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1 ( 98 ) P A SCAL ( )

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3 ( ) PASCAL, 12,,,,, PASCAL,,, : PA SCAL ( ) : : (, ) htt p: / / w ww. tup. t singhua. edu. cn : : : / 16 : : 525 : : ISBN / T P 2235 : : 26 50

4 P ASCA L ( N Wirt h) 1971 Pascal P ASCA L :,,,, P ASCA L ( E. W. Dijkstra ) ( C A R H oare),,,, 1998,, PA SCAL,,,,, ( ), PA SCAL, 6 11 PASCA L ( ), PASCAL, P ASCA L, 12, ( PASCA L ) ( P ASCA L ),, 2000

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6 ( 98 ) 20 90,,,,,, 1994, 1998, 160, 70,,,,,,,,, : ( B) :,, :, Q BA SIC, FORT RA N, PA SCAL, C, FoxBASE : ( A ) : ; ( B) : :, 1995, B ( ) 8, 120, 1998, : DOS, W indow s ; BA SIC QBASIC ;,,

7 ( 98 ) : ( 1) :, ( 2) :,, ( 3) :, , ( 98 )

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9 1 P ASCA L P ASCA L ( N. Wirt h) 1971 Pascal PA SCAL, 1 1 PASCAL P ASCA L ALGOL60, : ( 1) ( E W Dijkstra) ( C A R H oare), GOT O, ( ),,, GOT O,,,,,, P ASCA L, P ASCA L,,,, PASCA L ( 2) P ASCA L,, ( 3) P ASCA L, (,, ), PA SCAL ( 4) P ASCA L,, PASCA L P ASCA L PA SCAL, PA SCAL, PA SCAL 1

10 PASCAL, P ASCA L : P ASCA L : ( 1) A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z ( 2) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ( 3) +, -,, /, =, < >, < =, > =, <, >, (, ), [, ], {, }, =,,, ;,,,,,, PA SCAL,,,,,,,, PA SCAL P ASCA L,,, 35, : A N D, A RRA Y,, CA SE, CONST, DIV, DO, DOWN T O, ELSE, EN D, FILE, F OR, FU N CT ION, GOT O, IF, IN, LABEL, MOD, N IL, N OT, OF, OR, PACK ED, P ROCEDU RE, PROGRAM, RECORD, REP EA T, SET, T H EN, T O, T YPE, U N T IL, V A R, WH ILE, W IT H,,,,,, PASCAL,, PA SCAL,, : x, y, max, min, sum, a15, a 3b7 : 2

11 5x, x- y,,,, ex 10 5,,, ( ) ( ) PASCA L 8 8, 8, 8,, : students1 student s2 8 PASCA L,,,, P ASCA L,, 39, : ( 3 ) : false, true, maxint ( 5 ) : in teger, real, ch ar, boolean, text ( 2 ) in pu t, output 3

12 ( 17 ) abs, arctan, chr, cos, eof, eoln, exp, ln, odd, ord, pred, round, sin, s qr, sqrt, succ, t runc ( 12 ) : get, new, pack, page, put, read, readln, reset, rew rite, unpack, w rite, writ eln,, 1 3 PA SCA L, 1 1, r, l, s : l = s = 2 r r 2 r, l, s,, pi P ASCA L,, PA SCAL : 1 1, P ROGRA M circle ( input, out put ) ; 4 { } CON ST V AR pi= ; r, l, s: real; read( r ) ; l = 2 pi r ; s = pi r r; w rite( r, l, s) EN D

13 1 1 1 PROGRA M PASCA L circle, input, output,, input out put,,,, 2 1 1, CON ST V A R, EN D, pi , pi ,, ( ) : CON ST = ; = ; : ( ), ( ),,,, :,,,,,,, 5

14 , r, l, s ( real), : V A R ; ; :, , END 1 1 4, ( ; ) ( ) r, : 12 5 r 12 5,,, = ( = ) ( = ), l s ( + ) ( - ) ( ) ( / ),,, ( ),,,, PASCA L 6

15 PASCAL b 2-4a c b b- 4 a c a + b 2 ( a+ b) / 2 ( ) ( ) r, l, s,,,, ( ; ) (= ), ( : ), ( = ), EN D,, PRO GRA M, { CONST, V AR,, END, P ROGRA M, CONST, VA R, CON ST, V AR,, END,,, PA SCAL PASCA L PA SCAL 1 2 PASCA L P ROGRA M ( ) ; LA BEL ; CON ST ; T YP E ; V AR ; F U NCT ION ; PROCEDU RE ; 7

16 ; ; EN D,,,, LA BEL, CON ST, T YP E, VA R, : V A R x, y: real; i, j: integer ;,,, EN D ( ; ) P ASCA L PASCAL P ASCA L, 8

17 , PA SCAL, PA SCA L,,,, 1 4 PA SCAL,,,, PA SCAL P ASCA L, PASCA L,,,, P ASCA L ( ),, EN D, ( ; ),,,,,, ( ) 1 1,?? x3, 3x, a17, p5q,,,, abcd, x 2, ex ,, km,, m/ s, 2 m / s 2, 20 s, 20 s, 1 5 c, f, : f = 9 5 c

18 1 6 PASCA L A ) B) C) D) 1 7, A ) CONST B) CO NST C) CON ST D) CONST a = 17 25; a= ; a= sin ( 2 17) ; a= 21 54; 1 8, A ) V AR B) VA R C) V AR D) V AR x = real; x= real; x: real; i: in teger; x: real, i: in teger; 1 9, 10 A ) CONST V AR V AR B) VA R a= 13 25; x: real; i: int eger; x: real; i: int eger; CONST C) CON ST V AR a= 13 25; a= 13 25;

19 x: real; i: int eger; D) CONST a= 4 325; CONST b= 31 78; V AR x, y: real; 11

20 2 2 1,,,,, PA SCAL ( ),,, ,,,,,,,,?,,,,, 2 1, :, 12

21 ,,, num 1, num 2 num 3, sum, ave, , 2 1 : 1 num1, num2 num3, 2 num1, num2, num3, sum 3 num1, num2, num3, ave 4 sum ave, P ASCA L,, PA SCAL,, PA SCAL, ( 3) ( sum) PA SCAL 2 1 P ROGRA M add( input, output ) ; { } V AR num 1, nu m2, n um3, sum, ave: real; { num1, num2, num3} read( num 1, nu m2, n um3) ; w rite( num 1, num 2, nu m3) ; { } sum = num1+ num2+ num3; ave = sum/ 3; 13

22 { } w rite( sum, ave) EN D { } ( ) / /, PA SCAL,, PASCA L,, 2 1 num1, num2 num 3 : ( 1)?? ( 2) ( 3) ( 4),, ( 5) ( 6) ( 7) 2 3 P ASCA L ( ) PASCA L, ( real) PA SCAL, : ( ) : 1 25, , , , 0 0, 100 0, : 14

23 1 25e0, e+ 2, 2 5e- 3, e0, 0e0, 1e2, e 10 : 1 25e0= = e+ 2= = e- 3= = e0= = e0= = 0 0 1e2= = 100 0, ( 0 9) 1, 5, 23 PA SCAL e, e 25e, e9 P ASCA L ( ), P ASCA L 2 1,,, 2 1 PA SCAL, CON ST V A R pi= ; r, l, s: real; pi, r, l, s real : : + ( ) - ( ) ( ) / ( ) pi r r ( a+ b) / ( c+ d) P ASCA L,,,,,, ( ), PA SCAL : 15

24 PASCAL b 2-4ac b b- 4 a c a+ b ( a+ b) / ( c+ d) c+ d a + b + d ( a+ b) / c+ d c ab cd a b/ ( c d) a b/ c/ d : abs ( ), sqr( ), sqrt ( ), sin ( ), cos( ), arctan( ), exp( e ), ln ( ), trunc( ), round( ) P ASCA L, : sin2x sin ( 2 x ) ( a + b) 2 sqr( a + b ) b 2-4a c sqrt( b b- 4 a c) sin, cos, : sin32 15 sin( / 180) PA SCAL ( t an),, sin, cos : t anx sin( x) / cos( x) arctan exp e e 2 5 exp( 2 5) ln e,, lnx ln( x ) lgx ln ( x) / ln ( 10) P ASCA L x y, y, ( ) ( sqr) y, ( ex p) ( ln), : x 3 x x x ( a + b) 3 sqr( a + b ) ( a + b ) x y exp( y ln( x ) ) 16 x y = e l n( xy ) yl nx = e

25 , x t runc, round ( ) t runc( 1 2) = 1 round( 1 2) = 1 t runc( 1 7) = 1 round( 1 7) = 2 t runc( - 3 7) = - 3 round( - 3 7) = ( integer ) : 25, - 32, 0 2 2, (. ) (, ) : 15 0, PA SCAL 2 2 CON ST long= 150; w ide= 65; V A R i, j, k: int eger; long wide, i, j, k integer P ASCA L maxint ( ), 32767, maxint : + ( ), - ( ), ( ), DIV ( ), MOD( ) : 2 i+ 1 long wide DIV MOD : 8 DIV 3= 2 8 MOD 3= 2 7 DIV 3= 2 7 M OD 3= 1 6 DIV 3= 2 6 M OD 3= 0 17

26 /, : 8/ 3= / 2= 2 0 : abs( ), sqr( ), pred( ), succ( ), odd( ), ch r( ) ( pred) ( ) ( ) : pred( 5) = 4 pred( - 5) = - 6 ( succ) ( ) ( ) : succ( 5) = 6 succ( - 5) = - 4, odd ( t rue), ( false) true false ( boolean) : odd( 7) = true odd( 6) = false ( chr ) ( ) ( A SCII, 4), : chr( 65) = A chr( 66) = B chr( 97) = a A, B, a ( char ) 65, 66, 97 A, B, a sin, cos, arct an, exp, ln, sqrt, : sqrt ( 4) = 2 0, , 1 0, 0 1,,,,, 0, 10-38, ,,,,,, :

