105/9, pp C 陳俊宏 justice in education

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1 105/9, pp C 陳俊宏 justice in education

2 achievement gap Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court of the United States, Kentucky State Rose v. Council for Better Education Supreme Court of Kentucky, 1989 Darby and Levy, 2011 Koski and Reich,

3 3 3 luck egalitarianism relational egalitarianism desert luck/choice distinction brute luck option luck Richard Arneson G. A. Cohen Ronald Dworkin John Roemer Kok-chor Tan 4 3 ㈠ primary good resource advantage welfare capabilities ㈡㈢ 4 Arneson, 1989; 2000; 2010 Dworkin, 2000; 2003 Cohen, 2000 Roemer,1994 Tan, 2008

4 4 Anderson, 1999 Schemmel, enough Elizabeth Anderson Samuel Scheffler Christian Schemmel Iris Young Jonathan Wolff 6 7 educational equality Harry Brighouse William Koski Rob Reich Adam Swift 8 educational adequacy threshold 5 6 Anderson, 1999 Scheffler, 2003; 2005 Wolff, 1998 Young, 1990 Schemmel, 2012a; 2012b 7 Moss, 2014 Knight, Brighouse and Swift, 2006a; 2006b; 2008; 2009a; 2009b; 2014 Koski and Reich, 2007 Reich, 2013

5 5 Elizabeth Anderson Amy Gutmann Debra Satz James Tooley 9 Harry Brighouse Adam Swift Elizabeth Anderson Debra Satz 10 intrinsic values Brighouse, 2000: ; 2010: Gutmann, 1987 Tooley, 1996 Anderson, 2004; 2007; 2012 Satz, 2007; Elizabeth Anderson 11

6 6 12 meritocratic conception of equality Adam Swift IQ Swift, 2003: merit principle Brighouse and Swift, 2008: Brighouse and Swift, 2008; 2009a 12 Koski and Reich, 2007 Reich, intelligence effort I+E=M 14 Rawls, 2001: 44

7 7 equal respect and concern positional good 15 Reich and Koski, 2007: 597; Reich, 2013: Brighouse and Swift, 2006a: ; 2008: 478 ㈠ admission benefit of education ㈡ earnings benefit of education Brighouse and Swift, 2006a: 476; Koski and Reich, 2007: 15 Fred Hirsch Hirsch, 1976

8 8 597; fair competition Brighouse and Swift, 2006a: 476 parental partiality Brighouse and Swift, 2014: Brighouse and Swift, 2006b Universal Declaration of Human Rights 26 United Nations, 1948

9 9 Swift, Adam Swift Brighouse Swift Brighouse Swift relationship goods Brighouse and Swift, 2009b: 59 Brighouse and Swift, 2009b: 43 18

10 10 Brighouse and Swift, 2006a: 447 Swift jump the queue Swift, 2003: 24 Swift ㈠㈡ Brighouse and Swift, 2014: Brighouse Swift Brighouse Swift Brighouse Swift prioritarianism Brighouse and Swift, 2014: 18 22

11 11 20 leveling up Amy Gutmann Gutmann, 1987: James Tooley Tooley, 1996 Debra Satz Rawls, 2001: Elizabeth Anderson Debra Satz Gutmann, 1987 Tooley, 1996

12 12 relational egalitarianism relational equality egalitarianism 22 Elizabeth Anderson separate but equal authority esteem standing Elizabeth Anderson domination command 22

13 13 powerless hierarchies of esteem hierarchies of standing Anderson, 2012: access Anderson, 1999: 312

14 14 Anderson democratic equality oppression Anderson, 2012: 50 Anderson Anderson, 1999: Debra Satz idea of equal citizenship Debra Satz civic equality Satz Satz, 2007: capability Anderson Amartya Sen being or doing Amartya Sen Sen, 1992; Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court of the United States, findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/347/483.html

15 15 Satz ㈠㈡㈢㈣ Satz, 2007: sufficientarian sufficientarian Anderson, 2007: 615; Satz, 2007; Anderson Satz Anderson Frankfurt, 1987 Casal, Anderson

