( CIP) /. :, ( ) ISBN TP CIP ( 2005) : : : : * : : 174 ( A ) : : ( 023) : ( 023)

Transcription

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2 ( CIP) /. :, ( ) ISBN TP CIP ( 2005) : : : : * : : 174 ( A ) : : ( 023) : ( 023) : http: / /www. cqup. com. cn : fxk@cqup. com. cn ( ) * : /16 :24 : : ISBN :30. 00,,,

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6 ,, C, C,,,, :,,, C 1

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8 ( 1) ( 1) ( 2) 1. 2 ( 3) ( 4) ( 4) ( 7) ( 8) 1 ( 12) 2. 1 C ( 13) 2. 2 C ( 15) C ( 15) C ( 17) 2. 3 C ( 17) C ( 17) C ( 20) 2. 4 ( 25)

9 ( 25) ( 26) ( 27) ( 28) ( 30) sizeof ( 31) 2. 5 ( 32) ( 32) ( 33) ( 33) 2. 6 C ( 34) C ( 34) C 7 ( 36) C ( 38) ( 38) 2. 7 ( 45) 2 ( 48) 3. 1 C ( 52) 3. 2 C ( 53) ( 53) ( 54) 3. 3 ( 57) ( 57) C ( 58) 3. 4 ( 73) ( 73) while ( 74) do while ( 75) for ( 77) ( 80) ( 81) ( 84) 3. 5 ( 85) goto ( 85) break ( 86) continue ( 88)

10 3. 6 ( 90) ( 90) ( 97) 3. 7 ( 105) ( 105) ( 106) ( 107) ( 108) ( 109) ( 109) ( 110) 3 ( 111) 4. 1 ( 116) ( 116) C ( 117) 4. 2 ( 118) ( 118) ( 121) ( 123) ( 126) 4. 3 ( 128) 4. 4 ( 133) 4. 5 ( 137) ( 138) ( 140) ( 144) 4. 6 C ( 147) ( 147) ( 148) ( 149) ( 150) ( 151) ( 156) 4 ( 157) 3

11 5. 1 ( 165) ( 165) ( 167) 5. 2 ( 174) ( 174) ( 176) 5. 3 ( 177) ( 178) ( 180) 5. 4 ( 181) 5. 5 ( 182) 5 ( 183) ( 188) ( 188) ( 190) ( 196) ( 197) ( 200) ( 207) ( 211) ( 219) 6. 2 ( 224) ( 224) ( 225) ( 227) ( 234) ( 237) 6. 3 ( 241) ( 241) ( 242) typedef ( 246) ( 247) ( 249)

12 ( 251) 6. 4 ( 254) ( 254) ( 255) 6. 5 ( 259) ( 259) ( 260) 6 ( 262) 7. 1 ( 265) ( 265) ( 266) 7. 2 ( 268) ( 268) ( 269) ( 270) ( 271) ( 271) ( 272) ( 273) 7. 3 ( 273) 7. 4 ( 277) ( 277) ( 279) 7 ( 280) ( 282) ( 282) ( 282) ( 284) 8. 2 ( 285) ( 285) ( 287) 8. 3 ( 287) ( 287)

13 ( 294) ( 296) ( 297) 8. 4 ( 301) ( 301) ( 303) 8. 5 ( 304) ferror ( 304) clearerr ( 305) 8 ( 305) ( 310) C ( 310) ( 314) ( 327) ( 332) 9. 2 ( 339) ( 339) ( 342) ( 344) ( 346) ( 348) ( 350) 9. 3 ( 352) ( 352) ( 354) 9. 4 ( 356) C ( 356) C ( 357) C ( 368) 9 ( 372)

14 ,,,,,,, 1 ),,,,,,

15 ,, :, ;, 2 ) 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3 ), Fortran C,, ; C + + Smalltalk,,, :,,,, ,,,

16 2 :,,,,, ,,,, :, ( Nikiklaus Wirth) : = +

17 , 3,, ;, ;,, ( ),,,,, 2 :,, ( ),, 3, ( ),, ; ;,, C,, C ;,, ),,,,

18 ,, : 1 ; 2 : 2 a b; 3 a > b, a b ;, b a ; 4 2 ) 5,, : sinx = x - x 3 3! + x5 5! - x 7 7! + x9 9! -,, (, 10-5 ),,,,, 5,, : 1 ; 2 0 n( n 0 ) ; 3 n + 1 n( n 1) ; 4 3 ; 5,,,, :,,, 0,, ; 5

19 ,,, 3 ) 6,,, 3, 3, 3 : ( ), :,,, 1. 2 ( ),, 1. 2, : ( ) 2, , :,,

20 ,,, ( ), A3 0 B A3 0 B,,,, 3 : N S ( ) 1 ), ( 1. 5 ), ( ),, ) N S N S Nassi Shneiderman2,,, N S N S

21 3 ) 8 N S,,,,,,,, 3 : ( 1) S1 S2 ( 2) If( ) then 1 Else 2 ( 3) Switch( ) 1: S1 2: S2 n: Sn ( 4) While( ) ( ) 5 ) Do ( ) While( ) 3,, ,,

22 1. 1 r h ( 1) :,, ( 2) : SF - 01 r h 3. 14* r* r* h / a b,, 2 ( 1) :, a b a* b < 0 ( 2) : SF a b If( a* b < 0 ) then Else S S ( a* b) 1 / 2 S ( a + b) / ( 1) : : ; 400 : 2, ( 2) : SF - 03 year If( ( year MOD 400 = 0) ( year MOD 4 = 0) ( year MOD 100 0) ) then Else year year : MOD ( ) x y z, ( 1) : x y x; y z, y > z y ; y < z z x ( 2) : SF

23 10 x y z 3 If( x < y) then x y If( y > z) then Else y If( x > z) then Else 1. 5 z x ( 1) : ( 1 7 ), ( 2) : SF - 05 w Switch ( w) w = 1: " Monday" w = 2: " Tuesday" w = 3: " Wednesday" w = 4: " Thursday" w = 5: : " Friday" w = 6: " Saturday" w = 7: " Sunday" 1. 6 n, n! ( 1) :, 1 : 1 n ; ( 2) : SF - 06 n k < - 0 p < - 1 While( k < n) k < - k + 1 p = p* k

24 n! p 1. 7,, ( 1) :, 2 : ; :, ; ; ; : 10 ( 10 ), ; ;, ( 2) : SF - 07 n s < - 0( 0) Do m < - n MOD 10 s < - s* 10 + m n < - n /10( n 10 n) While( n > 0 ) s 1. 8 : 5, 4, ,? ( 1) : x, y, z : x + y + z = x + 3y z = 100 x : 1 19 y : 1 33 z : z = x - y ( 2) : SF - 08

25 x < - 1 y < - 1 While( x < 19) While( y < 33) z = x - y If( 5* x + 3* y + z /3 = 100) then x y z y < - y + 1 x < - x , ; a 1 x + b 1 y = c 1 a 2 x + b 2 y = c , A( x 1, x 2,, x n ) n R n, A O( 0, 0,, 0), n 1. 5 A m n, , 36, 4, 3, 2 1,? 1. 7, : , : 1 ) 1000, ; 2 ) 2000, ; 3 ) 3000, ; 4 ) 5000, ; 1. 9 :, ( - 1 ),, 9

26 C 2. 1 C 13 C,,, ( ), C C, Martin Richards BCPL( Basic Combined Programming Language) 20 70, Ken Thompsom BCPL, B ( BCPL ) PDP-7 UNIX, PDP-11 UNIX, Dennis. M. Ritchie Vrian. W. Kernighan B, 1972 C ( BCPL ), 20 80, ( ANSI) C C, ANSI C ( 1989 ) C, C,,, C : C, C 32, 9

27 14,, C C, ( bit),, C, C, C,,, C C C : ( ),, C C, 34, + - * / ( &&) ( ) (! ), ( &) ( ) ( ) ( ^) ( < <, > > ), = - = * = / = C, C C, C, ( UNIX MS-DOS Windows ) C,,, C,, C Microsoft C Turbo C Borland C,, C ( ), C 2. 2 C C,

28 C C 2 C , / * * / / * main * / { float ave, x, y, z; /* * / scanf( % f, % f, % f, &x, &y, &z) ; /* scanf * / ave = ( x + y + z) /3; / * * / printf( % f, ave) ; / * printf * /, main, C, main; { 4 C ; scanf C, ; printf C, / * * / 2. 2, : main, myputc, myputc,,,, / * ex2-2. cpp * / #define SIZE 80 / * ( SIZE) ( SIZE) * / { void myputc( char ch) ; / * myputc * / char str[ SIZE] ; / * ( str) * / int j; / * ( j) * / gets( str) ; / * gets * / for( j = 0 ; str[ j]! = \0 ; j + + ) myputc( str[ j] ) ; / * myputc* / void myputc( char ch) / * myputc* / { char cc; cc = ( ch > = a && ch < = z )? ch + A - a : ch; putchar( cc) ; 15

