1950 (quantitative analysis) (qualitative issues) (Artificial Intelligence AI) (Expert Systems ES) (Decision Support Systems DSS) (

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诰秃胡
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1 A review of computational methods on urban and regional studies Abstract Computers have brought a lot of benefits to urban and regional studies. However, many people treat computers as tools to assist word processing, map drawing, mathematical calculations, and data base managements and queries, but lack of spatial analyses. This article will review the progresses of theories and applications of Geographical Information Systems, Artificial Intelligence, Complex Systems, Artificial Life, and simulations relating to urban and regional studies. It is hoped that the literature review can establish a framework for computational methods in urban and regional studies. Keywordscomputer systems, computational methods, geographical information systems, artificial intelligence, complex systems, artificial life, simulation. 1

2 1950 (quantitative analysis) (qualitative issues) (Artificial Intelligence AI) (Expert Systems ES) (Decision Support Systems DSS) (Machine Learning) (Artificial Neural Network) (Geographical Information Systems GIS) (theories of complex systems) (Batty,1994; Klosterman, 1994) 2 貎 2. 1 (Artificial Intelligence) wisdom 2 (method) (tool) (methodology) ( ) ( ) SAS SPSS 1+2=? 2

3 ( 1997) (Faludi Wiener 1961) () ( 2000a 1972Batty1994) (2001) 3. (Geographical Information Systems GIS) 1980 (Star and Estes, 1990;, 2000;, 2001) (spatial data) (attribute data) 寛 ( LotusExcel ) ( Dbase IVAccessOracle ) 3 3 (scale) (accuracy) (correctness) ( ) ( ) 3

4 (overlaying) (buffering) (visibility) (network analysis) (Voronoii analysis) (TIN) GIS (Malczewski1999) (Anselin ) (cartography) Geographical Information Systems (2001) (Social Science Citation Index, SSCI) GIS Web of Science PubScience SSCI (STICNET)

5 4 ( ) ( ) (Rich, 1983) (knowledge representation) (sorting) (decision tree) (depth-first searching) (breadth-first searching) (heuristic function) (pattern recognition) (Rich1983) 4 (Automatic Mapping) (public Facility Management systems AM/FM) (Land Management Systems) (the Internet) (Global Positioning Systems GPS 4 ) (wireless telecommunications) (location-based service)??? 5

6 (symbolic logic) (propositional logic) (first order deductive logic) (Chang and Lee1973) (expert systems) (knowledge base) (rule base) (reasoning engine) (user interface) (knowledge engineer) 5 (fuzzy logic) (fuzzy set theory) 1965 Zadeh (set theory) (Brule, 1985Negoita, ) (Schmucker, 1984) ( 1993) (Zadeh, 2001) (axiom) 没 (induction) (abduction) (analogy) 5 Ziga(2001) 6

7 Mortimer(1988) (abductive propositional logic) (Lin and Wang, 2001) ( ) (Case Based ReasoningCBR) ( 2000) ( 2000) ( 1998) (chaos) ( 1991) Mandelbrot (1982) (fractal geometry) (Fractal dimension) Batty and Longley (1986, 1994) ( ) ( 1991) ( 1998) ( ) (complex systems) 7

8 ( ) (self-organization) (Allen ) (threshold) 1970 Conway Life ( ) (0 ) 3 6 (0 ) ( )? ( ) Conway Life (artificial life) (Emmeche1991) 6 (cellular automata) Conway Life 1997 Environmental and Planning BPlanning and Design 24 Urban systems as cellular automata Li and Yeh(2000)Yeh and Li(2001) Wu and Webster (1998) O Sullivan(2001) (Graph-cellular automata) ( 2000) 6 8

9 6. (Artificial Neural NetworkANN) (Genetic AlgorithmGA) ( ) ( 1995) ( 1999) ( ) ( 1999) ( ) ( 2000b 1996) 7. Clarke (1997) Wu and Webster(1998) Wu(1999) Dragicevic, S. (2001) (1993) (2000) 9

10 (SimCity) ( 1997) ( 2000) ( 1999) ( 1994) ( 1998) ( ) (1999) (2000) (1971) N. Wiener, Cybernectics, (2001) (1998) -- (1998)

11 (1991) Gleick, Chaos (1998) (2) (2000) (1999) (1997) (1991), 9-17 (1993), (1997) (2000) (2000) ,,, (1995),, pp (1993) FUZZY pp (1999) (2001)GIS ( ) 11 2 (1994) pp (1972) J. McLoughlin, Urban and Regional PlanningA Systems Approach (1999) (1993) (2001) (1998) 11