16 16 Anderson, 2007: 596 Anderson ㈠㈡㈢㈣ Anderson, 2007: 596 Anderson respectful interaction Anderson social integration situated knowledge

17 17 ㈠㈡㈢ affirmative action Anderson Anderson, 2007: 622 Satz Satz Satz Anderson

18 18 Satz Satz, 2007: 626 Satz K 12 ㈠㈡㈢㈣㈤ Satz, 2007:

19 19 non-positional aspects of education A B A B comparative non-comparative Reich,

20 : 58 Reich, 2013: ㈠㈡㈢㈠㈡㈢ inborn talents developed talents : 27

21 21 habitus adaptive preferences 28 Satz endogenous Anderson, 2004: 103; Satz, 2007:

22 22 Walzer, 1983: 203 Aristocracy Meritocracy Young, 1958 Young, 1990: chap. 7

23 23 ㈠㈡ Dualcareer families leveling down Satz, 2007:

24 24 civic education Koski and Reich, 2007: 605; 613 Brighouse and Swift, 2009a: 483; Giesinger, 2011: 41 Anderson Anderson, 2007: 597 social integration

25 25 input output bildung

26 26 training 30 democratic adequacy 30 Richard Peters 1966 Ausbildung Bildung

27 27 bottomless pit leveling down

28 Satz, 2008: Campaign for fiscal equity V New York 719 N.Y 2d 475 Supreme Court of New York, Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court of the United States, /483.html

29 29 ㈠ out- come-based ㈡

30 30 Gutmann Gutmann, 1987: 138 Elizabeth Anderson Debra Satz

31 Bowles et al. (eds.), 2005

32 32 ㈠㈡ A (4): (Chen, Li-ju, 2006, From Equity to Adequacy: The Present and Prospect of School Resources Allocation Policy in Taiwan, Educational Policy Forum 9(4): ) : 1 25 (Chan, Sheng-ju, 2008, An Overview of the Educational Expenditure in Taiwan, Bulletin of Educational Resources and Research 40: 1 25.) B. Anderson, Elizabeth 1999 What Is the Point of Equality? Ethics 109(2):

33 Rethinking Equality Opportunity: Comment on Adam Swift s How Not to Be a Hypocrite, Theory and Research in Education 2(2): Fair Opportunity in Education: A Democratic Equality Perspective, Ethics 117(4): Equality, pp in David Estlund (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Arneson, Richard 1989 Equality and Equal Opportunity for Welfare, Philosophical Studies 56(1): Luck Egalitarianism and Prioritarianism, Ethics 110(2): Luck Egalitarianism: A Primer, in Carl Knight and Zofia Stemplowska (eds.), Responsibility and Distributive Justice. Oxford University Press. Bowles, Samuel, Herbert Gintis, and Melissa Osborne Groves (eds.) 2005 Unequal Chances: Family Background and Economic Success. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Brighouse, Harry 2000 School Choice and Social Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press Educational Equality and School Reform, pp in Harry Brighouse, Kenneth R. Howe, and James Tooley, Educational Equality, 2nd ed. Edited by Graham Haydon. New York: Continuum. Brighouse, Harry and Adam Swift 2006a Equality, Priority, and Positional Goods, Ethics 116(3): b Parents Rights and the Value of the Family, Ethics 117(1): Putting Educational Equality in Its Place, Education Finance and Policy 3(4): a Educational Equality versus Educational Adequacy: A Critique of Anderson and Satz, Journal of Applied Philosophy 26(2): b Legitimate Parental Partiality, Philosophy & Public Affairs 37(1): The Place of Educational Equality in Educational Justice, pp in Kirsten Meyer (ed.), Education, Justice and the Human Good: Fairness and Equality in the Education System. Routledge. Casal, Paula 2007 Why Sufficiency Is Not Enough, Ethics 117(2): Cohen, Gerald A If You re an Egalitarian, How Come You re So Rich? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Darby, Derrick and Richard E. Levy 2011 Slaying the Inequality Villain in School Finance: Is the Right to Education the Silver Bullet? Kansas Journal of Law & Public Policy 20(3): Dworkin, Ronald 2000 Sovereign Virtue: The Theory and Practice of Equality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press Equality, Luck and Hierarchy, Philosophy & Public Affairs 31(2):