29 16 main myputc, myputc C,,, C : : C ; C : ( ) C main( ) : C main( ),, ( include ), ;,, ;, : C,, \ C, C /, / ( : scanf( ) printf( ) getchar( ) putchar( ) ) / * * /,, C : C, C C,, ( ; ) C,, C ( ), C, C C,,, C : : (, ) : void myputc( char ch) : { ;

30 C ; C 3 : ( main( ) ) C,,, 2. 3 C C,,,,,,,, 17 1 ) C, C 91 : a, b, c,, z A, B, C,, Z 0, 1, 2, 3,, 9 _ ( ) * & %! < >., ; : /? { [ ] ^ : C 32 ( ),, C, C ( ) :

31 auto break case char const continue default do double else enum extern float for goto if int long register return short signed sizeof static struct switch typedef union unsigned void volatile while 18, C,, : define undef include ifdef ifndef endif line error elif pragma C,, ;, :, ( Turbo C 1 32 ) C,,, C, total TO- TAL ToTaL total C, ( ),, name / xm( ) sex/ xb( ) age /nl( ) salary /gz( ) : a b1 file_name _buf : 5 c int up. to file name. 2 ) C, C,,, C C

32 C C, 2. 1,,,, 3 ), C,, 2. 1 C, C 3 :,,,,, 2. 2 SIZE,,, C,,,, :, : [ ] [, 2 ] ; ;, float. radius, length, area ; : : ( int float char ) ; : 19

33 C 1 ) 20 ( 1) C, 3 : : 0 888, - 123, 0, : 0, 0777, : 0x, 0x123, 0xff ( 2) C : 4, int short long unsigned int C,,,, 2. 1 IBM-PC 2. 1 IBM-PC ( 16 ) int short int long int l unsigned int u char A : l L ; u : ; : int a, b; / * a, b * / long x, y; / * x, y * / unsigned c, d; / * c, d * / 2. 3 { int x;

34 C long y; unsigend z; x = 888; y = 0x7ffa; z = 65535; printf( % d, % ld, % u \ n, x, y, z) ; : 888, 32762, ) ( 1), C,, : : 3 : :, e E 3 : < > E( e) < > : : : : 1. 23e ; e E E - 4 ; e3 2. 1e3. 5. e3 e 4, , 7 ( 2) C, float double 6 7, 4, 8, , 8 : float double ; ; : float x, y; / * x, y * / 2. 4 double z; / * z * / { 21

35 float x1, x2; double y1, y2; x1 = ; x2 = ; y1 = ; y2 = ; printf( % f, % lf\ n, x1 + x2, y1 + y2) ; : , ,,, 3 ) 22 ( 1) C 2 :, a? A \,, ( \ ) ASCII ( ) ( ), : \ r \ n \ 123 \ x C 2. 2 C \0 NULL \ b \ n \r \ f \ t \ \ \ \ \0oo o \xhh h 1, ASCII,

36 C, ASCII ( 2) 1, 1 : char ; : char ch; / * ch * / : C, 2. 5 { int a; char b; a = 1; b = A ; printf( % c \n, b + a) ; : B ( 3) C,,, : Hello, World! a 1,, : abcd \ t123 \ n \ \ \ , : abcdefg abcdefg : + 1, ASCII, NULL, NULL ASCII 0, \ 0 CHINA : 23 C H I N A \ : a,, ; 1

37 , ( a \0 ) 2 4 ) 24 C,, ( ), : #define : #define PI #define EOF - 1 C,,, : ;,,, ; 5 ) C,, : [ ] [ = ] [, 2 [ = 2 ] ] ; : float radius = 2. 5, length = 6. 5, area ; int a = 3, b = 5; char c = a ;, c a ASCII 2. 5 : { int a = 1; char b = A ; printf( % c \n, b + a) ;

38 C , ( ),,,,,,,, C, C : ( + - * / % ) ; ( > > = < < = = =! = ) ; ( &&! ) ; ( = ) ; ( & ^ < < > > ) ; (? : ) ; (, ) ; ( * &) ; ( sizeof) ; ; 1 (. - > ) ; 12 ( [ ] ) ; 13 ( ) C C,,,,,, 25

39 C 15, ( ) [ ] - >. 2! * & sizeof 3 * / % < < > > 6 < < = > > = 7 = =! = 8 & 9 ^ && 12 13?: 14 = + = - = * = / = % = & = ^= = > > = < < = 15,,,, C,, 5 + x - 1, x + -,, x +, 5 + x, -, x = y = 5, y =,, y =, = x C :, + -

40 C, 5 : + - * / %, :, : 7 /5 = 1, - 7 /5 = - 1,, : 7% 5 = 2, - 7 % 5 = - 2, 7% - 5 = 2 C C, : a* b / c a, a + b % 6 :, ( ) * / % =, : x = 10 : 10 x ; y = x + 1 : x + 1, y ( ) : = : : a = 3 b = a c = b = a = 3 :,, ( ) C, : a = ( b = 5 ), b = 5, 5 a = ( b = 5) a = 5, a 5, { int m, n, k; m = ( n = 4) + ( k = 10-7) ;

41 printf( m = % d \n, m) ; : m = 7,,, : j, j = 5. 5 j 5; x, x = 5 x ;, 8 : num float, 2. 5, num = ( int) num, num? ) C, =,, : = : a X = b ( X + - * / % ) : = ( ) a = a X b : x + = 3 /* x = x + 3* / y* = x + 6 /* y = y* ( x + 6), y = y* x + 6 * / x % = y - 5 /* x = y% ( y - 5) * /,, C,, : + = - = * = / = % = < < = > > = & = ^= = 10, 5 : 2. 7 { + = - = * = / = % =

42 C int a = 3, b = 9, c = - 7; a + = b; c + = b; b + = ( a + c) ; printf( a = % d, b = % d, c = % d \ n, a, b, c) ; a + = b = c; printf( a = % d, b = % d, c = % d \ n, a, b, c) ; a = b = c; printf( a = % d, b = % d, c = % d \ n, a, b, c) ; : a = 12, b = 23, c = 2 2 ) a = 14, b = 2, c = 2 a = 2, b = 2, c = ,, 2 : ( , + + i - - i), ( , i + + i { int j = 10, k; printf( j = % d \ t, j) ; printf( j + + = % d \ n, j + + ) ; printf( j = % d \ t, j) ; printf( + + j = % d \ n, + + j) ; : j = 10 j + + = 10 j = j = 12 C, : - ), : i k, i = 3, 29

43 i = 3 k = ( i + + ) + ( i ++ ) + ( i + + ) k 9 i ++ : i, i 1 k = = 9 i = 3 k = ( + + i) + ( ++ i) + ( + + i) k i: 1, i 3 i 1, i 6 k = = 18 30, ( ), i j, ( i + + ) + j : C,,, ( i + + ) + ( i + + ) + ( i + + ), : { int m, n, i = 3, j = 3; m = i i i + + ; /* m < * / n = + + j + ( + + j) + ( + + j) ; /* n < * / printf( % d \n, m) ; /* : 9 * / printf( % d \n, n) ; /* : 18 * / { int i = 3, j = 3; printf( % d \n, i i i + + ) ; / * : * / printf( % d \n, + + j + ( + + j) + ( + + j) ) ; / * : * / C :, :

44 C 1, 2,, n, C, : int i, j; i = 3; j = ( + + i, i + +, i + +, + + i) ; i 7, j 7 { x = 1; y = ( 1, 2, 3, 4) ; z = ( z = 2, z* 5, z + 3 ) ; : x 1, y 4, z 5 a * a = 3 * 5, a * 4 = 60: a = 3 * 5, a = 15; 4 = 60, = 60 ( a = 3 * 5, a * 4), a + 5 = 20 : a = 3 * 5, a = 15; a * 4 = 60; a + 5 = 20, = 20 C,,,,, for, 2. 9 { int x, y, z; x = 1, 2, 3, 4; y = ( 1, 2, 3, 4) ; z = ( z = 2, z* 5, z + 3) ; printf( x = % d, y = % d, z = % d \ n, x, y, z) ; : x = 1, y = 4, z = sizeof sizeof C,, x, sizeof( x) sizeof( int) 2 sizeof,,, sizeof( double), sizeof( ) C, sizeof 2. 10

45 { printf( int: % d \ n, sizeof( int) ) ; printf( short: % d \ n, sizeof( short) ) ; printf( long: % d \ n, sizeof( long) ) ; printf( unsigned: % d \n, sizeof( unsigned) ) ; printf( unsigned short: % d \ n, sizeof( unsigned short) ) ; printf( unsigned long: % d \n, sizeof( unsigned long) ) ; printf( char: % d \ n, sizeof( char) ) ; printf( unsigned char: % d \ n, sizeof( unsigned char) ) ; printf( float: % d \n, sizeof( float) ) ; printf( double: % d \n, sizeof( double) ) ; C,,, C, : Char < int < unsigned < long < float < double char short, int ; float, double ;, { int a, b, c, d, e; float f;