27 2 3 3 ( char ) : A, B, C, a, b, c 0, 1, 2, +, -,, , abc,, CON ST V A R blank= ; star= ; ch1, ch 2: char; blank st ar, ( ) ch1 ch2, ch ar ( 4) A B Z a b z : ord( ), pred( ), succ( ) ord( A ) = 65 ord( a ) = 97 pred( b ) = a succ( a ) = b ord chr chr( ord( a ) ) = a 19

28 ord( chr( 97) ) = 97 pred succ, pred( succ( b ) ) = b succ( pred( b ) ) = b ( boolean) : false( ) true( ) false 0, t rue 1 : CON ST f= false; t = true; V A R b1, b2, flag: boolean; f t, false true b1, b 2 flag b oolean : ord( ), pred( ), succ( ) : ord( false) = 0 pred( t rue) = false succ( false) = t rue, false, true ( ), : A N D( ), OR( ), NO T ( ) : b 1 b 2 ( tru e), b 1 AN D b 2 ( t rue), ( false) b 1 b 2 ( tru e), b 1 OR b2 ( t rue), ( false) b 1 ( true), N OT b1 ( false), ( t rue) : b1 b2 NOT b1 b1 AND b2 b1 OR b2 false fals e tr ue false false false true tr ue false t rue t rue fals e fals e false t rue t rue true fals e t rue t rue, : NOT, AN D 20

29 , OR,,, b1 false, b2 true, : b 2 OR b1 A ND N OT b 1 : NOT, A ND, OR, true : b2 OR b1 AND NOT b1 tr ue fa lse true ( ) 6 : < ( ), < = ( ), = ( ), > ( ), > = ( ), < > ( ),, : 3< 5 t rue a > = b false false< true true sqrt ( 2 5) > = 1 t rue,, ( x, y), x, y, : ( x> = 0) A ND ( y> = 0) ( true), ( x, y),, : x > = 0 A ND y> = 0, A ND, 0 y,,, ( ) P ASCA L, ( real, integer, ch ar, boolean ),,, , ( ) 38,, 0 1, 1 0, PA SCAL,,,, 21

30 / DIV MOD NOT AND OR < < = = > = > < > pred succ abs sqr t runc round ord or d sin cos arct an ln sin abs cos sqr arctan ln exp sqrt exp sqrt chr pred succ odd pred succ PA SCAL, ( 22

31 ), ( ) ( 2 2) PA SCAL : = ( = ), 2 4 5, ( 3) 2 4, : P ASCA L PASCA L 23

32 : PASCAL e x 3 a+ b c+ d 4 a + b c 2+ 3 x ( a+ b) / ( c+ d) + d a+ b/ c+ d 5 b 2-4ac sqrt ( b b- 4 a c) 6 1+ e - x sinx 1+ exp( - x) sin( x) 7 2 r + 2 pi r+ alfa 8 ( x 0) ( y 0) ( x> = 0) AND ( y> = 0) PA SCAL, : ( 1) ( ) ( 2) ( 7) ( 3), ( ) ( 4) ( 5 6) ( 5) ( 3 8), ( ), [ ] { }, ( 6) : ( a ), ( b ) : N OT A ND,, /, DIV, MOD OR, +, - <, < =, =, > =, >, < > ( c),, 2: 2+ 3 x ( b), 3 x, 2 3: 24

33 ( a+ b) / ( c+ d) ( a),,,,,, ( 1) ( 2),,,, x = - x x, x, x - 3 5,, x 3 5 i = i+ 1 i 1, i, i 7,, i READ read ( ), read : read( ), : read( a, b, c),, : a, 21 3 b, 17 8 c, ( ), ( ) read,,,, : read( ch1, ch 2, ch3) ch1, ch2, ch3,, abc ch1= a, ch2= b, ch 3= c, a b c 25

34 ch1= a, ch2=, ch 3= b,, read, a b c, i, j, ch 1, ch2, ch 3, : read( ch1, ch 2, ch3, a, b, c, i, j) : abc : ch1= a, ch 2= b, ch 3= c a = 3 5, b = 4 3, c= 7 1, i= 15, j= 28, abc, read, readln readln read,,, read ( readln ) : : read( a, b) ; read( c, d, e, f) ; read( g, h) : a = 1 5, b = 3 7 c= 2 4, d= 5 7, e= 2 1, f= 8 9 g = 9 2, h = 1 7 : readln ( a, b ) ; readln ( c, d, e, f) ; readln ( g, h ) 26

35 : a = 1 5, b = 3 7 c= 5 7, d= 2 1, e= 8 9, f= 9 2 g = 2 8, h = 3 4, a b, 2 6 WRITE w rite ( ) : w rite( sum, ave) sum ave : w rite( ), (, ),,, ( ), ( ) : w rite( x, y, x+ y, x y) x 2, y 3( ), : , : w rite( x=, x, y=, y, x+ y=, x+ y, x y=, x y) : x = 2 y= 3 x+ y= 5 x y= 6,,, writeln,, writ e( writ eln) ( ) : w riteln ( x=, x, y=, y) ; w riteln ( x+ y=, x+ y, x y=, x y) : x = 2 y= 3 x + y= 5 x y= 6 27

36 readln writ eln,,, : w riteln ( x=, x, y=, y) ; w riteln ; w riteln ( x+ y=, x+ y, x y=, x y) x = 2 y= 3 x + y= 5 x y= 6,,, read( x, y) ; readln readln ( x, y) w rite( x, y) ; w riteln w riteln ( x, y) w rite, w rite, :, 16 ; 12 ; 1 ; false true, 5 4, x, i, ch, b1 w rite( x, i, ch, b 1, abc ) : e y falseabc , ( ), : w rite( x 12, i 10, ch 10, b 1 10, abc 10) : e y false abc

37 ,,,,,, 1, : w rite( x 10 2) x : ,, read write, read writ e,, : w riteln ( please input a, b, c ) ; read( a, b, c) ; w riteln ( a=, a 4 1, b =, b 4 1, c=, c 4 1), : please inpu t a, b, c a = 21 5 b = 18 9 c= 23 4, , : a, b,, c, s a, b c s : c= a 2 + b 2-2a bcos s= 1 2 a bsin, sin cos, 29

38 alfa a, b, c, alfa, s 1 a, b alfa 2 c s 3 c s 2 2 c s 2 1 alfa 2 2 c= 2 3 s= a 2 + b 2-2abcos( alfa) 1 2 ab sin ( alfa) P ROGRA M triangle ( input, output ) ; {, } CON ST V AR pi= ; a, b, c, alfa, s: real; { a, b alfa } w riteln ( please input a, b, alfa ) ; read( a, b, alfa) ; w riteln ( a=, a, b =, b, alfa=, alfa ) ; { c s} alfa = alfa pi/ 180; c = sqrt ( a a+ b b- 2 a b cos( alfa) ) ; s = 0 5 a b sin( alfa) ; { c s} w riteln ( c=, c, s=, s) EN D 2 3, : ch, och, pch, sch och, 30

39 : 1 ch 2 ch ch 2 1 och = ord( ch ) 2 2 pch = pred( ch) 2 3 sch = succ( ch ) P ROGRA M prochar ( input, out put ) ; {, } V AR och : integer; ch, pch, sch : ch ar ; { } w riteln ( please input ch ) ; read( ch) ; w riteln ( ch =, ch) ; { } och = ord( ch) ; pch = pred( ch ) ; sch = succ( ch) ; { } w riteln ( och=, och, pch=, pch, sch =, sch ) EN D : please inpu t ch f ch= f och = 102 pch = e sch= g 31

40 2 4 x, y, true,, false 2 5 : 2 5, 1 x 2 + y 2 4, bool, x, y, t rue, false 1 x, y 2 x, y, bool t rue, false 3 bool 2 ( x x+ y y> = 1) A ND ( x x+ y y< = 4) x, y, true, false bool 2 x, y, bool 2 1 bool = ( x x + y y> = 1) AN D ( x x+ y y< = 4) P ROGRA M circuit ( input, output ) ; { } V AR 32 bool: boolean ; x, y: real; { x, y} w riteln ( please input x, y ) ; read( x, y) ; w riteln ( x=, x: 4: 1, y=, y: 4: 1) ; { x, y bool } b ool = ( x x+ y y> = 1) AN D ( x x+ y y< = 4) ; { } w riteln ( bool)

41 EN D. : please inpu t x, y x = 1 5 y= 3 0 false 2 8 : ( 1) ( ) ( P ROGERAM ) ( t an ) ( 2) ( 3) ( ; ) ( 4), : sin ( x) sinx ( a + b ) / c a + b / c ( x > = 0) AN D ( y> = 0) x> = 0 AN D y> = 0 ( 5) ( ) : 2 a b + c 2ab+ c ( 6) sin, cos,, ( 7),, ( ) ( 8),, ( 9) ( 10) ( 11) writ e,, ( 12) EN D, END, ( 6) ( 7) ( 8) ( 9), PASCA L ( 6) ( 7) ( 8) ( 9),,,, 2 9, ( real, integer, char, boolean),, read, writ e 33

42 ,,,,,, P ASCA L,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 2 1??? 256, 2 50, 1e+ 06, 2 2e5, e10, - 785, e- 5, 5, 15, 15 0, 0 12, 0, 0 0, 25e, 2 2, ( ) A, 3, 3, t rue, false, 12/ 3, 12 DIV 3, 5> 3, 5< 3, 105 MOD 10, round( 17/ 3), t runc( 17/ 3), sqrt ( ord( 2 ) - ord( 0 ) ), sqr( ord( 2 ) - ord( 0 ) ), ( 5> 3) AN D ( 5< 3), ch r( 67) 2 3 PASCA L ( 1) - ( a 2 + b 2 ) y 4 ( 2) sin 2 ( x + 0 5) + 3cos( 2x + 4) + tan - 1 x ( 3) u 0( 1+ e - 0 5t ) 34 ( 4) ( 5) 5+ b a+ 6 b+ 5 - c d p q ( r+ 1) 2 ( r + 1) 2-1

