛王
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7 Subject: Experience of Life and Process of Maintenance in Marriage Base on Single Earner Family with Working-over-time Husband Keyword: marital maintenance, working-over-time, single-earner family, family resilience Abstract The investigation aims at marriage experiences and maintenance processes in single-earner families that are composed of housewives and working-over-time husbands. The researcher discusses how working-over-time influence on marriage and family, how couples adjust themselves under adversity and pressure, and how couples carry on their marriage. A semi-structural outline is used to interview three couples and three housewives, married for 5-15 years, living in north Taiwan, and with who have been working-over-time husbands. The conclusions are as following: 1. Different viewpoint on working-over-time of couples: husbands regard it as accomplishment, promise, and duty; however, wives are not satisfied with husband s working hours, but financial. 2. Pressure of marriage and family maintenance: on the one hand, wives must suffer all household duties and affairs, and husbands don t have enough time to get along with families to enhance parent-child relationship. On the other hands, couple relationship gets worse and worse and excessive consideration from others make wives pressed. As a result of different expectation on sharing household duties and acting as housewives, frustrations

8 from no-income wives are going to be transferred to their husbands after becoming full-time housewives. Those situations make marriage relationship strained and unfavorable. 3. Self-adaptability of housewives: in order to diminish influences on marriage and family, housewives not only accommondate themselves to the situation, but also look for others help. On the contrary, husbands compensate wives and families for better life, lay emphasis on coordination in marriage relationship, and adjust work time in accordance with family life cycle. 4. Factors to enhance the marital relationships: job styles of unmarried women affect their viewpoint on job style of husbands. Adequate communication and information about working-over-time with each other make wives considerate. Religious belief offers power to survive adversity and pressure. In addition, extension of social contact, better plan for spare time, more support from others, communication and interaction during trivial time, cultivation of common interest and target, mutual help are the keys to maintain marriage and family. Eventually, specific viewpoints and suggestions are proposed for academic research.

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11 CHEERS 62 1

12 20 4 1/ Jamieson, 1998/2002 2

13 Sotile Sotile, 1999/ Olson Olson, 2000/ Olson & Olson, 2000/2003 3

14 double-income family 1993 Jamieson, 1998/2002 Burley, 1995; Foley Powell, 1997 Duxbury Higgins, Burley, 1995 Hass, 1999 Voydanoff, 1987/1998 4

15 double-income double-career 5

16 quality research method in-depth-interview

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19 Greenhaus Beutell Foley Powell, DuxBury Higgins,

20 Greenhaus Beutall 1 time-based conflict 2 strain based conflict 3 behavior-based conflict 10

21 spillover theory Zedeck Mosier, 1990 Evans & Bartolome, 1984 Hass, Frone & Russell, 1992 Frone Russell, 1992; Zedeck Mosier,

22 Evans & Bartolome, 1984; Voydanoff, 1987/

23 compensation theory 2001 Zedeck Mosier

24 Burley, 1995; Grzywacz & Bass, 2003 Duxbury & Higgins,

25 Hass, 1999 Duxbury Higgins 1991 Guelow et al.; Burley, 1995 Eagle, Icenogle, Maes, & Miles,

26 Hass,

27 1993 temporal dimension to work

28 Voydanoff, 18

29 1987/ Voydanoff, 1987/ Burley 1995 Burley 19

30 Foley Powell, 1997 Kopelman, Greenhaus Connolly Foley Powell

31 Barling, 1986, 1990; 21

32 Bartolome Evans; Burley, 1995 Grzywacz Bass, Voydanoff, 1987/

33 Boss(1994/1994) 23

34 5c 1 2 5b 5a 4 3 Hil Koss Pauline Boss(1994/1994) a. 5b 5c Boss 24

35 Patterson, Coleman & Ganong, 2002a Walsh, 2003; Coleman & Ganong, 2002b family resilience Walsh Patterson, 2002 Levy, 2003 Patterson,

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38 Patterson Coleman Ganong, 2002a; Patterson, 2002 Walsh Family Belief Systems 28