46 C a = 3; b = 5; c = 2; d = a + + ; printf( a = % d, d = % d \n, a, d) ; a = 3; e = + + a; printf( a = % d, e = % d \ n, a, e) ; f = b / c; e = b% c; printf( f = % f, e = % d \ n, f, e) ; : a = 4, d = 3 a = 4, e = 4 f = , e = 1, C : , ( ), :,, { char c = a ; int j = 3, k; float x = 5. 0; k = ( x* j) + ( c + j) ; printf( % d, % f \n, k, ( x* j) + ( c + j) ) ; : 115,

47 C, ( ) : ( ) < > :, :, { int k = 5, n, m; float x = 1. 2; m = ( int) x* k; n = ( int) ( x* k) ; printf( x = % f, m = % d, n = % d \n, x, m, n) ; : x = 1. 2, m = 5, n = C C, 2 : C 5 1 ) C, C,, ;, : ; :

48 C x = y + z; / * ( ) * / y + z; / *,, * / i + + ; / * 1, i 1* / 3 : : : y = x + 1; ; = ; ; : ( ) ;,, : printf( Hello, World! \ n ) ;, ; ( ), : while( getchar( )! ; = \r ) : 35 2 ), C 9, 3 : : if switch : do while while for : break goto continue return 3 ) C {,, : { x = y + z; a = b + c; printf( % d% d, x, a) ; ;,

49 ,, : { char ch; ch = getchar( ) ; putchar( ch) ; C 7 36,,, C,,,, ( Nikiklaus Wirth) : + =,,,, ,,,,, ( ), 3 :, ;, ;,

50 C,,,, : ( 1),,,,,, ( ) ( 2),,, ;,,,,, ( 3),,, ( 4),,,,, ( 5),,,, : ;, ;,, ;, ; ( 6),, ;, 37

51 ,,,, ( 7),,, : ; ;, ; ; ; C 38, C, C,, Turbo C Turbo C ( 2. 4 ) : : DOS : C: \ TC > TC < CR > Windows : : < F3 > < F10 > File Load : < F10 > File New : C : < F2 > < F10 > File Save < CR > < CR > : < F9 > Compile /MakeEXEfile < CR > < F6 >, : < Ctrl - F9 > Run Run : < Alt - F5 > Run User Screen 2. 4 Turbo C : < Alt - X > < F10 > File Quit C S : Turbo C + + IDE

52 C ,, C, I / O I / O stdio. h, I / O, : #include stdio. h 4 : printf scanf getchar poutchar 1 ) printf printf, : printf(, ) ; : ( ) : 3,, %, : % [ ] [ ] [ ] [ * ] : :, printf 39 d o x u f e g c s ( ) ( O) ( Ox) % f% e

53 40 :, % 5d 5 m. n, m, 1, n, % 5. 2f 5, 2,, 0,, 0, printf( % 05d \ n, 88 ) ; : :, ;, : l( long), ; h ( short), * : * { int i = 5, j = 6; printf( % d, % 0 * d \ n, i, i, j) ; : 5, { char c; int a = 88 ; float b = ; c = b ; printf( % d, % 04d, % - 04d, % x, % c \n, a, a, a, a, a) ; printf( % c, % d \ n, c, c) ; printf( % f, % 6. 3f \n, b, b) ; printf( % s \ n, abcdefghijk ) ; printf( % s\ n, abcdefghijk ) ; : 88, 0088, 88, 58, X

54 C b, , abcdefghijk abcd 7 a, % 04 d 4, a 88 0 % - 04d 4,, a 88 % x a, % c a, a 88, ASCII 88 X 8 c, % d c, b ASCII 9 b, % 6. 3d b, 3, b , 2, 0 11 % s\ n abcdefghijk, 4, { printf( 10 : 60 = > 8 : % o \ n, 60) ; / * * / printf( 8 : 074 = > 10 : % d \ n, 074 ) ; / * * / printf( : % d \ n, 622) ; /* 10 * / printf( : % d \ n, - 622) ; /* 10 * / printf( 10 : 116 = > 16 : % x \n, 116) ; / * * / printf( 16 : 0X74 = > 10 : % d \ n, 0X74) ; / * 16 0x * / : 10 : 60 = > 8 : 74 8 : 074 = > 10 : 60 : 622 : : 116 = > 16 : : 0X74 = > 10 : ) scanf scnaf : scanf(, ) ;

55 42 : ( ) : 2,, &, x, &x x : %, % [ * ] [ ] [ ] : :, : l( long), ; h( short), * :, : scanf( % 4d% * 3d% f, &j, &p ) ; , j = 1234, p = 8. 9 :, scanf d o x u f e c s ( ), 2 : 1, ; 2, scanf : scanf, ( ) :

56 C scanf( % 5d, &a) ; a, scanf( % 4d% 4d, &a, &b) ; : a, 5678 b scanf,,, TAB C, TAB, : scanf( % d, &a) ; : 12A a scanf( % d% d% d, &a, &b, &c) ;, Tab a = 5, b = 6, c = 7, : TAB 6 TAB 7,, : c scanf( % c% c% c, &a, &b, &c) ; : pqr p a, b, q : scanf( % d, % d, % d, &a, &b, &c) ;,, : 5, 6, 7 = 7 scanf( a = % d, b = % d, c = % d, &a, &b, &c ) ; a = 5, b = 6, c,, % *, : scanf( % d, % * d, % d, &a, &b) ; : 1, 2, 3, 1 a, 2, 3 b, : ( Tab) ; ; scanf,, { int a, b, c; printf( % d \n, scanf( % 3d - % 2d - % 4 d, &a, &b, &c) ) ; printf( a = % d, b = % d, c = % d \ n, a, b, c) ; 43

57 , ,, : 3 a = 123, b = 45, c = , 2, : 2 a = 12, b = 34, c = xx( ) 3 ) getchar putchar 44 / getchar ; putchar putchar : putchar( ) : ( ) : : putchar( A ) ; A putchar( x) ; x putchar( \ n ) ;,, : getchar : getchar( ) :,, : char ch; ch = getchar( ) ; getchar( ), : getchar,, / stdio. h I / O : stdin stdout stderr, I / O { putchar( ) char ch1 = N, ch2 = E, ch3 = W ; putchar( ch1) ; / * ch1 * / putchar( ch2) ; putchar( ch3) ; putchar( \ n ) ; / * * /

58 C putchar( ch1) ; putchar( \n ) ; / * ch1, * / putchar( E ) ; putchar( \ n ) ; / * E, * / putchar( ch3) ; putchar( \n ) ; : NEW { char c1, c2; int b; c1 = A ; N E W printf( Please input two character: ) ; c2 = getchar( ) ; / * 1 c2* / b = 65 ; putchar( A ) ; putchar( \101 ) ; putchar( c1) ; putchar( b) ; putchar( c2) ; : Please input two character: : b : AAAAb , :,,,,, 3 C ( ) / ;

59 46, : ( ),, :,, ; ; ; ( ) H, F,? ( 1) :, ( 2) :, X, Y, :, : X + Y = H 2X + 4Y = F X = 4H - F, Y = F - 2H 2 2 ( 3) :,,,, : ( ) : ( ) : ; ; ( ) : : ; ( 4) ( 2. 5 ),,,, : : : h, f input: h, f output: x, y 2. 5

60 C x < - ( 4* h - f) /2 y < - ( f - 2* h) /2 : x, y :, x = ( 4* h - f) /2 x = ( 4 * f - h) /2,,,,,,, ( 5) : { int h, f, x, y; printf( Enter Number of Heads and Feet: h, f\ n ) ; scanf( % d, % d, &h, &f) ; x = ( 4* h - f) /2; y = ( f - 2* h) /2; printf( Head = % d, Feet = % d \ n, h, f) ; printf( Cock = % d, Rabbit = % d \ n, x, y) ; ( 6) ( ) ( 7) ( ),,,, h f,, 2. 21, ( 1) :, : ( 2) ( ) : : input: ( length), ( width) output: ( girth), ( area) : length, width girth < - ( length + width) * 2 area < - length * width = 2 ( + ) = 47

61 48 : girth, area ( 3) : { float length, width, girth, area; / * * / printf( Enter the length and width: ) ; scanf( % f, % f, &length, &width) ; / * * / girth = ( length + width) * 2; / * * / area = length* width; / * * / printf( Girth = % f\n, girth) ; / * * / printf( Area = % f\ n, area) ; / * * / : Enter the length and width: 1. 2, Girth = Area = , ASCII, ASCII ( 1) : a ASCII = 97, A ASCII = 65, a - A 32;, ASCII = 32 ( : a - A ) ( 2) ( ) ( ) ( 3) : { char c1, c2; printf( Input a lowercase letter: ) ; c1 = getchar( ) ; putchar( c1) ; printf(, % d \ n, c1) ; c2 = c1-32; /* : c2 = c1 - ( a - A ) * / printf( % c, % d \ n, c2, c2) ; : Input a lowercase letter: a a, 97 A, 65