12 pp (2000) SimCity3000 (2001) (2000a) (2000b) (1993) GIS (1999) (1988) (1993)SimCity (2001) (2000) (1996) (1996) ; (1997) " " (1993) (2000) (2000) (1997) (1999) (2001) (1995) (2000) -- 12

13 (2001) (2000) (1998) Allen, Peter M. (1997), Cities and regions as self-organizing systems, Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Gordon and Breach. Anselin, L. (1995), Local Indicator of Spatial Association -LISA, Geographical Analysis, vol. 27, pp Batty, M. (1994), A Chronicle of Scientific Planning: the Anglo-American Modeling Experience, Journal of the American Planning Association, vol. 60, no.1, pp Batty, M. and Longley, P. (1986), The Fractal Simulation of Urban Structure, Environment and Planning A, 18,pp Batty, M, and Longley P. (1994), Fractal Cities: a Geometry of Form and Function, Academic press. Brule, J. F. (1985), Fuzzy Systems A Tutorial, tutorial.html Chang, C.-L. and Lee, R. C.-T. (1973), Symbolic Logic and Mechanical Theorem Proving, Academic press, N.Y. Clarke, K. C., Hoppen, S., and Gaydos, L. (1997), A Self-modifying Cellular Automaton Model of Historical Urbanization in the San Francisco Bay Area, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, vol. 24, pp Dragicevic, S. (2001), Space, time, and dynamics modeling in historical GIS databases: a fuzzy logic approach, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, vol. 28, pp Emmeche, C. (1991), The Garden in the Machine, Princeton univ. press, NY. Faludi, A. (1973), Planning Theory, Pergamon Press. Klosterman, R. E. (1994), Large-Scale Urban Models: Retrospect and Prospect, Journal of the American Planning Association, vol. 60, no.1, pp

14 Li, X. and Yeh, A. (2000), Modelling sustainable urban development by the integration of constrained cellular automata and GIS, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, vol. 14, no. 2, pp Lin, F. T. and Wang, H. H. (2001), An abductive propositional logic for design reasoning, Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, vol.24, 2001 Malczewski J. (1999), GIS and Multicriteria Decision Analysis, John Wiley & Sons. Mandelbrot, B. (1982), The Fractal Geometry of Nature, Freeman Co., San Francisco. Mortimer, H. (1988), the Logic of Induction, Ellis Horwood Limited. Negoita, C. V. (1985), Expert Systems and Fuzzy Systems, the Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co., Inc. O Sullivan D. (2001), Graph-cellular automata: a generalized discrete urban and regional model, Environmental and Planning B: Planning and Design, vol. 28, no. 5, pp Rich, E. (1983), Artificial Intelligence, McGraw-Hill. Schmucker, K. J. (1984), Fuzzy Sets, Natural Language Computations, and Risk Analysis, Computer Science Press. Star, J. and Estes, J (1990), Geographic Information Systems: An introduction, Prentice Hall, N. J. Wiener, N. (1961), Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, the MIT press. Wu, F. (1999), GIS-based simulation as an exploratory analysis for space-time processes, Journal of Geographical Systems, vol. 1, no. 3, pp Wu, F. and Webster, C. J., (1998) Simulation of land development through the integration of cellular automata and multicriteria evaluation, Environment and Planning B, vol. 24, pp Yeh, A. G.-O. and Li, X. (2001), A constrained CA model for the simulation and planning of sustainable urban forms by using GIS, Environmental and Planning B: Planning and Design, vol. 28, no. 5, pp Zadeh, L. A. (2001), Advances in Fuzzy Systems: Applications and Theory, Ziga, T. (2001), The Reasons for the Reality Gap in CAAD, Proceedings of the 19 th conference on Education in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe, Helsinki, pp

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/3 CAD JPG GIS CAD GIS GIS 1 a CAD CAD CAD GIS GIS ArcGIS 9. x 10 1 b 1112 CAD GIS 1 c R2VArcscan CAD MapGIS CAD 1 d CAD U 1006-3862 2010 05-0059 - 07 361005 1 GIS 2 3 What if 2. 0 1 2 3 4 GIS TU984. 11 A 1 Planning Support System MIS PSS 1989 1 90 23 4-7 GIS Planning Support GIS System SDSS PSS GIS GIS CAD GIS SDSS CAD CAD