43 ( 6) a x a a+ y + b b a + a + b z ( 7) 1+ tan ( 8) 3- e x ln( 1+ x ) ( 9) a b cd f - 1 ( 10) y + x a, b, c, S S = p ( p - a ) ( p - b) ( p - c) p = 1 2 ( a + b + c) 2 5 a, b, c( ), : a x 2 + bx + c = 0 2 6,,, 2 7 x, y, 2 6,, true, false 2 8, 127, x = - b+ b2-4ac 2a A ) x= - b+ sqrt ( b b- 4 a c) / 2a B) x = - b+ sqrt ( b b- 4 a c) / 2 a C) x = ( - b+ sqrt( b b- 4 a c) ) / ( 2 a) D) x = ( - b+ sqrt( b 2-4ac) ) / 2a 2 10 x = t an37 15 A ) x = tan( )

44 B) x = t an( / 180) C) x = sin ( / 180) / cos( / 180) D) x = sin( / 180) / cos( / 180) x 5 78 A ) 1 25 x 5 78 B) ( x 1 25) A ND ( x 5 78) C) x> = 1 25 AN D x < = 5 78 D) ( x> = 1 25) AN D ( x< = 5 78) 2 12 x, y = 2sin ( 3x + 5) 36 A ) PROGRAM ex212( input, ou tput ) ; V AR x, y: real; y = 2sin( 3x+ 5) ; writ eln( y) END. B) PROGRAM ex212( input, out put) ; V AR x, y: real; read( x) ; y = 2 sin( 3 x+ 5) ; writ eln( x, y) END. C) P ROGRA M ex212( input, output ) ; V AR x, y: real; y = 2 sin( 3 x+ 5) ; writ eln( y) END. D) PROGRAM ex212( input, output ) ; V AR x, y: integer ; read( x) ; y = 2 sin( 3 x+ 5) ; writ eln( x, y)

45 END. 2 13, A ) PROGRAM ex213( input, ou tput ) ; V AR ch: char; b : boolean; x : real; i: integer ; read( ch, b, x, i) ; writ eln( ch, b, x, i) END. B) PROGRAM ex213( input, out put) ; V AR ch: char; b : boolean; x : real; i: integer ; ch = a; b = `true`; x = 1 25; i = 15; writ eln( ch, b, x, i) END. C) P ROGRA M ex213( input, output ) ; V AR ch: char; b : boolean; x : real; i: integer ; read( ch, x) ; b = ch= `a`; i = round( x) ; writ eln( ch, b, x, i) END. D) PROGRAM ex213( input, output ) ; 37

46 V AR ch: char; b : boolean; x : real; i: integer ; ch = `a`; b = t rue; x = 3; i = 4/ 2; writ eln( ch, b, x, i) END. 38

47 3 3 1,,,,, ( ), PASCAL IF ( ) CASE ( ) 3 2 IF IF, 3 1, 50kg, kg, 50kg 0 35, 0 50, : w eight, w eight 50k g, pay weigh t pay 1 weight 2 weight pay 3 pay 2, pay : weight 0 35 t 50 pay= weigh ( w eight - 50) 0 5 weigh t> 50 2 pay 2 1 weight pay= w eight pay= ( weight - 50)

48 weight , ,,, PA SCAL, IF IF ( ) IF T HEN 1 ELSE 2, ( true ) ( false), 1, ( ) 2 IF 3 2 IF, : 2 1 IF weight< = T HEN pay = weight ELSE pay = ( weigh t- 50) P ROGRA M compay( input, output ) ; { } V AR w eight, pay: real; { weigh t} read( w eight ) ; w riteln ( weigh t=, w eight ) ; 3 2 IF ( 1) 40

49 { pay} IF weight < = 50 T H EN pay = weight 0 35 ELSE pay = ( weight - 50) 0 5; { pay} w riteln ( pay=, pay) EN D IF, P ASCA L IF IF T HEN, T H EN, T H EN, IF 3 3, IF 3 2, 3 3 IF ( 2) : num1, num2, num 3, max,, num1 num 2, max, num3 max, max,, max 1 num1, num2, num3 2 num1 num2 max 3 num3 max max 4 max num 1 num 2 max 2 1 IF num1> num 2 TH EN max = nu m1 ELSE max = nu m2 3 num 3 max max 3 1 IF num3> max TH EN max = nu m PASCA L IF 41

50 P ROGRA M largest( input, out pu t) ; { } V AR num 1, nu m2, n um3, max : real; { } read( num 1, nu m2, n um3) ; w riteln ( the th ree numbers are, num1 8 2, num2 8 2, num3 8 2) ; { max} IF num1> num2 T HEN max = num1 ELSE max = num2; IF num3> max T HEN max = num3; { } w riteln ( the largest number is, max 8 2) EN D : t he three numbers are t he largest number is IF IF IF, T HEN ELSE,, EN D END, : 42

51 1 ; 2 ; n EN D IF, T HEN ELSE,, 3 3 x, y :, x, y : x y, x y, x, y 1 x y 2 x, y 3 x y 2 2 x, y 2 1 IF x< y 2 2 T HEN x y 2 2, temp, x 2 2 x y x temp y x t emp y, t emp, x y, y x x y, x y x, y, y x, x y 2 2 1, 2 2 2, 2 2 3, T H EN

52 3 3 x, y P ROGRA M larger ( input, out put) ; { x, y} V AR x, y, temp: real; { x y} read( x, y) ; w riteln ( x=, x 8 2, y=, y 8 2) ; { x y, x y} IF x< y T HEN END; { x y} temp = x; x = y; y = temp writ eln( x=, x 8 2, y=, y 8 2) EN D : x = y= x = y= , IF T H EN, EN D,, ( x < y),, ( ), 3 6( a) TH EN END,, ( x < y), t emp = x,, t emp = x, : x = y; y = t emp 3 6( b ),,,,,, 44

53 IF IF, T H EN ELSE IF IF ( IF ) : IF 1 T HEN 1 ELSE IF 2 T H EN 2 ELSE 3 IF, ELSE IF, 1, 1 ( 1 ), 2, 2, 2, ( 2 ) IF, TH EN IF, T H EN ELSE IF, IF 3 4, 90, : ( outstanding) 60 90, : ( sat isfactory) 60, : 3 7 IF ( unsat isfactory) 45

54 : score, 1 score : ( 90), 60, ( ) : ( 60) : IF score> = 90 TH EN w riteln( out standing ) ELSE IF score> = T HEN writeln ( sat isfact ory ) ELSE writeln ( unsat isfactory ) 3 4 P ROGRA M proscore( input, output ) ; { } V AR s core: real; { } read( score) ; w riteln ( score=, score) ; { } IF score> = 90 EN D T HEN writeln ( out st andin g ) ELSE IF score> = 60 T H EN writ eln( sat isfactory ) ELSE writ eln( unsatisfactory ) IF IF ELSE IF, : 60, 90,, :, (

55 ) : 60, : : IF score> = 60 T HEN IF score> = 90 T H EN writ eln( outst anding ) ELSE writ eln( sat isfactory ) ELSE writeln ( unsat isfactory ) IF, ELSE IF IF, T H EN IF, IF, IF IF : IF score> = 90 T HEN writeln ( out st andin g ) ; IF ( score> = 60) AN D( score< 90) T HEN writeln ( sat isfactory ) ; IF score< 60 T HEN writeln ( unsat isfactory ), IF IF,,, IF IF, IF, ( ), IF ( ELSE, ELSE), IF, : IF 1 T HEN IF 2 T H EN 1 ELSE 2 ELSE T H EN, 3 8( a), ELSE T HEN, 3 8( b), 1, ( IF ), 1, 2( IF ), PA SCAL ELSE, ELSE T HEN,, ELSE T H EN 47

56 3 8 IF, IF EN D IF 1 T HEN IF 2 END ELSE 2 T H EN CASE CA SE IF : x 1 8, y y = IF, IF x< 2 48 T HEN y = 3 x+ 5 ELSE IF x < 3 3x + 5 2sinx x 2 x 2-2x + 5 T H EN y = 2 sin( x) - 1 ELSE IF x < 5 1 x < 2 2 x < 3 3 x < 5 T H EN y = sqrt( 1+ x x ) ELSE y = x x- 2 x+ 5 5 x < 8

57 CASE, CA SE trunc( x ) OF EN D 1 : y = 3 x+ 5; 2 : y = 2 sin ( x) - 1; 3, 4 : y = sqrt ( 1+ x x) ; 5, 6, 7 : y = x x - 2 x+ 5, CA SE IF CA SE ( ) : CA SE OF 1 : 1 ; 2 : 2 ; n : n EN D CA SE ( ), i, i i, CASE CA SE CASE 3 5, : , 31 ; , 30 ; 2 29, 28 4, 100, 400 year, mont h, days 1 year, mont h 49

58 2 days 3 year, mont h, days 2 2 days 2 1 mont h 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12 : days = 31 4, 6, 9, 11 : days = 30 2 : IF T H EN days = 29 ELSE days = 28 ( year MOD 4= 0) A ND ( year MO D 100< > 0) O R ( year MOD 400= 0) , P ROGRA M month day ( inpu t, output ) ; {, } V AR 50 year, month, days: integer; { } read( year, month) ; { } CA SE mont h OF 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12 : days = 31; 4, 6, 9, 11 : days = 30; 2 : IF ( year MOD 4= 0) EN D; {CA SE} { } A N D ( year MOD 100< > 0) O R ( year MOD 400= 0) T HEN days = 29 ELSE days = 28 w riteln ( year=, year, mont h=, month, days=, days)