62 C ( 1) ( A) abc ( B) abc ( C) abc ( 2) C, ( D) a ( A) 0 L ( B) ( C) ( D) e12 ( 3) int a = 3 ;, a + = a - = a * a;, a ( A) 3 ( B) 0 ( C) 9 ( D) - 12 ( 4), ( a = 2, b = 5, b + +, a + b ) ( A) 7 ( B) 8 ( C) 6 ( D) 2 ( 5) : int k, a, b; unsigned long w = 5; double x = 1. 42; C ( A) x% ( - 3) ( B) w + = - 2 ( C) k = ( a = 2, b = 3, a + b) ( D) a + = a - = ( b = 4) * ( a = 3) ( 6) 18 /4* sqrt( 4. 0) /8 : ( A) int ( B) float ( C) double ( D) ( 7) int x, y; double z;, scanf ( A) scanf( % d% lx, % le, &x, &y, &z) ;( B) scanf( % 2d * % d% lf &x, &y, &z ) ; ( C) scanf( % x % * d% o, &x, &y) ; ( D) scanf( % x% o% 6. 2f, &x, &y, &z) ; ( 8), a1, a2, c1, c2 10, 20, A, B,, int a1, a2; char c1, c2; scanf( % d% d, &a1, &a2) ; scanf( % c% c, &c1, &c2) ; ( < > ) ( A) 1020AB ( B) AB ( C) AB ( D) AB ( 9) C, sizeof( float) ( A) sizeof ( B) ( C) ( D) 49

63 ( 1)?? ( 2) C,?? ( 3) C,? 2. 3, ( 1) # include < stdio. h > { / * * / int a = 5 ; char c = a ; float f = 5. 3; double m = ; double result; / * * / printf( a + c = % d \ n, a + c) ; printf( a + c = % c \ n, a + c) ; printf( f + m = % f\ n, f + m) ; / * * / printf( a + m = % f \n, a + m) ; printf( c + f = % f\ n, c + f) ; / *, * / result = a + c * ( f + m) ; printf( double = % f\ n, result) ; ( 2) { int a = 5, b = 7; float x = , y = ; char c = A ; long n = ; unsigned u = ; printf( % d% d \ n, a, b) ; printf( % 3d% 3d \n, a, b) ; printf( % f, % f \n, x, y) ;

64 C printf( % - 10f, % - 10f\ n, x, y) ; printf( % 8. 2 f, % 8. 2f, % 4f, % 4f, % 3f, % 3f\ n, x, y, x, y, x, y) ; printf( % e, % 10. 2e \ n, x, y) ; printf( % c, % d, % o, % x\ n, c, c, c, c) ; printf( % ld, % lo, % x \ n, n, n, n) ; printf( % u, % o, % x, % d \ n, u, u, u, u) ; printf( % s, % 5. 3s \ n, COMPUTER, COMPUTER ) ; ( 3) # include < stdio. h > { int i, j, k; int m, n, p; i = 8; j = 10 ; k = 12; / * * / m = + + i; printf( i = % d \ n, i) ; printf( m = % d \ n, m) ; / * * / n = j - - ; printf( j = % d \ n, j) ; printf( n = % d \ n, n) ; / * * / p = ( + + m) * ( n + + ) + ( - - k) ; printf( k = % d \ n, k) ; printf( p = % d \ n, p) ; ( 4) { 2. 4 int x = 0, y = - 1, z = - 1; x + = - z y; printf( % d, % d, % d \n, x, y, z) ; 51

65 ( 1) r = 1. 5, h = 3, scanf,,, ( 2) ASCII ( 3) 30, 90, 52

66 C 3. 1 C 53, C C,,, 3 3 :,, 3. 1,,,,,,

67 C , 2 C 6, 3. 1 : 3. 1 < < = > > = ==! = ( ) ( ) 6, 4 ( < < = > > = ), 2 ( ==! = ), 2 2 ( ) : 1 2 : a + b > c - d, x > 3 /2, a + 1 < c, - i - 5 * j == k + 1, ( a > b) > ( b < c )

68 C C,, 1, 0, ; : a = 3, b = 2, c = 1, : a > b, 1 ( a > b) == c ( a > b 1, c ), 1 b + c < a, 0 : : d = a > b, f = a > b > c, : d 1 f 0 ( a > b 1, c, f = 0) : num1 = 3, num2 = 4, num3 = 5, : num1 > num2 = 0 ( num1 > num2)! = num3 = 1 num1 < num2 < num3 = 1 ( num1 < num2) + num3 = 6, num1 < num2 = 1, = 6 : C 1, 0,,, 3. 1 / * ex3-1. cpp * / { int x = 1, y = 2, z; z = 5-1 > = x + 2 < = y + 3; /* * / printf( z = % d \n, z) ; : z = , x > = 0 x > = 0 x < 10, C 3, ! ( ) && ( ) ( )

69 56 : &&,,,!,,,!, &&, :! ( ) &&( ) ( ) : ( a > b) && ( b > c ) b > d : ( ( a > b) && ( b > c) ) b > d, : b a c, b d :! && 2 ( ) : 1 2, : ( x > = 0) && ( x < 10) ( x < 1) ( x > 5 )! ( x == 0) ( year% 4 == 0) &&( year% 100! : x 0 x < 10 : x < 1 x > 5 : x 0 100, year 400! ( b == c) d < a a + b > c && x + y < b = 0) ( year% 400 == 0) : year 4 : b c a > d : a + b > c x + y < b 2, &&( ) ( ) 5 > 0 && 4 > 2 2, 5 > 0, 4 > 2,, 2, 5 > 0 5 > 8, 2 5 > 0,,! ( ), ;,! ( 5 > 0) C, 1, 0,, 0, 0 : 5 3 0, 5&&3, 1

70 C : 5 0, 1 : num = 12,! num 0; num > = 1 && num < = 31 1; num num > 31 1 C, 2 :,, :,, :,, ;,, : a && b && c, a, b ; a b, c a, b c,, a b c, a, b c, a, b ; a b, c, / * ex3-2. cpp * / { int a, b, c, d, j, k; a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 4, j = k = 1 ; ( j = a > b) &&( k = c > d) ; / * * / printf( j = % d, k = % d \ n, j, k) ;

71 58 : j = 0, k = 1 : ( j = a > b), j 0, ( j = a > b) &&( k = c > d) 0 ;, ( k = c > d), k { int a, b, c, d; / * * / a = 1; b = 2; c = 0; / * * / d = a + b > c; / * * / printf( " % d \n", d) ; d = a + b < c; / * * / printf( " % d \n", d) ; d = a + c == b; / * * / printf( " % d \n", d) ; d = a ++ &&b ++++ &&c ++ ; / * * / printf( " a = % d, b = % d, c = % d, d = % d \ n", a, b, c, d) ; d = a ++ b ++ &&c ++ ; / * * / printf( " a = % d, b = % d, c = % d, d = % d \ n", a, b, c, d) ; : a = 2, b = 3, c = 1, d = 0 a = 3, b = 3, c = 1, d = ,,

72 C ( ), :, C C, 2 : if switch, if if 3 : if else if if else if else ( 1) if ( if-else ) : if( ) 1; else 2; :, ( 0 ), 1, if ;, 2, if 3. 4 : if ( ) 3. 4,,, 1 2, else ( ) if, if, 3. 4 a, a ( a 0) ( 1) : a - a ( a < 0) ( 2) ( ) : 59

73 60 a if( a > 0) then b = a else b b = - a ( 3) C : { float a, b; scanf( " % f", &a) ; if( a > = 0) else b = a; b = - a; printf( " The absolute value of % f is % f \n", a, b) ;,, 1 2, 3. 5,,, ( 1) :, a b c, : ( : a + b > c a + c > b b + c > a ) : ( ) : a, b, c if ( ) then else s = ( a + b + c) /2; s = ( a + b + c) /2 area = s( s - a ) ( s - b) ( s - c) area = sqrt( s* ( s - a) * ( s - b) * ( s - c) ) ; : area : " error" ( 3) C :

74 C #include < math. h > { float a, b, c, s, area; scanf( " % f, % f, % f", &a, &b, &c) ; if( a + b > c && a + c > b && b + c > a) { s = ( a + b + c) /2; area = sqrt( s* ( s - a) * ( s - b) * ( s - c) ) ; printf( " % f\ n", area) ; else printf( " data error \n" ) ;, ; 1 ; ( sqrt),, math. h, #include < math. h >, main if, C, if : 3 x, y, z, 2 x, y, max ; z max, max ;, max 3 ( 2) ( ) : : x, y, z if( x > y) then max = x else max = y if( z > max) then max = z : max ( 3) C : / * ex3-6. c* / { int num1, num2, num3, max; 61

