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2 % % % %

3 Gustafsson & Li Zhang et al Psacharopoulos & Patrinos Jamison & Gaag Zhang et al

2008 Psacharopoulos & Patrinos 2004 2004

4 Brown 93. 1% 6. 9% 6. 95% % Appleton % Brown 86. 3% 13. 7% 25. 7% 74. 3% 2. Liu et al Hughes & Maurer-Fazio Oaxaca 2008 Appleton 3. 27

5 Brown 67. 9% 32. 1% 20. 5% 79. 5% Brown 80. 4% 19. 6% 72% 28% Oaxaca Brown Appleton Oaxaca Oaxaca 1973 Brown Brown et al Brown Appleton Appleton et al

6 Chinese Family Panel Studies CFPS CFPS CFPS / /

7 / = 1 = 0 = 1 = 0 = 1 = 0 = 1 = 0 = 1 = / / 57% 43% 4 3 / %

2 6940 4286 28. 9 16. 8 8. 60 8. 33 22. 6 20. 2 26754 19152 35. 4 34. 0 9.

8 2 % % OLS lnw = β 0 + β 1 Female + e i OLS 31

2 44891 33370 6. 9 9. 5 11. 92 12. 60 19. 7 15. 6 34892 26510 6. 6 6. 0 10. 61 11. 99 23. 2 15. 4 27073 26892 11. 7 18. 0 8. 93 8. 64 21. 8 20.

9 OLS % Hierarchical Linear Models HLM Raudenbush & Bryk HLM Cross-Classified Multilevel Model e ijk b 00j c 00k 32

44 40 40 42 41 32 38 37 48 43 Hierarchical Linear

10 e ijk b 00j c 00k HLM b 10j c 10k Y ijk = π 0jk + π 1jk Female ijk + π 2jk Edu ijk + π 3jk Exp ijk + π 4jk Exp 2 ijk + π 5jk P ijk + π 6jk O ijk + π 7jk O Female ijk + e ijk Y ijk j k i π 0 jk j k π 1 jk j k π p jk j k P O O F e ijk i jk 0 σ 2 π 0jk = θ 0 + b 00j + c 00k + γ 0p Unit j + β 0p Industry k π 1jk = θ 1 + b 10j + c 10k + γ 1p Unit j + β 1p Industry k π p jk = θ p 33

jk j k π 1 jk j k π p jk j k P O O F e ijk i jk 0 σ 2 π 0jk = θ 0 + b 00j + c 00k + γ 0p Unit

11 θ 0 θ 1 γ 0p γ 1p β 0p β 1p b 00j c 00k 0 τ b00 τ c00 τ b00 = *** τ c00 = *** 6. 4% / % 80. 7% 5 Y ijk = π 0 jk + e ijk π 0jk = θ 0 + b 00j + c 00k 1 OLS τ b10 = * 95% ± 槡 τ c10 = Y ijk = π 0 jk + π 1 jk Female ijk + e ijk π 0jk = θ 0 + b 00j + c 00k π 1 jk = θ 1 + b 10j + c 10k % OLS 11. 7% 34

7% 5 Y ijk = π 0 jk + e ijk π 0jk = θ 0 + b 00j + c 00k 1 OLS - 0. 610-0. 311 τ b10 = 0. 00305 * 95% - 0.

12 Y ijk = π 0 jk + π 1 jk Edu ijk + π 2jk Exp ijk + π 3jk Exp 2 ijk + e ijk π 0jk = θ 0 + b 00j + c 00k Y ijk = π 0 jk + π 1 jk Female ijk + π 2jk Edu ijk + π 3jk Exp ijk + π 4jk Exp 2 ijk + e ijk π 0jk = θ 0 + b 00j + c 00k π 1 jk = θ 1 + b 10j + c 10k 4 π 5 jk = π 6 jk = Y ijk = π 0 jk + π 1 jk Female ijk + π 2jk Edu ijk + π 3jk Exp ijk + π 4jk Exp 2 ijk + π 5 jk F Edu ijk + π 6jk F Exp ijk + π 7jk F Exp 2 ijk + e ijk π 0jk = θ 0 + b 00j + c 00k π 1jk = θ 1 + b 10j + c 10k 3 5 γ 01 = γ 02 = γ 03 =

10j + c 10k 4 π 5 jk = 0. 005 π 6 jk = - 0.