59 EN D 3 6, : x y, oper, resu lt + - /, oper x, y result 1 x, oper, y 2 result 3 result 2 2 result 2 1 oper + : result = x + y - : result = x - y : result = x y / : result = x/ y P ROGRA M calculat or( input, output ) ; {, } V AR x, y, result: real; oper : ch ar ; { } read( x, oper, y) ; { } CA SE oper OF + : result = x+ y; - : result = x- y; : result = x y; / : resu lt = x / y EN D; {CA SE} { } w riteln ( x 6 2, oper, y 6 2, =, result 8 4) 51

60 EN D : = IF, T HEN ELSE : IF x > 5 : T H EN y = 3 x+ 5 ELSE y = 2 x + 3 IF x> 5 T HEN y = 3 x+ 5; ELSE y = 2 x+ 3, IF, ELSE, TH EN ELSE, END IF x> 0 T HEN IF x> 0 END y = sqrt ( 1+ x x) ; z = sin ( 2 x) T HEN y = sqrt ( 1+ x x) ; z = sin ( 2 x ) x> 0,, y z x 0, x> 0, y, x 0, y, x, z, IF, ELSE T HEN, CA SE, CASE, 52

61 ,, CASE EN D 3 5, (, ),,, PA SCAL IF CASE IF, ELSE, ELSE T HEN ELSE, IF, IF IF IF, IF, IF, CASE,, 3 1, x, y z y = z = x x x x > x + 3 x < 0 0 x = 0 2 x - 5 x > %, 5000, 1 3%, 1000, %, 1000,, 3 3, 85, very good, 60 85, good, 60, no good 3 4, 3 5, a, b, c, : ax 2 + bx + c = 0 : PA SCAL,, 53

62 + - i 3 7 x, y,, z lnx + lny sinx + siny z = e 2 x + e 3x tan( x + y) 3 8 x, y, z z 3 7, CASE 3 9, CASE x y z, max, A ) IF( x> y) AN D ( x> z) T HEN max = x ; IF( y> x ) AN D ( y> z) T HEN max = y; IF( z> x) A ND ( z> y) B) IF x> y C) max = x; T HEN max = z T HEN IF y> z ELSE max = y IF y> max T H EN max = y; IF z> max D) IF x > y T H EN max = z IF z> y T H EN max = x ELSE max = y; T H EN max = z T H EN max = x ELSE max = z 3 11 x < y, x y, 54 A ) IF x< y

63 B) IF x < y C) IF x< y D) IF x< y T HEN END y = x; x = y T H EN t emp = x ; x = y; y = temp T H EN END; temp = x; y = x; T HEN END y = temp temp = x; x = y; y = temp 3 12 sinx x < 2 y = cosx 2 x 10 t anx x > 10 A ) IF x< 2 T HEN y = sin( x ) ; ELSE IF x < = 10 T H EN y = cos( x) ; ELSE y = sin ( x) / cos( x) B) IF x< 2 T HEN y = sin( x ) ; IF ( x > = 2) A ND ( x < = 10) T HEN y = cos( x) ELSE y = sin( x ) / cos( x) C) IF x< 2 T H EN y = sin( x) ELSE IF x < = 10 T H EN y = cos( x) ELSE y = sin ( x) / cos( x) 55

64 D) IF x< 2 T HEN y = sin( x ) ; IF 2 x 10 T HEN y = cos( x ) ; IF x> 10 T HEN y = sin( x ) / cos( x ) 3 13 x, y, z z = sin( x + y ) cos( x + y ) e x + y ln( x + y ) A ) read( x, y, s) ; CA SE s OF : z = sin( x+ y) ; : z = cos( x+ y) ; EN D; : z = exp( x + y) ; : z = ln( x+ y) B) read( x, y, s) ; CA SE s OF ( x > 0) AN D ( y> 0) : z = sin ( x+ y) ; ( x < 0) AN D ( y> 0) : z = cos( x+ y) ; ( x < 0) AN D ( y< 0) : z = exp( x+ y) ; ( x > 0) AN D ( y< 0) : z = ln ( x+ y) EN D; C) read( x, y, s) ; CA SE s OF 1: z = sin( x + y) ; END; 2: z = cos( x+ y) ; 3: z = exp( x + y) ; 4: z = ln( x + y) D) read( x, y, s) ; CA SE s OF 1: z = sin( x+ y) 2: z = cos( x+ y) 3: z = exp( x + y) 4: z = ln( x+ y) EN D; 56

65 4 4 1 ( ),,,,,,,,,, PA SCA L, FOR W HILE REPEA T 4 2 FOR 4 1 e x, lnx x = 1, 2, 3,, 10 : 10 x 10 e x 10 lnx, : x = 1; y = exp( x ) ; z = ln( x) ; w riteln( x, y, z) ; x = x + 1; y = exp( x ) ; z = ln( x) ; w riteln( x, y, z) ; x = x + 1; y = exp( x ) ; z = ln( x) ; w riteln( x, y, z) ; 57

66 10, 4, 40 10,, 9,, 10,,? PASCA L, FOR F OR = TO DO : FOR,,,,,,,,, FOR, F OR F OR 4 1 : ( 1) ( ) ( 2), ( ) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5),, ( 6), ( 7) FOR,, ( 8), F OR, F OR, : F OR = DOW NT O DO 4 1 FOR,,,, 58

67 ,,,,,, F OR FOR 4 1 x = 1, 2,, 10, FOR F OR x = 1 T O 10 DO 1 y= e x 2 z= lnx 3 x, y, z END, x, y z, y z P ROGRA M expln1( input, out put) ; { } V AR x : integer; y, z: real; { } w riteln ( x 12, exp( x) 12, ln ( x) 16) ; { 10 } 59

68 F OR x = 1 T O 10 DO EN D : y = ex p( x) ; z = ln( x ) ; writ eln( x, y, z) END{F OR} x exp( x) ln( x ) E E ,,, x= 1,, y= e 1, z= ln ( 1), x, y, z x, 1 2,, y= e 2, z= ln( 2), x, y, z,,, x= 10, y = e 10, z= ln( 10), x, y, z, x 11, 10,, x 10,, exp ln x = 1 1, 1 2, 1 3,, 2 0 e x lnx,? x,, 1 10 x, x = 1 0+ / 10 (, ) : P ROGRA M expln2 ( input, out put) ; V AR 60 i: integer; x, y, z: real; F OR i = 1 T O 10 DO END x = 1 0+ i/ 10; y = ex p( x) ; z = ln( x ) ; writ eln( x, y, z)

69 EN D x, e x lnx : x = 1 25, 2 31, 3 67, 4 52, 5 19, 6 42, 7 12, 8 93, 9 24, x REA D : P ROGRA M expln3( input, out put) ; V AR i: integer; x, y, z: real; F OR i = 1 T O 10 DO EN D END read( x) ; y = ex p( x) ; z = ln( x ) ; writ eln( x, y, z),, x, e x , lnx, : x, sum, mul, ave, sum, mul ave,, 10, x, sum mul, sum 0, mul 1, sum 10, ave, sum, mul, ave 1 sum 0, mul 1 2 F OR i = 1 T O 10 DO END 6 ave 3 x 4 x su m 5 x mul 7 sum, mul, ave

70 4 x sum 4 1 sum = sum+ x 5 x mul 5 1 mul = mul x P ROGRA M sma( input, output ) ; { 10 } V AR x, sum, mul, ave: real; i: integer; { sum 0, mul 1} sum = 0; mul = 1; { } F OR i = 1 T O 10 DO read( x) ; writ e( x) ; IF i MO D 5= 0 TH EN w riteln; su m = sum+ x; mul = mul x END; {FOR} { } ave = sum/ 10; { } w riteln ( sum=, sum, mul=, mul, ave=, ave) EN D 4 2, sum 0, sum = sum + x, x sum( 0), x, sum, x sum( x ), x, sum,, x sum ( x ), x, sum 62

71 , mul 1,, mul = mul x, x mul( 1), x, mul, x mul( x ), x, mul,, x mul( x ), x, mul,, ( sum) 0,, sum,, ( mul) 1,, mul, 0 1,,,,,,,,,,, 4 2, x IF 5 ( 5 ), ( 120 ), IF 4 3!, :,!,! fac n i 1 n 2 fac= n! 3 fac 2 n! = n, fac 1, 2, 3, 4, n 2 fac= n! 2 1 fac FO R i = 2 T O n DO fac = fac i n! P ROGRA M factorial( input, out put) ; { n! } 63

72 V AR fac: real; n, i: in teger; { n} read( n ) ; { n! } fac = 1; F OR i = 2 T O n DO fac = fac i; { } w riteln ( n,! =, fac) EN D 4 3,,, END :, ch F OR ( ) ( ) FO R ch = a TO z DO write( ch) FO R ch = z DOW NT O a DO write( ch) P ROGRA M chaz( input, out put) ; { } V AR 64 ch: char; { }

73 F OR ch = a T O z DO writ e( ch ) ; w riteln ; { } F OR ch = z DOWN T O a DO writ e( ch ) ; w riteln EN D : abcdefghijklmnopqrs tuvw xyz zyxw vuts rqponmlkjihgfedcba 4 4, ch a, b, b c,, 26, writ eln, ch z, y, y x,, a 0, a 1, a 2,, a 20 : : a 0= 0 a 1= 1 a 2= a 0+ a 1 a 3= a 1+ a 2 a = a - 2+ a - 1, : 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21,, a0, a1, a2 a0= 0, a 1= 1, a0 a 1 a2( a2 = a0+ a1) a0, a1 a0, a 2 a1, a2 = a0+ a 1, a2 a3, 1 a0 0, a1 1, a0, a1 2 F OR i = 2 T O 20 DO 3 a2 = a0+ a1 4 a2 65