75 62 printf( " Please input three numbers: " ) ; scanf( " % d, % d, % d", &num1, &num2, &num3) ; if ( num1 > num2 ) max = num1 ; else max = num2 ; if ( num3 > max) max = num3 ; printf( " The three numbers are: % d, % d, % d \ n", num1, num2, num3) ; printf( " max = % d \n", max) ; 1 if, else : max = num1; if( num2 > max) max = num2; : max( ), max, max, max,, max 3 3 ( 2) if ( if ) : if( ) ; :, ( 0),, if ; ( 0), if : if ( ),,,,

76 C if else else 3. 7, ( if ) { float a; 3. 8 scanf( " % f", &a) ; if( a < 0) a = - a; printf( " % f\ n", a) ;,, ( 1) ( ) : : x if( x 2 ) then x, : x ( 2) C : / * ex3-8. cpp * / { int x; printf( " input: x \n" ) ; / *, * / scanf( " % d", &x) ; if( x% 2) / * : x 2, 0* / printf( % d is odd number. \ n, x) ; ( 3) if ( if else ) if if, if : 63, if

77 : 1,, 2,, 1; 2 2 ; 1, 3,, 3; 4, : C,, : if else if ; if if ( else ) if, else if : else if : if ( 1) if ( 2 ) 1 else if ( 3 ) 2 else 3 else if,, else if,,?,,,, ( if else, ), if ( 1) { if ( 2 ) 1

78 C else if ( 3 ) 2 else 3,, : if, { 3. 9 : { int x, y; y = scanf( " % d", &x) ; if ( x < 1) y = x; if ( x > = 1 && x < 10) y = 2* x - 1; if ( x > = 10) y = 3* x - 11; printf ( " % d, % d", x, y) ; x ( x < 1) 2x - 1 ( 1 < x < 10) 3x - 11 ( x 0), ( 1) : ; 400 ( 2) : : year if( ( year 4 ) ( year 100 ) ( year 400 ) ) else leap = 1 leap = 0 if ( leap = 1) else ( year, ) ( year, ) 65

79 66 ( 3) C : { int year, leap; scanf( " % d", &year) ; if( ( year% 4 == 0) &&( year% 100! = 0) ( year% 400 == 0 ) ) leap = 1; else leap = 0; if ( leap) printf( " % d is a leap year \ n", year) ; else printf( " % d is not a leap year \n", year) ; :, ( 4) elseif ( if elseif else ) if else, else if, if else ( : if elseif else ) : if( 1) 1 else if ( 2) 2 else if ( 3) 3 else if ( m) m else m + 1 : 1,, 1; 2 :,, 2; 3,, 3; m,, m, m , 2 ; 2

80 C 3. 7, 3, else, 1, 0( ),, ; 0 ( ), m + 1, else m , 5% ; 100, 7. 5% ; 300, 10% ; 500, 15% ; 50, 0? { float total, con; scanf( " % f", &total) ; if ( number > 500) con = ; else if ( number > 300) con = ; else if ( number > 100) con = ; else if ( number > 50) con = ; else con = 0; printf( " % f", total - total* con) ; , 67

81 68 { long num, place; printf( " ( ) : " ) ; scanf( " % ld", &num) ; if( num > 9999 ) place = 5; else if( num > 999) place = 4; else if( num > 99) place = 3; else if( num > 9 ) else place = 2; place = 1; printf( % ld % d! : \ n, num, place) ; { int x, sign; sign( x) = printf( Please input a number \ n ) ; scanf( % d, &x) ; if( x > 0) sign = 1; else if( x = = 0) else sign = 0; sign = - 1; printf( The sign is % d \ n, sign) ; 2 ) - 1 ( x < 0) 0 ( x = 0) 1 ( x > 0) if, 2 :

82 C ( ), ; C if?:, C, 3 : 1? 2: 3 : 1, 1 0 ( ),, if : 2 ; 1 0 ( ), 3 if( x < y) else max = y; max = x; if :, : max = ( x < y)? y: x,, max = ( a > b)? a: b max = a > b? a: b? :, : a > b? a: c > d? c: d a > b? a: ( c > d? c: d),, { float a, b, sum; a + b printf( " Input 2 reals: " ) ; scanf( " % f, % f", &a, &b) ; sum = b > 0. 0? a + b: a - b; printf( a + b = % f\ n, sum) ;,, ;, { char ch; printf( " Input a character: " ) ; 69

83 scanf( " % c", &ch) ; ch = ( ch > = A && ch < = Z )? ( ch + 32) : ch; printf( " ch = % c \ n", ch) ;, if 3 ) switch case ( ) 70 if, if,,,, C switch, switch : switch( ) { case 1 : 1; [ break; ] case 2 : 2 ; [ break; ] case n: n; [ break; ] default: n + 1 :,, case, ; break, :, number, number 2, statement2,, break, switch, statement5, :, number, number 2, statement2,, break, statement3,, break, statement4,, switch, statement5

84 C :,, ( case ) case, ; case2: case 2: break default case break, case,, { case : case A : case B : case C : printf( " > 60 \ n" ) ; break; A B C3, default, ; default, default, default break switch : case switch { int x = 1, y = 0, a = 0, b = 0 ; switch( x) { case 1: switch( y) { case 0: a ++ ; break; case 1: b ++ ; break; 71

85 72 case 2: a ++ ; b ++ ; break; case 3: a ++ ; b ++ ; printf( " a = % d, b = % d \n", a, b) ;, { char grade; printf( " input the grade: " ) ; scanf( " % c", &grade) ; switch( grade) { case A : printf( " \ n" ) ; case case break; B : printf( " \ n" ) ; break; C : printf( " \ n" ) ; break; case D : printf( " < 60 \ n" ) ; break; default: printf( " error \ n" ) ; { char grade; 60 printf( " Input the grade: " ) ; scanf( " % c", &grade) ; switch( grade) { case A : case B : case case C : printf( " > = 60 \ n" ) ; break; D : printf( " < 60 \ n" ) ; break;

86 C { char c; default: printf( " error \n" ) ;, ;, int i = 0; c = getchar( ) ; switch( c) { case 9 : i ++ ; case 8 : i ++ ; case 7 : i ++ ; case 6 : i ++ ; case 5 : i ++ ; case 4 : i ++ ; case 3 : i ++ ; case 2 : i ++ ; case 1 : i ++ ; case 0 : printf( " It is a digiter % d. \ n", i) ; break; case : printf( " It is a space. \n" ) ; break; default: printf( " It is other character. \n" ) ;, { int year, month, days; printf( " input year, month =? \ n" ) ; scanf( " % d, % d", &year, &month) ; switch( month) { case 1: case 3: case 5: case 7: case 8: 73

87 74 case 10: case 12: days = 31; break; case 4: case 6: case 9: case 11: days = 30; break; case 2: if( ( year% 4 == 0 ) &&( year% 100! = 0) ( year% 400 == 0) ) days = 29; else days = 28; break; default: printf( " month is error \ n" ) ; printf( " year = % d, month = % d, days = % d \n", year, month, days) ; ,,, ;, 3, C, 3, : while do while for while while while, :

88 C, while : while( ) :, 0 ( ), ;, 0 ( ),, 0 ( ),, ; 3. 8 while : 3. 8 while while, 0,, C while n n = 1 ( 1) : sum, 0, sum + = n ( n 1, 2, 100), 3 : n 1 ; 1 sum + = n, n 1 ; n 101,, sum ( 2) : sum n, 0; n < = 100,, ; sum + n sum, n + 1 n; ; sum. ( 3) : sum 0, n 1 While( i < n) Sum sum + i n n + 1 : sum

89 76 ( 4) C : { int n = 1, sum = 0; while( n < = 100) { sum + = n; / * sum = sum + n; * / n ++ ; printf( sum = % d \ n, sum) ; { char ch; 26 ch = Z ; while( ch > = A ) { putchar( ch) ; ch - - ; / *, * / printf( " \n" ) ; do while do while while,, : do while( ) ; :, 0( ), ;, ; 0( ),, 0( ),, ; 3. 9 do while : do while,,

90 C, { C, while( ) 3. 9 donwhile { int n, sum; n = 1, sum = 0; do { sum + = n; n ++ ; while ( n < = 100) ; do while n n = 1 ( 1) : ( ) ( 2) C : printf( sum = % d \ n, sum) ; ( 1) :, ( 10 ), ;, ; ( 2) : : n While ( n 0) r < - ( n /10 ) ( : n 10, ) : r( ) n < - ( n /10) ( : n 10, ) ( 3) C : { int i, r; printf( " Input an integer \n" ) ; sanf( " % d", &i) ; do { r = i % 10; 77