39 2. Organizational Patterns Flexibility (Bouncing back) 3. Communication Processes / 29

40 transcendence (and spirituality connectedness Walsh

41 McCubbin Coleman & Ganong, 2002b 31

42 Coleman Ganong, 2002a Walsh,

43 Olson & Olson, 2000/

50 2000 Olson & Olson, 2000/

53 (purposeful sampling) snowball sampling 43

54 on call 1. 44

55 2. Kovacs 1988 Rock 3. 45

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57 2001 Patton, 1990/

58 semi-structural 48

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157 Boss P. (1994/4994). Family Stress Management. 147

158 Jamieson, L. (1998/2002). Intimacy: Personal Relationships in Modern Societies. Maxwell, J. A. (1996/2002). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach. Olson, D., & Olson A. (2000/2003). Empowering Couples: Building on Your Strengths. Patton M. Q. (1990/1995). Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. Sotile, W. M. & Sotile M. O. (1999/1999). Supercouple Syndrome: How Overworked Couple Can Beat Stress Togher. Voydanoff, P. (1987/1998). Work and Family Life

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164 P CHEERS CHEER Burley, K. A. (1995). Family Variables as Mediators of the Relationship between Work-Family Conflict and Marital Adjustment among Dual-Career Men and Women. The Journal of Social Psychology. Vol. 154

165 135, P Catherine, L. C., & Thomas, N. B. (1997). Negative life events, Marital interaction, and the Longitudinal Course of Newlywed Marriage. Journal Personality and Social Psychology, Vol, 77, No. 1, P Coleman, M., & Ganong, L. (2002a). Resilience and Family. Family Relations. Vol. 51, P Coleman, M., & Ganong, L. H., (2002b).Family Resilience in Multiple Contexts. Journal of Marriage and Family. Vol. 64, P Duxbury, L. E., & Higgins, C. A. (1991). Gender Difference in Work-Family Conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 76, No. 1, P Eagle, B. W., Icenogle, M.L., Maes, J. D., & Miles, E.W The Importance of Employee Demographic Profiles for Understanding Experiences of Work-Family Interrole Conflict. The Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 138, No.6, P Evans, P. & Bartolome (1984). The Changing Picture of the Relationship Between Career and the Family. Jounral of Occupational Behavior. Vol. 5, P9-21. Foley, S., Powell, G. N.(1997). Reconceptualizing Work-Family Conflict for Business/Marriage Partners: a Theoretical Model. Journal of Business Management, vol. 35, P Frone, M. R., & Russell, M. (1992). Antecedents and Outcomes of 155

166 Work-Family Conflict: Testing a Model of the Work-Family Interface. Journal of Applied Psychology. Vol. 77, No.1, P Grzywacz, J. G., & Bass, B. L. (2003). Work, Family, and Mental Health: Testing Different Models of Work-Family Fit. Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 65, P Hass (1999). Families and work. In M. Sassman, S. K. Steinmetz, & G. W. Petterson, (2 nd ed.), Handbook of marriage and the family (P ). New York: Plenum Press. Kovace, L. (1988). Couple therapy: an integrated developmental and family system model. Family therapy. Vol.15, No.2, p Levy, J. M. (2003). AAMR Promoting Family Health and Resilience. The Exceptional Parent. Vol. 33, p Linda, C. R. & Priscilla, W. B. (1993). Marital Strengths in nduring marriages. Family Relations, Vol. 42, P McCubbin, H. I., Joy, C. B., Comeau, J. H.., Cauble, A. E., Patterson, J. M., & Needle, R. H. (1980).Family Stress and Coping: A decade review. Journal of Marriage and Family. Vol. 42, P Patterson, J. M. (2002). Integrating Family Resilience and Family Stress Theory. Journal of Marriage and Family. Vol. 64, P Walsh, F. (2003). Family resilience: A Framework for Clinical Practice. Family Process. Vol. 42, P1-13. Zedeck, S., & Mosier, K. (1990). Work in the Family and Employing 156

167 Organization. American Psychologist, Vol. 45, No. 2, P

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