74 5 a1 a 0, a 2 a 1 END ( a 0, a 1, a2, a3, a4 ), IF, P ROGRA M fibo( input, out put) ; { } V AR a 0, a 1, a2, i: integer ; {a0 0, a1 1, } a 0 = 0; a 1 = 1; w rite( a 0, a1) ; F OR i = 2 T O 20 DO EN D { a 2} a2 = a0+ a1; writ e( a2) ; { } IF i MOD 5= 4 T HEN writeln ; { a 1 a0, a2 a1} a0 = a1; a1 = a2; END{F OR} , : x, max, min,, x max min ( max min ) x, max min max, max, max min, min, min max, min 20, max, min, x max, min, min, 66

75 1 x, max min 2 F OR i = 2 T O 20 DO 3 x 4 x max min, max, min END 5 max min 4 4 x max min, max, min 4 1 IF x> max TH EN max = x ELSE IF x< min T HEN min = x P ROGRA M maxmin ( input, ou tput ) ; { } V AR x, max, min : real; i: integer; { x, max min } read( x ) ; w rite( x ) ; max = x; min = x; F OR i = 2 T O 20 DO { x } read( x) ; writ e( x) ; IF i MO D 5= 0 TH EN w riteln; { x max min } IF x> max T HEN max = x ELSE IF x < min 67

76 T H EN min = x END; {FOR} { } w riteln ( max=, max, min =, min) EN D 4 6, x max min, max 20 x,, max 20 min 20 x, min, 20, max min 0 20, max 0, 20 20, min 0, 20 x, , 2, 20, WH ILE F OR,,, FOR, PASCAL WH ILE REPEA T W HILE, REPEAT W HILE W HILE DO,,, ( ),,,,, W HILE, W HILE 4 3 WH ILE, W HILE WHILE 4 4 WHIL E ,?,

77 : ( A, B Z, a, b, z ), ( 0, 1, 9 ) ( +, -,, (, ; ) ) ch, num1, num2,,,?,, 1,,, 1,,?,?, ch 3 W HILE ch? DO EN D 4 ch, 1 5 ch ch, IF ch TH EN 1 ELSE IF ch 4 7 T HEN P ROGRA M coun t( in put, output ) ; {,, } V AR ch: char; num 1, nu m2: integer; { 0} num1 = 0; num2 = 0; { } read( ch) ; write( ch) ; 69

78 WH ILE ch< >? DO { ch, 1} IF ( ch > = a ) A N D ( ch< = z ) T H EN num1 = num1+ 1 ELSE IF ( ch > = 0 ) A ND ( ch< = 9 ) { } read( ch ) ; writ e( ch ) EN D; {WH ILE} { } writeln ; T H EN num 2 = num2+ 1; writeln ( number of let ter:, num1) ; writeln ( number of digit :, num2) EN D : ab e5fg72 g92? ab e5fg72 g92? n umber of lett er : 6 n umber of digit : 8 4 7, IF IF ch, 1,, 1, ( ), IF IF IF ( ch> = a ) A ND ( ch< = z ) T HEN num1 = num 1+ 1; IF ( ch> = 0 ) AN D ( ch < = 9 ) T HEN num2 = num 2+ 1; IF,, num 1 1, IF,, num1 1, IF,, IF : IF ( ch > = a) AN D ( ch < = z) IF ch> = a A ND ch < = z IF a < = ch < = z, a, z a, z 70

79 ,,, a A N D ch AN D,, PA SCAL ( ), ch, ch, W HILE ch< >? ch ( ),, ch,? 4 4 REPEAT REPEA T, WH ILE REPEA T : REPEA T U NT IL REPEA T U N T IL,,, U NT IL,,,,,,, REPEA T 4 5 REP EAT WH ILE : ( 1) REPEAT, W HILE,, ( 2) REPEA T 4 5 REPE AT W HILE, W HILE, REPEAT, REPEA T RE PEAT 71

80 4 8 sin( x ) = x - x 3 3! + x 5 5! - x 7 7! , x : sin ( x ) sin ( x )?,, REPEA T, ,,, x, sum, term, eps, x 2 sum, term x 3 REPEAT 4 t erm 5 sum U N T IL term eps 6 sum 4, ( ), 1, 3, 5, 7,, - x 2 ( - 1) x 5, : 5! x 5 5! - x = - x 7 7! = 7 4 t erm 4 1 n = n t erm = t erm ( - x x) / ( n - 1) / n sin( x ) P ROGRA M sinx( input, output ) ; 72

81 { sin( x) } CON ST V AR eps= 1e- 7; x, term, sum: real; n : integer; { x } read( x ) ; w riteln ( x=, x) ; { } n = 1; t erm = x; sum = x; REPEA T { } n = n + 2; term = t erm ( - x x) / ( n - 1) / n; { } sum = sum+ term U NT IL abs( term) < eps; { } w riteln ( sin( x) =, sum) EN D 4 5 ( ),,,,,,, 4 9 f f j = e - x sin ( x + y j ) 73

82 x = 1 25, 2 61, 3 27, 4 15, 5 79 y j = 2 1, 2 2, 2 3, 3 0 : 5 x, 10 y x, 10 y, 10 f 50 f : y 1 f 1, 1 x 1 y 2 f 1, 2 y 1 0 f 1, 10 y 1 f 2, 1 x 2 y 2 f 2, 2 y 1 0 f 2, 10 y 1 f 5, 1 x 5 y 2 f 5, 2 y 1 0 f 5, 10 5, x, 10, y, x, y f x, y, F OR i = 1 T O 5 DO END 1 x 2 FOR j = 1 T O 10 DO EN D 3 y 4 x, y f 5 f 4 74

83 4 x, y f 4 1 f = exp( - x) sin ( x+ y) 4, 50 50, 50 5 x, 5,,, 5 10, : F OR i = 1 T O 5 Do 1 x 2 ex = exp( - x ) 3 FOR j = 1 T O 10 DO 4 y 5 f = ex sin ( x+ y) 6 f EN D END f j P ROGRA M fxy( input, out put) ; { x, y f} V AR x, y, f, ex : real; i, j: integer; F OR i = 1 T O 5 DO { x, e - x } read( x) ; writ eln( x =, x) ; ex = exp( - x) ; FOR j = 1 T O 10 DO { y} y = 2 0+ j/ 10; 75

84 { f} f = ex sin( x+ y) ; write( f) ; IF j MOD 5= 0 T HEN writ eln EN D {FOR j} END {F OR i} EN D 4 10 f j, s, m f j = x 2 + y 2 j 10 s = f j j = 1 m = s 5 = 1 x = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 y j = 0 1, 0 2, 0 3,, 1 : 5 x, 10 y, 50 f 10 f s, 5 s 5 s, m : y 1 f 1, 1 y 2 f 1, 2 x 1 + s1 y 1 0 f 1, 10 y 1 f 2, 1 y 2 f 2, 2 x 2 + s2 m y 1 0 f 2, 10 y 1 f 5, 1 x 5 y 2 f 5, 2 + s5 76 y 1 0 f 5, 10

85 s 10 f, s 0 m 5 s, m 1 x y, i, j 1 m 1 2 F OR i = 1 T O 5 DO 3 x 4 s 0 5 FOR j = 1 T O 10 DO 6 y 7 f 8 f 9 f s EN D 10 s 11 s m END 12 m f, s, m P ROGRA M fsm( inpu t, output ) ; { f, s, m } V AR x, y, f, s, m: real; i, j: integer; {m 1} m = 1; F OR i = 1 T O 5 DO { x, s 0} x = 2 i; s = 0; FOR j = 1 T O 10 DO 77

86 { y, f} y = j/ 10; f = sqrt( x x+ y y) ; { f, f s } write( f) ; IF j MOD 5= 0 T HEN writ eln; s = s+ f EN D; {F OR j} { s, s m } writ eln( s=, s) ; m = m s END; {FOR i} { m} w riteln ( m=, m) EN D,, , 3 4, 5, 4 10, s = 0 2,, 5 ( 5 s 0), 5 s, s 10 f, f s 0 1,, s 10 f, s 20 f, s 50 f, writ e( f) 3, 50 f 4, 5 f f,,,,,,,

87 :, c m : c 0 0 c 0 1 c 1 1 c 0 2 c 1 2 c 2 2 c 0 3 c 1 3 c 2 3 c 3 3 c 0 10 c 1 10 c 2 10 c 8 10 c 9 10 c c m= m( m- 1) ( m- 2) ( m- + 1) m= 1, 2, 3,, 10 = 1, 2, 3,, m c 0 m = 1, m= 0, 1, 2,, 10 c m c 0 m= 1 c m= c - m 1 ( m- + 1) m= 0, 1, 2,, 10 = 1, 2, 3,, m, 40 3, 3, 3, 6 ), n m( F OR m = 0 T O 10 DO 1,

88 END 1 2 1, 1 1 c = writ e( c 40-3 m) 2 F OR n = 1 T O m DO 2 1 c = c ( m- n+ 1) DIV n 2 2 write( c 6) END P ROGRA M yanghui( input, out put) ; { } V AR m, n, c: int eger; F OR m = 0 T O 10 DO EN D {, } c = 1; writ e( c 40-3 m) ; { } FOR n = 1 T O m DO c = c ( m- n+ 1) DIV n; write( c 6) EN D; {F OR n} { } writ eln END {F OR m } 4 11, ( m), m,, m= 0, F OR n = 1 T O m DO, n, c( = 1) 80

89 ,,, ( ) m= 1, FOR n = 1 T O m DO,, ( 1),, m= 10, 10,, 11,,,,,, c, ( DIV ) ( / ),, c(, ) , 1, : 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 2, 3, 4, 5,, - 1,,, ( ),,,, 2, 3, 4,,,,,, : j, k, k ( j ) ( ),, F OR i = 2 T O 100 DO 1 2 i i, 2 IF TH EN i END flag flag,,, flag,, i, i 1 2 i, 1 1 flag = true 81