91 printf( " % d", r) ; while ( ( i / = 10)! = 0 ) ; printf( " \n" ) ; for 78 for C for,, for for : for( 1; 2; 3 ) for 3 ; ; : ; ; 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( ) : 3. 9, 0,, ;,,, ; for for : :,, 0 1, 3 ; 2,,, 2, 3, : for ( sum = 0; i < = 100; i ++ ) sum + = i; for ( sum = 0, i = 1 ; i < = 100 ; i ++ ) sum + = i; for ( i = 0, j = 100; i < = j; i ++, j - - ) k = i + j;, C for

92 C, ; for, for C, , : a. 1 3,, while : for( ; i < = 100; ) { sum = sum + i; i ++ ; : while( i < = 100) { sum = sum + i; i ++ ; b. 3, 2 ;, for ( i = 1; i < = 100; ) { sum = sum + i; i ++ ; c. 2,,, break, goto, exit( ), return ;, : for ( i = 1; ; i ++ ) sum = sum + i; : while ( 1 ) { sum = sum + i; i ++ ; for while do while, for while : 1; while ( 2 ) { 3; for : for : x 0 = < x < N, N, N ; for ( int x = 0; x < N; x ++ ) { x 0 = < x < = N - 1, N - 1, N ; for ( int x = 0; x < = N - 1; x ++ ) {,, for n n = 1 ( 1) : ( ) ( 2) C : { int n, sum = 0; 79

93 80 for( n = 1; n < = 100; n ++ ) sum + = n; printf( sum = % d \ n, sum) ; n n! ( n! = n) ( 1) : fact, 1, fact = fact* fact 1; 1 fact = fact* i ( i 1, 2,, n), 3 : i, i 1; i n,, fact n! ( 2) 5 : fact n i; i = 1, fact = 1; i < = n,, ; fact* ; fact i fact, i + 1 i; ( 3) : : n fact 1, i 1 While( i < = n) fact fact* i : fact ( 4) C : { int i, n; long fact = 1; / * fact 1* / printf( Input n: ) ; scanf( % d, &n) ; for( i = 1 ; i < = n; i ++ ) fact * = i; / * * / printf( " % d! = % ld \ n", n, fact) ; 2, ( 1) : 1, m, 2 m - 1 m, m, m, m, m

94 C ( 2) : : num( : num > 2) flag 0 ( num ), i 2 while( i < = num - 1) if( num i ) flag = 1( num ) ; if( flag = 0) : num, " " else : num, " " ( 3) C : #include < math. h > { int m, i, flag; flag = 0; scanf( " % d", &m) ; for( i = 2 ; i < m - 1; i ++ ) if( m % i == 0) flag = 1; if( flag == 0) printf( " % d is a prime. ", m) ; else printf( " % d is not a prime. ", m) ; while do while for 3,, 3 : 3 ( while do while for), while do while, while ;, ( ) for 3, 3 for, while

95 , for while do while, while do while for 1 while for,, ; do while,, ,,,, ;, ( ) C 3 do while while for : while while for for do while do while while for :, : ;, 3. 27

96 C A BB CCC DDDD EEEEE ( 1) : 5, ; A, B C D E ( ASCII : A + i 64 + i) ;, ( 2) : i 1 j 1 : ch A While( i < = 5) While( j < = i) i i + 1 : ch j j + 1 ch < - ch + 1 ( 3) C : { int i, j; char ch; ch = A ; for( i = 0 ; i < 5; i ++ ) { for( j = 0 ; j < = i; j ++ ) printf( " % c", ch) ; + 1; * / printf( " \n" ) ; ch = ch + 1; { int i, j; printf( " * " ) ; /* printf( " % c", ch + i) ; ch = ch 83

97 84 for( i = 1 ; i < = 9; i ++ ) / * * / printf( " % 4d", i) ; printf( " \n" ) ; for( i = 1 ; i < = 9; i ++ ) / * * / { printf( " % 4d", i) ; / * * / : for( j = 1 ; j < = i; j ++ ) / * * / printf( " % 4d", i* j) ; / * * / printf( " \n" ) ; / * * / * a b, a b :, 1, 2 : n, 2 n /2 n,, n n, 2 n n,, n ( 2) : n, for n :, 2 ( n - 1 ) n,,, 0 ( 3) ( ) : : : a, b num a

98 C while( num < = b) k num i 2 while( i < = k) if( num i ) num, num; else : num ; num; i i + 1 num num + 2 ( 4) C : #include < math. h > { int a, b, num, i, k; scanf( " % d, % d", &a, &b) ; for( num = a; num < = b; num ++ ) { k = sqrt( num) ; for( i = 2 ; i < = k; i ++ ) if( num% i == 0) break; if( i > k) / * break : i < k * / printf( " % d is a primenumber. \ n", num) ; C, for, while, do while,,,, CPU, ( b) ( a)

99 for ( row = 0; row < 100; row ++ ) { for ( col = 0; col < 5; col ++ ) { sum = sum + row* col; ( a) : for ( col = 0; col < 5; col ++ ) { for ( row = 0; row < 100; row ++ ) { sum = sum + row* col; ( b) :,, ( c) ( d) N - 1,,, N, ( d), N,, ( c), 86 for ( i = 0; i < N; i ++ ) { if ( condition) DoSomething( ) ; else DoOtherthing( ) ; ( c) if ( condition) { for ( i = 0; i < N; i ++ ) DoSomething( ) ; else { for ( i = 0; i < N; i ++ ) DoOtherthing( ) ; ( d) goto goto, : goto ; goto : :

100 C,, goto, goto if,, : for( ) { if c then goto L; L:, goto, goto,, goto,, goto, goto,,, goto, : goto state; float s1, s2; / / goto int sum = 0; / / goto state:, goto goto,,, goto goto,,, break ; : { for { for { for if( disaster) goto error; error:,, goto,, goto if, goto 87

101 1 100 : { int k = 1, sum = 0; loop: if( k < = 100) sum + = k; k ++ ; goto loop; printf( % d \n, sum) ; C, goto break 88 break break break : break; : switch : switch ; " break " switch while for do while break break C : { int i; for( i = 1 ; i < = 100 ; i ++ )

102 C { printf( " % d ", i) ; if( i > 9) printf( " \n" ) ; break; ( 1) : : 1 100, 13, j 100, ;, 13 ; 13, 13 ;, ( 2) ( ) ( 3) C : { int j; for( j = 100; j > = 0 ; j - - ) / * j 100, * / if( j% 13 == 0 ) / * 13 * / break; / * 13, * / printf( % d \n, j) ; continue continue, : continue; : :, : continue, while for do while continue n : ( 1) : sum = n, ( 10 ), ;, ;

103 90 ( 2) : LIMIT 10 n 1, sum 0 while( sum < LIMIT) an 1 /n sum sum + an n < n + 2 : n ( 3) C : #define LIMIT 10 { int n = 1; float sum = 0. 0; for( ; ; ) { sum = sum / n; if( sum > LIMIT) break; n ++ ; printf( " n = % d \ n", n) ; ( 1) : : 1 100, 7 : j 1, ;, 7 7,, ;,, ; j > 100, ( 2) : num 1 while( num < = 100)

104 C if( num 7 ) else, num;, num; num num + 1 ( 3) C : { int num; for( num = 1; num < = 100; num ++ ) { if( num% 7 == 0) continue; / * 7,, * / printf( % d \ n, num) ; , ( 1) : 3 x, y, z, x, y, x, y, x z, x, z ; y z, y ; z ;, 3 : x < y < z ( 2) ( ) : : input: x, y, z output: x, y, z( x < y < z) : x, y, z : x, y, z if( x > y) then x y

105 92 if( x > z) then x z if( y > z) then y z : x, y, z ( 3) C : { int x, y, z, temp; printf( Input x, y, z \ n" ; scanf( % d, % d, % d, &x, &y, &z) ; printf( % d, % d, % d \ n, x, y, z) ; if( x > y) if( x > z) emp = x, x = y, y = temp; temp = x, x = z, z = temp; if( y > z) temp = y, y = z, z = temp; printf( x < y < z: % d, % d, % d \ n, x, y, z) ; a x 2 + bx + c = 0 ( 1) :, : a b 2 b 2 b 2 = 0, - 4a c = 0, 2-4a c > 0, 2-4a c < 0, 2 ( 2) ( ) : : input: a, b, c temp: d( d = b 2 output: x1, x2 : a, b, c if( a = 0) then d < b 2 : " " - 4ac if( d = 0) then - 4ac), p, q x1, x2 < - b / ( 2* a)

