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11 2000 5,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, : () ::, () ::, :, Chan, K. W & L. Zhang (1999), The Hukou System and Rural2urban Migration : Process and Changes, The China Quarterly, No. 160, pp :, Kaufman, R. L. (1983), A Structural Decomposition of Black2White Earnings Differentials, A merican Journal of Sociology, Vol. 89, No. 3, pp Knight, J., L. Song (1995), Towards a Labour Market in China, Oxf ord Review of 11, No. 4, pp Economic Policy, Vol. Portes, A. & A. Stepick ( 1985), Unwelcome Immigrants : the Labor Market Experiences of 1980 ( Mariel) Solinger,. Cuban and Haitian Refugees in South Florida, A merican Sociological Review, 50 (4), pp Stolzenberg, R. M. 493 D1 ( 1999), Demolishing Partitions : Back to Beginnings in the Cities? The China Quarterly, No. 159, pp (1975), Occupations, Labor Markets and the Process of Wage Attainment, A merican Socio2 logical Review, Vol. 40 (Oct), pp :1999, 1999 :, :, : ( ), ,,,,,,,,,

12 Social Sciences in China A bi mont hly N o. 5 Septem ber 2000 ABSTRACTS (1) The Transformation of State2owned Enterprises : Three Propositions L u Feng 4 The instit utional f ramework of socialist indust rial relations, which originated f rom and took shape within the political process, gave rise to a particular structure of social relations within enterprises. This structure, which included a system of permanent employment and social provisions through the work unit, has prevented managers f rom gaining effective cont rol over and effectively coordinating t he production process. This is t he basic reason for t he underdevelop ment of managerial capacity in t he so2 cialist economy, and constit utes a direct obstacle to t he t ransformation of state2owned enterprises. In the transition from a planned to a market economy, the transformation of state2owned enterprises re2 quires an independent process of organizational change. The key to such a t ransformation is t he realiza2 tion of managerial cont rol over t he production process. Since management st ruct ure and organizational form are the key variables determining the economic performance of an enterprise, the author argues that the starting point for the transformation of state2owned enterprises is the transformation of the modes of management and organization at t he operational level, and not property2right s reform. The state should t herefore not simply abandon state2owned enterprises, but should facilitate instit utional changes that will help achieve managerial control over the production process at the enterprise level. (2) Segmentation and Competition in the Labor Market during the Transf ormation Based on an Empirical Analysis of Investigations in Wuhan Yang Y unyan Chen Jinyong 28 Based on investigations conducted in Wuhan, the authors suggest that there is a clear segmenta2 tion between non2local and local workers, and that household registration and the nature of the work unit play a significant role in differences in income. Alt hough to some extent t his segmentation contin2 ues to protect urban workers, it also means that low2cost, non2local workers compete with and replace local workers in terms of employment. A policy of protection in the labor market has also led to a sys2 tematic differentiation in labor costs, and greatly weakened the competitiveness of local workers on the open labor market and t he capability of state2owned enterprises to create employment opport unities. (3) The Nature of Custom and an Investigation of the Way in Which It Arises Wei Sen 39 In the author s opinion, custom represent aspontaneous social order. In this paper he exam2 ines the unity of social activities and personal contacts, anevolutionary balance of gamesaccording to games theory. Custom was not only the bond that maintained social stability before the introduction of a modern market economy, but is also the foundation on which the modern developed market econo2 my operates. The author points out that although some Western scholars have conducted very fruitful theoretical analyses into the generating mechanism of custom in the light of evolutionary games theory since the mid to late 1980s, questions remain with regard to the causes and mechanism of the genera2 tion and const ruction of custom. 204

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