90 1 2 FO R j = 2 T O roun d( sqrt( i) ) DO IF i MOD j= 0 T HEN flag = false 5, count P ROGRA M prime( input, output ) ; { } V AR i, j, cou nt: integer; flag: boolean ; count = 0; F OR i = 2 T O 100 DO { 2 i i, } flag = t rue; FOR j = 2 T O round ( sqrt( i) ) DO IF i MOD j= 0 T HEN flag = {, } IF flag EN D{FOR} EN D TH EN w rite( i) ; false; count = count + 1; IF count MOD 5= 0 EN D{IF } T HEN writeln 4 12, round sqrt ( i) ( ) i= 2, rou nd( sqrt( i) ) = 1, j ( 2),, flag, 2 i> 2,, flag,, 4 13 :, 82

91 4= = = = :, :, 4 p, q, r, s = p + q r s 1+ 3 :, 3 p, q, r = p + q r 1+ 2 :, p, q = p + q 1+ 1,,, p q, = p + q p 2 ( 1), q= - p p q,, p n 2 p = 1 3 REPEAT 4 p = p+ 1; q = n - p 5 p? 6 q? U N T IL p, q 7 n= p+ q p? 5 1 flagp = t rue 5 2 FO R j = 2 T O roun d( sqrt( p) ) DO IF p MOD j= 0 6 q? T HEN flagp = false 83

92 6 1 flagq = true 6 2 FO R j = 2 T O roun d( sqrt( q) ) DO IF q MO D j= 0 T HEN flagq = false P ROGRA M godbah( input, output ) ; { } V AR n, p, q, j: int eger; flagp, flagq: boolean; { 3 } read( n ) ; p = 1; REPEA T p = p+ 1; q = n- p; {p? } flagp = t rue; FOR j = 2 T O round( sqrt( p ) ) DO IF p MOD j= 0 T HEN flagp = false; {q? } flagq = true; FOR j = 2 T O round( sqrt( q) ) DO IF q MOD j= 0 T HEN flagq = false U NT IL flagp A ND flagq; { } w riteln ( n, =, p, +, q) EN D 4 13, REP EAT, flagp flagq, 3 n,, n, flagp flagq,, FOR p q,, p q 84

93 , 2,, p, q, p 1, 4 6,???, 0, 1,,,,,, FOR, DO FOR W HILE,, EN D,,,,,,?, FOR, W HILE REPEAT, 4 7,,,,,,,,,,,, PA SCA L, F OR, W HILE REPEA T F OR,, W HILE REP EAT, W HILE, REPEAT,,, 85

94 4 1 x, sin ( x ), cos( x ), t an( x ) : x = 0, 10, 20, 30,, x, x 2, x, e x, ln( x ) : x = 1 0, 1 1, 1 2, 1 3,, , 4 4 1!, 2!, 3!,, 35! :,, 4 5 2, 2 - = 0, 1, 2, 3,, 15 : :, = = , , 3 2, 5 3, 7 2 ( ) , ( a bc, a 3 + b 3 + c 3 = abc, abc 153, = = 153, 153 ) (,, 25, 25 2 = 625, , 25 ) 4 12 a 0, a 1, a 2, a 3,, a2 0 : a 0= 0, a 1= 1, a 2= 1 a 3= a 0+ 2a 1+ a 2 a 4= a 1+ 2a 2+ a , 4 14,?,, 4 15, 4 16 x, cos( x ) 10 - cos( x ) = 1-6 x 2 2! + x 4 4! - x x ( x < 1), s 86 6! +

95 f j, s : f j = e - x ln( x + y j ) 10 s = f j j = 1 s = x + x 2 5 x = 1 25, 2 31, 3 47, 4 52, 5 29 y j = 3, 3 1, 3 2, 3 3,, f j, s : 2 + x x f j = sin( x + y j ) 1+ x y j s= f = 1 j = 1 j x = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 y j = 2 1, 2 2, 2 3,, a a b a b c a b c y z ( 1, 1, ) 4 23 ( ) : 4= =

96 8= = , ,, 4 25, s = 0; m = 1; t = 0; F OR i = 1 T O 5 DO END; s = s+ i; m = m i; t = t+ s w riteln ( s, m, t ) A ) B) C) D) ,,, F OR i = 1 T O 10 DO END; w rite( ` `) FOR j = i T O 10 DO w rite( `+ `) ; writ e( `- `) A ) 10, 10, 1 B) 55, 10, 1 C) 55, 55, 10 D) 100, 10, ,,,,, 88

97 P ROGRA M ex 427( input, output ) ; V AR x, max, min, ave: real; i: int eger; 1 ; max = x; min = x; 2 ; FOR i = 2 T O 20 DO read( x) ; ave = ave+ x ; IF x> max T HEN max = x; 3 END; ave = 4 ; writ eln( ave) EN D s= x + x x x 4 10 x A ) s = 0; F OR i = 1 T O 10 DO s = s+ x i/ i B) s = 0; t erm = 1; F OR i = 1 T O 10 DO t erm = t erm x ; s = s+ t erm / i C) s = 0; term = 1; FOR i = 1 T O 10 DO t erm = t erm x / i; s = s+ t erm END 89

98 D) s = 0; term = 1; FOR i = 1 T O 10 DO END t erm = t erm x ; s = s+ term/ i 4 29 s= 1! + 2! + 3! ! A ) s = 0; fac = 1; F OR i = 1 T O 10 DO B) s = 0; fac = fac i; s = s+ fac fac = 1; F OR i = 1 T O 10 DO END C) s = 1; fac = 1; fac = fac i; s = s+ fac FOR i = 2 TO 10 DO D) s = 0; fac = 1; s = s+ fac i F OR i = 1 T O 10 DO F OR j = 1 T O 10 DO fac = fac j; s = s+ fac END 4 30,?, ( ) 90, P ROGRA M ex 430( input, output ) ; VA R n1, n2, n3: integer ; 1 ;

99 n1 = 0; n2 = 0; 2 ; read( ch ) ; WH ILE ch < > `? ` DO IF ( ch > = `a`) AN D ( ch < = `z`) T H EN n1 = n1+ 1 ELSE 3 T HEN n 2 = n2+ 1 ELSE n 3 = n3+ 1; 4 END; writeln ( n1, n2, n3) EN D f j = 2x y j x + y j 10 s = f j = 1 j x = 1 25, 2 61, 3 78, 4 03, 5 14 y j = 5 0, 5 1, 5 2,, 5 9 A ) s = 0; F OR i = 1 T O 5 DO read( x) ; FOR j = 1 T O 10 DO EN D; y = 5 0+ j/ 10; f = 2 x y/ ( x+ y) ; write( f) ; writeln( s) EN D s = s+ f B) F OR i = 1 T O 5 DO 91

100 s = 0; read( x) ; FOR j = 1 T O 10 DO y = 4 9+ j/ 10; f = 2 x y/ ( x+ y) ; s = s+ f w riteln ( f, s) EN D EN D C) FOR i = 1 T O 5 DO s = 0; F OR j = 1 T O 10 DO read( x) ; y = 4 9+ j/ 10; f = 2 x y/ ( x + y) ; writ e( f) END; s = s+ f END; writeln ( s) D) FOR i = 1 T O 5 DO s = 0; read( x) ; FO R j = 1 T O 10 DO y = 4 9+ j/ 10; f = 2 x y/ ( x+ y) ; write( f) ; s = s+ f EN D; writ eln( s) END 92

101 5 5 1 :,,,,,,,, P ASCA L,,,,, 5 2 2,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,, PA SCAL, 93

102 , PA SCAL sin( ) cos( ) sqrt ( ) abs( ) ln ( ) ( ),,,,,, : sqrt x = 24. 0; y = 25. 0; w = sqrt( y) ; q = sqrt ( x+ y) ;, 25 0, , w 11 5, x + y, ( 49 0), 7 0, q P ASCA L, 5 1 x, y : y = sh( 1 + shx ) sh 2x + sh3x sh, PA SCAL 4,, 4, : : F U NCT ION sh ( t : real) : real; 94 sh( t) = et - e - t 2

103 EN D; sh = ( exp ( t) - exp ( - t ) ) / 2 F U NCT ION,,, sh ( t: real), t real real, END,, sh : F U NCT ION ( ) : ; ; EN D; : F U NCT ION,,,, : = 5 1 :

104 ( 1), ( real, in teger, char, boolean ) ( 2), ( 3),, : ( x: real) ( x, y: real) ( x, y: real; m, n: int eger) 4 x, y, m, n ( ), ( ) ( ), ( ) 5 1,, P ROGRA M ysh( input, output ) ; { } V AR 96 x, y: real; { sh } F U NCT ION sh ( t : real) : real; END; { } sh = ( exp( t ) - exp( - t ) ) / 2 { x} read( x ) ; w riteln ( x=, x) ; {4 sh, y} y = sh( 1+ sh ( x) ) / ( sh ( 2 x) + sh ( 3 x) ) ; { y} w riteln ( y=, y) EN D

105 ( ) : :,,, : ( 1) 8 4, ( 2),,, ( 3), 5 2 ( 5 2 ) l 1 l 7 : 3 1 l1 l7 2 l1 l2 l6 s1 3 l6 l3 l7 s2 4 l7 l4 l5 s3 5 s1 s2 s3 s 6 s 5 2 3,, 3, 3 ts 3 a, b, c( 3 ) : 1 l1 l7 2 s = t s( l1, l2, l6) + ts( l6, l3, l7) + ts( l7, l4, l5) 3 s : 5 2( a ) P ROGRA M area( input, output ) ; { } V AR l1, l2, l3, l4, l5, l6, l7, s: real; 97