106 C : " x1 = x2 = : ", x1 if( d > 0) then x1 < ( - b + sqrt( d) ) /( 2 * a) ; x2 < ( - b - sqrt( d) ) /( 2 * a) ; : " x1", x1, " x2 = ", x2 if( d < 0) then p < - b / ( 2* a) q < qrt( - d) /( 2* a) : " : ", x1, x2 ( 3) C : #include < math. h > { float a, b, c, d, x1, x2, p, q; printf( " a, b, c =?" ) ; scanf( " % f, % f, % f", &a, &b, &c) ; / * * / printf( " The equation" ) ; if ( fabs( a) < = 1e - 6) / * a = 0 * / printf( " is not quadratic" ) ; else { d = b* b - 4* a* c; /* * / if( fabs( d) < 1e - 6 ) /* = 0 * / printf( " has two equal roots: % 8. 4f\ n", - b / ( 2* a) ) ; else if( d > 1 e - 6) /* > 0 * / { x1 = ( - b + sqrt( d) ) / ( 2* a) ; x2 = ( - b - sqrt( d) ) / ( 2* a) ; printf( " has distinct real roots: % 8. 4 f and 8. 4f\ n", x1, x2) ; else /* < 0 * / { p = - b / ( 2* a) ; q = sqrt( - d) / ( 2* a) ; printf( " has complex roots: \n" ) ; printf( " % 8. 4f + % 8. 4fi \ n", p, q) ; printf( " % 8. 4f - % 8. 4fi \ n", p, q) ; 93

107 , profit( ) ( : ) : profit ; 1000 < profit % ; 2000 < profit % ; 5000 < profit % ; < profit 25% ( 1) : switch, profit, ( 1 000, 2 000, ), profit 1 000, : profit , < profit , < profit , 3, 4, < profit , 6, 7, 8, 9, < profit 10, 11, 12 ( 2), : profit 1 ( ), 1000 : profit < profit < profit , 3, < profit , 6, 7, 8, < profit 10, 11, 12 ( 2) ( ) : ( ) ( 3) C : { long profit; int grade; float salary = 500; /* * / printf( " Input profit: " ) ; scanf( " % ld", &profit) ; /* profit* / grade = ( profit - 1 ) / ; / * , switch case * / switch ( grade) { case 0: break; /* profit 1000 * / case 1: salary + = profit* 0. 1; break; /* 1000 < profit 2000 * / case 2:

108 C case 3: case 4: salary + = profit* 0. 15; case 5: case 6: case 7: case 8: break; /* 2000 < profit * / case 9: salary + = profit* 0. 2; break; /* 5000 < profit * / default: salary + = profit* 0. 25; /* < profit * / printf( " salary = %. 2f \n", salary) ; 2, ( + - * / ), ;, ( 1) :,, if - else if, switch switch, switch, ( 2) ( ) : ( ) ( 3) C : { int a, b, d; char c; printf( " Enter Two Numbers: " ) ; scanf( " % d, % d", &a, &b) ; printf( " Enter Operator( +, -, *, / ) : " ) ; scanf( " % c", &c) ; switch ( c) { case + : d = a + b; printf( " % d + % d = % d \ n", a, b, d) ; break; case - : d = a - b; printf( " % d - % d = % d \ n", a, b, d) ; break; case * : d = a* b; printf( " % d* % d = % d \ n", a, b, d) ; break; 95

109 case / : if( b == 0) printf( " Divisor is zero\ n" ) ; else { d = a / b; break; printf( " % d /% d = % d \n", a, b, d) ; default: printf( " Input Operator error! \n" ) ;, 1 ( 1) : n: 1 200, n, m* m == n ( : 1 < m < sqr( n) ),,, n ;,, n ; n > 100, ( 2) : n 1 while( n < = 200) m 1 while( m < sqr( n) ) if( m* m = n) else m < m + 1 n < - n + 1 ( 3) C : #include < math. h > void main ( ) { int m, n;, num;, num; for ( n = 1; n < = 200; n ++ ) for ( m = 1; m < = sqrt( n) ; m ++ ) if ( m * m == n) printf( " % d ", n) ; printf( " \n" ) ;

110 C sin( x 3 ) = x - x 3 /3! + x 5 /5! - x 7 /7! +, 10-7 ( 1) : : F n n, F n + 1 n + 1, F n + 1 x 2 = - F n 2n ( 2 n + 1 ), x ( 2) : : x, EPS k 1, an x, sum 0, n 1 while( an < EPS) sum sum + an an an* ( x* x) / ( ( 2* n* ( 2* n + 1) ) * k k - k n n + 1 : x, sum ( 3) C : #include < math. h > #define EPS 1e - 7 #define PI { int n; double x, an, sum; printf( " input x: " ) ; scanf( " % lf", &x) ; x = x* PI /180; / * * / sum = 0; an = x; n = 1; / * an * / do { sum + = an; an* = ( - x* x) / ( ( 2 * n* ( 2* n + 1 ) ) ; /* * / ++ n; while( fabs( an) > = EPS) ; / * fabs( ), * / printf( " sin( %. 4f) = %. 4f \n", x, sum) ; 97

111 ,, A Z, a z, : A E, a e, 4 ; W A, X B, Y C, Z D, China! Glmre!, ( 1) : ;, : 4 ( ASCII + 4 ), ( A E, a e) ( 2) ( ) : ch while( ch ) if( ch ) ch ch + 4 if( ch ) ch ch - 26 : ch ch ( 3) C : { char c; while ( ( c = getchar( ) )! = \ n ) { if( ( c > = a &&c < z ) ( c > = A &&c < = Z ) ) { c = c + 4; if( c > Z &&c < Z + 4 c > z ) c = c - 26; printf( " % c", c) ;

112 C ) ( GCD) ( LCM) ( 1) : 2 m n( m > n) ( ) : 2 m n( m > n) ; m n, r( 0 < = r < n) r 0, r 0, ; r = 0, n,, n > m, r > n r m n ; n, n 2 m n ( GCD), ( LCM) : 2 ( 2) : : num1, num2 if( num1 < num2) num1 num2, ( m > n) m num1, n num2 while( n 0 ) GCD m r m n ) m n( m = n) n r ( n = r) LCM num1* num2 / m : :, GCD : :, LCM ( 3) C : { int m, n, num1, num2, temp; printf( " Input two positive integer: \ n" ) ; scanf( " % d, % d", &num1, &num2) ; 99

113 if( num1 < num2) /*, num1 num2, ( m > n) * / temp = num1, num1 = num2, num2 = temp; m = num1; n = num2; while( n! = 0) { temp = m% n; m = n; n = temp; printf( " The greatest common divisor is: % d \ n", m) ; printf( " The lowest common multiple is: % d \ n", num1* num2 / m) ; 2 ) 100 :,, ( ) 2 : (,,, ) (, ) , 36 ; 4, 3, 2 1,? ( 1) :, : ( men) : 1 8 ( women) : 1 12 ( childs) : : 4* + 3* + /2 = 36 ( 2) : men 1 while( men < 9) women 1 while( women < 12 ) else childs 36 - men - women if( 36 ) ( men, women, childs), ;, ;

114 C ( 3) C : { int men, women, childs; for( men = 1; men < 9; men ++ ) for( women = 1 ; women < 12; women ++ ) { childs = 36 - men - women; if( 4* men + 3* women + childs/2. 0 = = 36) printf( " men = % d, women = % d, childs = % d \ n ", men, women, childs) ; : childs/2. 0 childs/2, C 2,, ( 1) ( ) : m = 6 m < = ,, n1 = 2 n1 < = m /2,,, n1,,, n2 = m - n1, m = n1 + n2,, n1 = n1 + 1, m = m + 2, ( 2) : ( ) ( 3) C : #include < math. h > { int flag, flag1, k, m, n; for( m = 6; m < = 2000; m = m + 2) for( n1 = 2; n1 < = m /2; n1 ++ ) { flag = 0; for( k = 2; k < = ( int) sqrt( n1) + 1; k ++ ) if( n% k = = 0) { flag = 1; 101

115 102 break; if( flag = = 0) { flag1 = 0; n2 = m - n1; for( k = 2 ; k < = ( int) sqrt( n2) + 1; k ++ ) if( ( m - n) % k == 0) { flag1 = 1; break; if( flag1 == 0) { printf( " % d = % d + % d \n", m, n1, n2) ; break; 3. 44, 2, 1 ; 3, 2 ; 5, 4 ; 6, 5 ; 7,? ( 1) :, 7 ; 7, 7,, ; 14 ( 2) : : input: ladders( : 7, 7 ) temp: k( : k = 1, ; k = 0, ) output: ladders( ) ladders < -7( 7 ) while( k) if( ) then ladders < - ladders + 14 ladders ( 3) C :

116 C { int ladders = 7; while( ladders% 3! = 2 ladders% 5! = 4 ladders% 6! = 5) ladders + = 14; printf( flight of stairs = % d \ n, ladders) ; 3 ) 3 : ; ; ( ) ( Fibonacci ) 1, 3 1,, 1?, ( Fibonacci) : 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34 ( 1) : : 3,, fn_1 = fn_2 = 1 fn = fn_1 + fn_2, C : fn_2 = fn_1 ; fn_1 = fn ( 2) : FN1 1, FN2 1 : FN1, FN2 i 3 while( i N ) fn = fn_1 + fn_2; / * 1 2 * / FN FN1 + FN2 / * i * / : FN / * i * / FN2 FN1 FN1 FN ( 3) C ( 20 ) : 103