13 β 01 = β 02 = γ 11 = γ 12 = γ 13 = β 11 = β 12 = Y ijk = π 0 jk + π 1 jk Female ijk + π 2jk Edu ijk + π 3jk Exp ijk + π 4jk Exp 2 ijk + e ijk π 0jk = θ 0 + b 00j + c 00k + γ 0p Unit j + β 0p Industry k π 1 jk = θ 1 + b 10j + c 10k + γ 1p Unit j + β 1p Industry k P O Y ijk = π 0 jk + π 1 jk Female ijk + π 2jk Edu ijk + π 3jk Exp ijk + π 4jk Exp 2 ijk + π 5jk P ijk + π 6jk O ijk + e ijk π 0jk = θ 0 + b 00j + c 00k + γ 0p Unit j + β 0p Industry k π 1 jk = θ 1 + b 10j + c 10k + γ 1p Unit j + β 1p Industry k O Female ijk 6 π 21jk π 25jk

k π 1 jk = θ 1 + b 10j + c 10k + γ 1p Unit j + β 1p Industry k P O 6 5-0. 328-0.

14 Becker % OLS % % Gustafsson & Li

16 39

18 41

19 % 9. 6 / % / % 34% Liu et al Hauser & Xie Zhou

20 3 7% 3% OLS 11. 7% vs. 9. 3% π 5jk = Xie & Hannum % 4. 5% 43

21 Becker

22 Appleton S. J. Hoddinott & P. Krishnan 1999 The Gender Wage Gap in Three African Countries. Economic Development and Cultural Change Becker G. S The Economics of Discrimination. IL University of Chicago Press. Brown R. S. M. Moon & B. Zoloth 1980 Incorporating Occupational Attainment in Studies of Male-Female Earnings Differentials. The Journal of Human Resources Gustafsson B. & S. Li 2000 Economic Transformation and the Gender Earnings Gap in Urban 45

23 China. Journal of Population Economics Hauser S. & Y. Xie 2005 Temporal and Regional Variation in Earnings Inequality Urban China in Transition between 1988 and Social Science Research 34. Hughes J. & M. Maurer-Fazio 2002 Effects of Marriage Education and Occupation on the Female /Male Wage Gap in China. Pacific Economic Review 7 1. Jamison D. & J. V. Gaag 1987 Education and Earnings in the People's Republic of China. Economics of Education Review 6 2. Liu P. X. Meng & J. Zhang 2000 Sectoral Gender Wage Differentials and Discrimination in the Transitional Chinese Economy. Journal of Population Economics 13. Oaxaca R Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets. International Economic Review Psacharopoulos G. & H. A. Patrinos 2004 Returns to Investment in Education A Further Update. Education Economics Raudenbush S. W. & A. S. Bryk 2002 Hierarchical Linear Model Applications and Data Analysis Methods. CA Sage Publications. Xie Y. & E. Hannum 1996 Regional Variation in Earnings Inequality in Reform-era Urban China. American Journal of Sociology Zhang J. Y. Zhao A. Park & X. Song 2005 Economic Returns to Schooling in Urban China Journal of Comparative Economics Zhang J. J. Han J. Liu & J. Zhao 2008 Trends in the Gender Earnings Differential in Urban China Industrial and Labor Relations Review Zhou X. G Economic Transformation and Income Inequalityin Urban China Evidence from Panel Data. American Journal of Sociology

24 SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES Bimonthly Vol September 2012 PAPER Social Capital and Marketization in the Labor Market Zhang Wenhong & Zhang Li 1 Abstract As a useful force for market is social capital embedded into marketization or not This is the core of the debate between social capital and marketization. According to the existing literature both social capital and marketization are variables which cannot be operated easily. And that's the reason of the appearance of different empirical results on the relationship between them. In this paper the results of data analysis from Jsnet 2009 in 8 Chinese cities show that different measurements of marketization have significant effects on the determination of the relationship between social capital and marketization. But we still find a consistent result among the three measurements of time unit and city marketization enhances the recognition of social capital while reduces the value of this capital at the same time. Human Capital Labor Market Segmentation and Gender Income Gap Deng Feng & Ding Xiaohao 24 Abstract By making use of a nationally representative dataset collected by China Family Panel Studies in 2010 this study applied cross-classified multilevel model to examine how human capital and segmented labor market with three tiers affected gender income gaps. The results indicated that the differences in gender distribution a- mong industries and sectors caused by the allocative effect of education constituted the major part of gender income gaps. There were no significant income differences between men and women when they did the same jobs. The major reason for women's higher rate of return to education was that the less-educated women were more likely to suffer from salary inequality and discrimination. Social Capital in Educational Attainment The perspectives of network resource and social closure Zhao Yandong & Hong Yanbi

标题

2016 年第 3 期 ( 总第 216 期 ) 人口与经济 POPULATION & ECONOMICS No. 3, 2016 ( Tot. No. 216) 同胞数量与教育获得的性别差异黎煦, 刘华 ( 首都经济贸易大学劳动经济学院, 北京 100070) 摘要 : 同胞数量对教育获得的影响存在