106 { ts} { } read( l1, l2, l3, l4, l5, l6, l7) ; w riteln ( l1, l2, l3, l4, l5, l6, l7) ; { } s = ts( l1, l2, l6) + ts( l6, l3, l7) + t s( l7, l4, l5) ; { } w riteln ( area=, s) EN D a, b, c, ts : p = 1 2 ( a + b + c) ts = p ( p - a ) ( p - b) ( p - c) 5 2( b) ts F U NCT ION ts( a, b, c: real) : real; V A R p : real; p = ( a+ b+ c) / 2; t s = sqrt ( p ( p- a ) ( p - b ) ( p - c) ) EN D;, p,, ( 5 6 ),, 3, 5 2( c) 5 2( c) P ROGRA M area( input, output ) ; { } V AR 98

107 l1, l2, l3, l4, l5, l6, l7, s: real; { ts } F U NCT ION ts( a, b, c: real) : real; VA R p: real; END; { } p = ( a + b + c) / 2; ts = sqrt( p ( p- a) ( p- b) ( p- c) ) { } read( l1, l2, l3, l4, l5, l6, l7) ; w riteln ( l1, l2, l3, l4, l5, l6, l7) ; { } s = ts( l1, l2, l6) + ts( l6, l3, l7) + t s( l7, l4, l5) ; { } w riteln ( area=, s) EN D ,,,,,, PASCA L, ( 1) FU N CT ION, PROCEDU RE ( 2) ( ), ( ) ( 3), ( 4) 5 3 a b, c s a + 5, b+ 10, 99

108 + 15 c s :,, : c = a 2 + b 2-2abcos s = 1 2 a bsin alfa 1 a b alfa 2 c, s 3 c, s 4 a + 5, b + 10, alfa + 15, c, s 5 c, s 5 3( a) 5 3( a ) P ROGRA M tcs ( input, output ) ; { } V AR a, b, alfa, c, s: real; { cs} { } { a, b, alfa } read( a, b, alfa) ; writeln ( a=, a, b =, b, alfa=, alfa) ; { cs} cs( a, b, alfa, c, s) ; { c, s} writeln ( c=, c, s=, s) ; { cs} cs( a+ 5, b+ 10, alfa+ 15, c, s) ; { c, s} writeln ( a=, a+ 5, b=, b + 10, alfa =, alfa+ 15) ; writeln ( c=, c, s=, s) EN D 100

109 5 4 2,, : 2 1 alfa 2 2 c= 2 3 s= a 2 + b 2-2abcos( alfa) 1 2 ab sin ( alfa) 5 3( b ) 5 3( b) P ROCEDU RE cs( a, b, alfa: real; V AR c, s: real) ; EN D; alfa = alfa / 180; c = sqrt ( a a+ b b- 2 a b cos( alfa) ) ; s = 0. 5 a b sin( alfa) PROCEDU RE, cs 5, 3 2, END,,, : P ROCEDU RE ( ) ; ; EN D; 5 3, 101

110 , 5 3,, ( ) : ( ), : ( 1), ( 2), ( 3), ( 8 4 ) : 5 3, 2 : ( 1) VA R VA R V AR ( 2) ( a+ 5, b + 10 ) ( 3),,,,,,,, ( 4) ( 8 4 ),,,,, alfa,, alfa, alfa,, 15,, 5 3( c) P ROGRA M tcs( input, output ) ; { } V AR 102 a, b, alfa, c, s: real; { }

111 PROCEDU RE cs( a, b, alfa: real; VA R c, s: real) ; alfa = alfa / 180; c = sqrt( a a+ b b- 2 a b cos( alfa ) ) ; s = 0. 5 a b sin( alfa) EN D; {cs} { } EN D { a, b, alfa} read( a, b, alfa) ; w riteln ( a=, a, b =, b, alfa=, alfa ) ; { cs} cs( a, b, alfa, c, s) ; { c, s} w riteln ( c=, c, s=, s) ; { cs} cs( a+ 5, b+ 10, alfa+ 15, c, s) ; { c, s} w riteln ( a=, a+ 5, b=, b + 10, alfa=, alfa+ 15) ; w riteln ( c=, c, s=, s) ;, 5 4, : t his is the table : 21,, 21 21, P ROCEDU RE print head; V AR i: integer; F OR i = 1 T O 21 DO w rite( ) ; 103

112 w riteln ; EN D; w riteln ( this is t he t able ) ; F OR i = 1 T O 21 DO w rite( ) ; w riteln, : print head;,, x, y : sh : y = sh( 1 + shx ) sh 2x + sh3x sh( t) = et - e - t sh 5 5( a ) 2 5 5( a ) P ROGRA M ysh1( input, out put) ; V AR x, y: real; F U NCT ION sh ( t : real) : real; END; sh = ( exp( t ) - exp( - t ) ) / 2 read( x ) ; y = sh( 1+ sh ( x) ) / ( sh ( 2 x) + sh ( 3 x) ) ; w riteln ( x=, x, y=, y) EN D sh 5 5( b ) 5 5( b) P ROGRA M ysh2 ( input, out put) ; V AR 104

113 x, y, s1, s2, s3: real; PROCEDU RE sh ( t : real; VA R s: real) ; EN D; s = ( exp( t ) - exp( - t) ) / 2 read( x ) ; sh( x, s1) ; sh( 1+ s1, s1) ; sh( 2 x, s2) ; sh( 3 x, s3) ; y = s1/ ( s2+ s3) ; w riteln ( x=, x, y=, y) EN D 5 5( a) 5 5( b ), ( t ), ( t s) t ( ) s ( ), ( real) ( sh ), ( s), ( 4 ), 4, s1, s2, s3,,, , 5 6 C 3 9, C 5 8 : m 105

114 Cm = m!! ( m - )! 3 1 k! k! = k PASCA L, : 5 6( a ) P ROGRA M c9385( input, output ) ; { C 3 9, C 5 8} F U NCT ION fac( k: integer) : real; { k! } VA R i: int eger; fa: real; {fac} fa = 1; FOR i = 2 TO k DO fa = fa i; fac = fa END; {fac} F U NCT ION cmn ( m, n : integer ) : real; { C n m } {cmn} cmn = fac( m ) / ( fac( n) fac( m- n ) ) END; {cmn} {c9385} w riteln ( c( 9, 3) =, cmn ( 9, 3) ) ; w riteln ( c( 8, 5) =, cmn ( 8, 5) ) EN D : 4, ( ) fac i, fac, fa,, fac, fac = fac i, fac ( ),,,, 106

115 fac cmn, cmn, cmn fac, fac cmn ( ) 2 ( fac) cmn fac, fac cmn (, ) fac cmn, fac cmn,, : 5 6( b) P ROGRA M c9385( input, output ) ; { C 3 9, C 5 8} F U NCT ION cmn ( m, n : integer ) : real; { C n m } FU N CT ION fac( k : integer) : real; { k! } V AR i: integer ; fa : real; {fac} fa = 1; F OR i = 2 T O k DO fa = fa i; fac = fa END; {fac} {cmn} cmn = fac( m ) / ( fac( n) fac( m- n ) ) END; {cmn} {c9385} w riteln ( c( 9, 3) =, cmn ( 9, 3) ) ; w riteln ( c( 8, 5) =, cmn ( 8, 5) ) EN D, cmn, cmn fac fac cmn,, : 107

116 b a b a b a a b,, F ORW ARD, : P ROCEDU RE b ( x: real; VA R y: real) ; F ORW ARD; P ROCEDU RE a( p: real; VA R q: real) ; EN D; b ( p, q) ; P ROCEDU RE b ; EN D; a ( x, y) ;, b, a b, b a, 5 5 2, a a, a b, b a,,,, 5 7! 108

117 : 4 3,!! 1 = 0! = ( - 1)! > 0,!, ( - 1)! ( - 1)!,! ( - 1)!, ( - 2)! ( - 2)!, ( - 3)!,, 0!, 0! = 1 1!, 2!,!! 5 7! P ROGRA M facn( input, output ) ; { n! } V AR n : integer; y: real; F U NCT ION fac ( n: int eger) : real; { n! } IF n = 0 END; {fac} {facn } read( n ) ; T H EN fac = 1 ELSE fac = n fac( n- 1) y = fac( n ) ; w riteln ( n,! =, y) EN D n = 3, y = fac( 3), 1, n = 3, 3 fac( 2) fac( 2), fac 2 ( ),, n = 2, 2 fac( 1) fac( 1), fac 3 ( ),, n = 1, 1 fac( 0) fac( 0), fac 4 ( ),, n = 0, fac = 1, 4, fac( 0) = 1, ( 3 109

118 ) 1 fac( 0) = 1 1= 1, 3, fac( 1) = 1, 2 2 fac( 1) = 2 1= 2, 2, fac( 2) = 2, 1 3 fac( 2) = 3 2= 6, 1, fac( 3) = 6,, m : m ( m MOD ) m, ( m MOD ), m ( m MOD ), = 0, m 24 16, 16 ( 24 MOD 16), ( 16 MOD 8), 8 0 = 0, 8 m m = 0 gcd( m, ) = gcd(, m MOD ) > 0 gcd( m, ) m 5 8 P ROGRA M gmn ( input, out put) ; { m n } V AR 110 m, n, g: integer ; F U NCT ION gcd( m, n: int eger) : integer ; { }

119 END; IF n = 0 read( m, n) ; T H EN gcd = m ELSE gcd = gcd( n, m MOD n) g = gcd( m, n ) ; w riteln ( m=, m, n =, n, gcd=, g) EN D 5 9, ( T ower of H anoi) ( T emple of Bramach),, 64,,,, = ,, ,, ( 5 5) 1 3, 2 : , ( ) 3, ,, n a b c n - 1 a c b, a c, n - 1 b a c n n- 1, 111