117 { int i, fn, fn_1 = 1, fn_2 = 1; printf( " % d, % d", fn_1, fn_2) ; for( i = 3 ; i < = 20; i ++ ) { fn = fn_1 + fn_2; printf( ", % d", fn) ; fn_2 = fn_1; fn_1 = fn; 4 ) 104 f( x) = 0, f( x) = 0 : x = ( x) ; x0, : x0, x1, x2, x3,, xn, ;,,, f( x) = 0,, ( ),, x 3-4 x x - 6 = ( 1) :, x k f( x) = 0 x*, P k ( x k, f( x k ) ) f ( x) : y = f ( x k ) + f ( x k ) * ( x - x k ) X : f( x k ) + f ( x k ) * ( x - x k ) = 0, : x k+ 1 = x k - f ( x k ) / f ( x k ), x k x*,,

118 C ( 2) : x ( 1. 5) while( ) X0 X F ( ( 2* X0-4) * x0 + 3) * x0-6 / * x0 * / F1 ( 6* X0-8) * x0 + 3 / * x0 : * / x x0 - F /F1; : ( x) ( 3) C : #include < math. h > { float x, x0, f, f1 ; x = 1. 5; do { x0 = x; f = ( ( 2 * x0-4) * x0 + 3) * x0-6; f1 = ( 6* x0-8) * x0 + 3; x = x0 - f /f1; while( fabs( x - x0) > = 1 e - 5) ; printf( " root = % f \n", x) ; 105 < 0 5 ) ( ) x 4-4 x x 2-8 x - 8 = 0 ( 1) : : : f( x) = 0 x1 x2, x1 x2, f( x1 ) * f( x2) x1 x2 : x = ( x1 + x2) /2 x1 x x2 : y1 = f( x1) y = f( x) y2 = f( x2 ) y = 0,, x ;, y y1, x2 = x;, x1 = x, :, y = f( x) 0, x, f( x), 0 f( x) == 0,, f( x) 10 - k f( x) 0, f( x)

119 , x ( ) 10 - k, 10-5 ( 2) : ( ) ( 3) C : ( 10-5 ) #include < math. h > { float x1, x2, x, y1, y2, y; do / * x1 x2, x1 x2 * / { scanf( " % f, % f", &x1, &x2) ; y1 = 2 * x1* x1* x1 * x1-4* x1 * x1* x1 + 6 * x1* x1-8 * x1-8; y2 = 2 * x2* x2* x2 * x2-4* x2 * x2* x2 + 6 * x2* x2-8 * x2-8; while( y1 * y2 > 0) ; while( 1) { x = ( x1 + x2) /2; y = 2* x* x* x* x - 4* x* x* x + 6 * x* x - 8* x - 8; y1 = 2* x1* x1* x1* x1-4* x1* x1* x1 +6* x1* x1-8* x1-8; y2 = 2* x2* x2* x2* x2-4* x2* x2* x2 +6* x2* x2-8* x2-8; if( fabs( y) < 1e - 5 ) break; else if( y* y1 > 0) x1 = x; else x2 = x; printf( " x = % f\ n", x) ;

120 C 3. 7,,,,,,, ,,, ( a),,, ( b) 107 / * * / void Function1( ) { / * * / void Function2( ) { / / * / void Function3( ) { ( a) : / * * / while ( condition) { statement1; / * * / if ( condition) { statement2; else { statement3; / * * / statement4; ( b) :

121 ,,, if for while do,, {, ( a), ( b) int width; / * * / int height; / * * / int depth; /* * / x = a + b; y = c + d; z = e + f; int width, height, depth; / * * / x = a + b; y = c + d; z = e + f; 108 if ( width < height) { dosomething( ) ; for ( initialization; condition; update) { dosomething( ) ; / * * / other( ) ; ( a) : if ( width < height) dosomething( ) ; for ( initialization; condition; update) dosomething( ) ; other( ) ; ( b) : : ( ),, : int width = 10; / * width* / int height = 10; / * height* / int depth = 10; / * depth* / const virtual inline case, if for while

122 C (,, (, (, ), ;,,, Function ( x, y, z) ;,, for ( initialization; condition; update), = + = > = < = + * % && < <, ^,! & ( ) [ ]. : for if, for ( i = 0 ; i < 10; i ++ ) if ( ( a < = b) && ( c < = d) ) void Func1( int x, int y, int z) ; void Func1 ( int x, int y, int z) ; if ( year > = 2000) if( year > = 2000) if ( ( a > = b) && ( c < = d) ) if( a > = b&&c <= d) for ( i = 0; i < 10; i ++ ) for( i = 0; i < 10; i ++ ) for ( i = 0; i < 10; i ++ ) x = a < b? a : b; x = a < b? a: b; int * x = &y; int * x = & y; array[ 5] = 0; array [ 5] = 0; / * * / / * * / / * * / / * * / / * * / / * * / / * * / / * * / / * * / / * * / / * * / / * * / / * * / / * * / / * * / {, {, { ( a), ( b)

123 110 void Function( int x) { /* program code* / if ( condition) { /* program code* / else { /* program code* / for ( initialization; condition; update) { /* program code* / While ( condition) { /* program code* / {,, : { { void Function( int x) { / * program code* / if ( condition) { program code* / else { / * program code* / for ( initialization; condition; update) { / * program code* / while ( condition) { / * program code* / {,, : { { ( a) : ( b) : , 70 80,,, ; ( ),,,

124 C if ( ( very_longer_variable1 > = very_longer_variable12) && ( very_longer_variable3 < = very_longer_variable14) && ( very_longer_variable5 < = very_longer_variable16) ) { dosomething( ) ; for ( very_longer_initialization; very_longer_condition; very_longer_update) { dosomething( ) ; * &,, *, : int* x;, x int, : int* x, y; y x y, * & : char * name; int * x, y; / * y * / C / * * / : ; ;,,,,,,,

125 ,,,,,,, 112 /* * : * : * : * : * / void Function( float x, float y, float z) { if ( ) { while ( ) { / * end of while* / / * end of if* / ( 1) x [ 1, 10 ] [ 200, 210 ], ( A) ( x > = 1) &&( x < = 10) &&( x > = 200 ) &&( x < = 210) ( B) ( x > = 1 ) ( x < = 10) ( x > = 200) ( x < = 210) ( C) ( x > = 1 ) &&( x < = 10 ) ( x > = 200) &&( x < = 210) ( D) ( x > = 1) ( x < = 10) && ( x > = 200) ( x < = 210) ( 2) x y z, C : ( A) ( x > = y) AND ( y > = z) ( B) ( x > = y) && ( y > = z) ( C) ( x > = y > = z) ( D) ( x > = y) &( y > = z) ( 3 ) c 0, c a b ( A) ( a = c) &&( b = c) ( B) ( a = c) ( b = c) ; ( C) c = b = a; ( D) a = c = b; ( 4) a = 5, b = 4, ( A) ( a > b) &&( b - a) ( B) ( b > = 0) && ( a < = b? a + b: a - b) ( C) ( a < = 0) ( a% b) ( D) a &&! b

126 C ( 5) a int a, b, c; a = b = c = 1; ++ a ++ b&& ++ c ( A) ( B) 0 ( C) 2 ( D) 1 ( 6) for( i = 1; i + + < 4; ) ;, i ( A) 3 ( B) 4 ( C) 5 ( D) 1 ( 7) for( x = 0, y = 0; ( y! = 100 ) &&( x < 4 ) ; x + + ) ; ( A) ( B) ( C) 4 ( D) 3 ( 8) C while(! e) ;! e ( A) e == 0 ( B) e! = 1 ( C) e! = 0 ( D) e == 1 ( 9) i j int, for( i = 5; i; i - - ) for( j = 0; j < 4; j + + ) { ( A) 20 ( B) 24 ( C) 25 ( D) ( 1) C?? ( 2) C?? ( 3) switch - case? 3. 3, ( 2) # include < stdio. h > { / *, * / int logic; int a = 1; int b = 2; int c = 3; logic = a + b > c&&b < = c; printf( " logic = % d \n", logic) ; logic = a > = b + c b == c; printf( " logic = % d \n", logic) ;

127 logic =! ( a < c) + b! = 1 &&( a + c) /2 ; printf( " logic = % d \n", logic) ; 114 ( 2) { int a = 100, x = 10, y = 20, okl = 5, ok2 = 0; if ( x < y) if( y! = 10) if(! okl) a = 1; else if( ok2) a = 10; a = - 1 ; printf( " % d \n", a ) ; ( 3) void main3( ) { int num = 0; while( num < = 2) { num + + ; printf ( " % d \ n", num) ; ( 4), ADes iptor ( ), { char c; int v0 = 0, v1 = 0, v2 = 0; do{ switch( c = getchar( ) ) { case case a : A :