120 n 1 n = 1, move n a b c, : move( n, a, b, c), 3 : move( n- 1, a, c, b) a c move( n- 1, b, a, c), 5 9 P ROGRA M hanoi( input, out put) ; { } V AR t ot al: integer; PROCEDU RE move( n, a, b, c: integer) ; { } IF n= 1 T HEN writeln( a,, c) ELSE END{IF } EN D; {move} read( t ot al) ; move( total, 1, 2, 3) EN D move( n- 1, a, c, b ) ; writ eln( a,, c) ; move( n- 1, b, a, c) t ot al= 3, 5 6 (, - > ) 5 6,,,,, n, a, b, c ( ) 1 1, 2 2, 3 4 : = = 2 3-1= 7 n, n- 1 n = 1 n, 112

121 5 6 : n - 1 = 2 n - 1,,,,,, - 1, = 0 = 1, 1 m ( m MO D ), m, m,, = 0, m, (, ), (, ) 5 6 PASCA L,, : P ROGRA M a( input, out put ) ; V AR x, y, z: integer ; 113

122 PROCEDU RE b; VA R x, u : real; PROCEDU RE c; V AR x, v: char; {c} END; {b } END; PROCEDU RE d; VA R x, w : boolean; {d} END; {a} EN D b d, b c P ASCA L, a b d d b, b d a d c, c b, c b, b, b, b ( ),, x, y, z, x, b x u, c x v, d x w, x,, a x, b x, c x, d x 114

123 ( ) ) c x v( ), u (, b ) y z b x u( ) y z( ), x v(,,,,,,,,,, , 5 10 P ROGRA M example1( input, output ) ; { } V AR x, y: int eger; PROCEDU RE ch ange; V AR x : integer ; x = 2; y = 2; w riteln( x, y) EN D; x = 1; y = 1; w riteln ( x, y) ; change; w riteln ( x, y) 115

124 EN D : 5 10, x y change x y change, x 2, x, 1 y change, 2 : x y , 5 11 P ROGRA M example2( input, output ) ; { } V AR x, u: integer; PROCEDU RE ch ange( x: int eger; V AR y: int eger) ; x = x + 1; y = y+ 1; w riteln( x, y) EN D; x = 1; u = 1; w riteln ( x, u ) ; change( x, u) ; w riteln ( x, u ) EN D : 5 11, change x, y, x x 1, 1,,, x 1( : x x 2 ) y u y u, 1, y 1 2, u 2 3 : 116

125 x u( y) , , 5 12 P ROGRA M example3( input, output ) ; { } V AR x, y: int eger; PROCEDU RE sw ap( x, y: integer ) ; V AR t emp: integer ; t emp = x ; x = y; y = temp; w riteln( x, y) EN D; x = 1; y = 2; w riteln ( x, y) ; swap( x, y) ; w riteln ( x, y) EN D swap x y sw ap x, y x, y, x, y : x y : 117

126 P ROCEDU RE swap( V AR x, y: integer ) ;,,, : x y swap,,, , 5 13 P ROGRA M example4( input, output ) ; { } PROCEDU RE receive; V AR ch: char; EN D; read( ch) ; w rite( ch) ; IF ch < > T HEN receive; w rite( ch) receive EN D 5 13, ch receive, ch,, ch : abc 118

127 : abc cba 5 7, ( ), ( ),,,, ( ) ;, ;, ; V AR;, ;, VA R, V AR;, ;,,,,,,,, 5 8, 119

128 ,,,,,,, 5 1 x ( 0 x 0 5), y : y = arcsin : arcsin arcsin( arcsin( x ) ) arcsin( x ) + arcsin ( x ) arcsin ( t) = arctan t 1 - t digit (, k), k : digit ( 15327, 4) = 5 digit ( 289, 5) = check (, d ), d, true( ), false( ) : 5 4 s v : check ( 3256, 2) = t rue check( 1725, 3) = false s = ( r r 2 2) + ( r 1 + r 2) l v = 1 3 h( r r r 1r 2) l= h 2 + ( r 1- r 2) 2 r 1= 32 5, r 2= 21 9, h=

129 r 1= 29 3, r 2= 18 5, h= 14 2 s v l 5 5 a, b, c, m : m = max( a, b, c) max( a + b, b, c) max( a, b, b + c) max( x, y, z) 5 6 s : s = 10! + 7! 8! 5 7 x, y : y = s( x, ) s( x , ) + s( x, + 5) s( x, ) = x + x x x x s( x, ) 5 8 g ( 2 5, 3 4), g ( 1 7, 2 5), g ( 3 8, 2 9) : 1+ e- t g ( x, y ) = f ( x + y ) x y f ( x ) + f ( y ) f ( x - y ) f ( x ) + f ( y ) x > y f ( t) = 1+ e t f g, 5 9 : x = 3 1, = 15 f ( x, ) = + ( - 1) + ( - 2) x x = 8 1, = 10 f f 5 10 : f ( x, ) = + ( - 1) + x = 3 57, = 20 f f x x x ( - 2) + x x ( 2), 1,,? 121

130 P ROGRA M ex 512( input, output ) ; V AR a, b, c, d: integer; PROCEDU RE P ( a: int eger; V AR b: integer) ; V AR c: int eger; EN D; a = a + 1; b = b + 1; c = 2; d = d+ 1; w riteln( m, a, b, c, d) ; IF a< 3 T HEN p( a, b ) ; w riteln( n, a, b, c, d) a = 1; b = 1; c = 1; d = 1; w riteln ( x, a, b, c, d) ; p ( a, b ) ; w riteln ( y, a, b, c, d) EN D 5 13 f ( x, ) = ( ( x + 1) x + 2) x + 3 ) x y = f ( 1. 25, 10) f ( 2. 67, 20) + f ( 3. 12, 30)

131 f A ) P ROGRA M ex 513( input, output ) ; F U NCT ION f( x: real; n: int eger) : real; VA R i: in teger; f = x + 1; FOR i = 2 T O n DO f = f x+ i END; V A R y: real; y = f( 1 25, 10) / ( f( 2 67, 20) + f( 3 12, 30) ) ; writeln ( y) EN D. B) PROGRAM ex513( input, output ) ; V AR y: real; FU NCT ION f( x : real; n : integer) : real; VA R s: real; i: int eger; s = x+ 1; F OR i = 2 T O n DO s = s x+ n ; f( x, n ) = s EN D; y = f( 1 25, 10) / ( f( 2 67, 20) + f( 3 12, 30) ) ; w riteln( y) EN D. C) PROGRA M ex 513( in pu t, output ) ; VA R y: real; FU N CT ION f( x: real; n: in teger) ; V AR 123

132 s: real; i: integer; END; END. read( x, n) ; s = x+ 1; F OR i = 2 T O n DO f = s s = s x + i; y = f( 1 25, 10) / ( f( 2 67, 20) + f( 3 12, 30) ) ; writeln( y) D) PROGRA M ex 513( input, output ) ; V AR y: real; F U NCT ION f( x: real; n: int eger) : real; VA R s: real; END; EN D. i: int eger; s = x + 1; FOR i = 2 TO n DO f = s s = s x + i; y = f( 1 25, 10) / ( f( 2 67, 20) + f( 3 12, 30) ) ; writeln ( y) 5 14 f ( x, ) = ( ( x + 1) x + 2) x + 3 ) x f ( 1 25, 10) y = f ( 2 67, 20) + f ( 3 12, 30) f A ) P ROGRA M ex 514( input, output ) ; V AR y: real; P ROCEDU RE f( x: real; n: int eger) ;

133 V AR s: real; i: integer ; s = x+ 1; FOR i = 2 T O n DO s = s x+ i; f = s EN D; y = f( 1 25, 10) / ( f( 2 67, 20) + f( 3 12, 30) ) ; writeln ( y) EN D. B) PROGRAM ex514( input, output ) ; V AR y, y1, y2, y3: real; PROCEDU RE f( x: real; n: int eger; V AR s: real) ; V AR i: integer; s = x+ 1; FO R i = 2 T O n DO s = s x + i END; f( 1 25, 10, y1) ; f( 2 67, 20, y2) ; f( 3 12, 30, y3) ; y = y1/ ( y2+ y3) ; w riteln( y) EN D. C) PROGRA M ex 514( in pu t, output ) ; VA R y, y1, y2, y3: real; i: int eger; PROCEDU RE f( x: real; n: integer ; VA R s: real) : real; s = x+ 1; 125

134 FOR i = 2 T O n DO EN D; END. s = s x+ i f( 1 25, 10, y1) ; f( 2 67, 20, y2) ; f( 3 12, 30, y3) ; y = y1/ ( y2+ y3) ; writeln( y) D) PROGRA M ex 514( input, output ) ; V AR y, y1, y2, y3: real; P ROCEDU RE f( x: real, n: int eger, V A R s: real) ; V AR i: integer ; EN D; EN D. s = s+ 1; F OR i = 2 T O n DO s = s x+ i y1 = f( 1 25, 10) ; y2 = f( 2 67, 20) ; y3 = f( 3 12, 30) ; y = y1/ ( y2+ y3) ; writeln ( y) 5 15 f ( x, ) = ( ( x + 1) x + 2) x + 3 ) x f ( 1 25, 10) y = f ( 2 67, 20) + f ( 3 12, 30) f, P ROGRA M ex 515( input, output ) ; V AR y: real; F U NCT ION f( x : real; n: int eger) : real; IF n= 1

135 T HEN 1 END; END. 3 ; writ eln( y) ELSE f ( x, ) = ( ( x + 1) x + 2) x + 3 ) x + f ( 1 25, 10) y = f ( 2 67, 20) + f ( 3 12, 30) f, P ROGRA M ex 516( input, output ) ; V AR y, y1, y2, y3: real; PROCEDU RE f( x: real; n: int eger; V AR s: real) ; IF n= 1 T HEN 1 ELSE 2 ; 3 END EN D; f( 1 25, 10, y1) ; f( 2 67, 20, y2) ; f( 3 12, 30, y3) ; 4 ; w riteln ( y) EN D P ROGRA M ex 517( input, output ) ; V AR n, m, t : int eger; PROCEDU RE p1( V AR x, y: in teger) ; V AR m: integer ; 127