34 34 Frankfurt, Harry 1987 Equality as a Moral Ideal, Ethics 98(1): Giesinger, Johannes 2011 Education, Fair Competition, and Concern for the Worst Off, Educational Theory 61(1): Gutmann, Amy 1987 Democratic Education. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Hirsch, Fred 1976 Social Limits to Growth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Knight, Carl 2009 Luck Egalitarianism: Equality, Responsibility, and Justice. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Koski, William S. and Rob Reich 2007 When Adequate Isn t: The Retreat from Equity in Educational Law and Policy and Why It Matters, Emory Law Journal 56(3): Moss, Jeremy 2014 Reassessing Egalitarianism. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. Peters, Richard S Ethics and Education. Scott, Foresman and Company. Rawls, John 2001 Justice as Fairness: A Restatement. Edited by Erin Kelly. Harvard University Press. Reich, Rob 2013 Equality, Adequacy, and K 12 Education, pp in Danielle Allen and Rob Reich (eds.), Education, Justice and Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Roemer, John 1994 Egalitarian Perspectives: Essays in Philosophical Economics. New York: Cambridge University Press. Satz, Debra 2007 Equality, Adequacy, and Education for Citizenship, Ethics 117(4): Equality, Adequacy, and Educational Policy, Education Finance and Policy 3(4): Scheffler, Samuel 2003 What Is Egalitarianism? Philosophy & Public Affairs 31(1): Choice, Circumstance, and the Value of Equality, Politics, Philosophy & Economics 4(1): Schemmel, Christian 2012a Luck Egalitarianism as Democratic Reciprocity? A Response to Tan, The Journal of Philosophy 109(7): b Distributive and Relational Equality, Politics, Philosophy & Economics 11(2):

35 35 Sen, Amartya 1992 Inequality Reexamined. Oxford: Clarendon Press Development as Freedom. New York: Alfred Knopf. Supreme Court of Kentucky 1989 Rose v. Council for Better Education. Supreme Court of New York 2001 Campaign for Fiscal Equity et al. v. State of New York et al. 719 N.Y.S.2d 475. Supreme Court of the United States 1954 Brown v. Board of Education. Washington, DC: Supreme Court of the United States. Swift, Adam 2003 How Not to Be a Hypocrite: School Choice for the Morally Perplexed Parent. London: Routledge. Tan, Kok-chor 2008 A Defense of Luck Egalitarianism, The Journal of Philosophy 105(11): Tooley, James 1996 Education without the State. London: IEA. United Nations 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. New York: United Nations. Walzer, Michael 1983 Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality. New York: Basic Books. Wolff, Jonathan 1998 Fairness, Respect, and the Egalitarian Ethos, Philosophy & Public Affairs 27(2): Young, Iris 1990 Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Young, Michael 1958 The Rise of the Meritocracy, : An Essay on Education and Equality. London: Thames and Hudson.

36 36 Equality or Adequacy? A Comparative Perspective on Justice in Education Chun-hung Chen Associate Professor Department of Political Science, Soochow University ABSTRACT Over the past decades, there has been ongoing philosophical debate between luck egalitarians and relational egalitarians. Recently, an equivalent debate is taking place in the sphere of education. According to educational equality approach, justice requires prospects for educational achievement to be dependent upon a child s ability and willingness to learn, and not on factors outside of her control. Nevertheless, proponents of what can be called adequacy approach have instead argued that the state is required to ensure all children have adequate education. Once this threshold is obtained, there is no injustice in the fact that some children have better education than others. This paper tries to address this debate. It will not only lay out at conceptual level the difference between equality and adequacy but also to show what these conceptual differences mean for educational policies. Key Words: equality of educational opportunity, education equality, educational adequacy, democratic adequacy Journal of Social Sciences and Philosophy, Volume 28, Number 3, pp by RCHSS, Academia Sinica. All rights reserved.

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穨199705 distributive justice 1 Ronald Dworkin John Rawls 2 treating people as equals 3 1 Raz (1990) 2 Rawls (1971) 3 Dworkin (1981b), 283Dworkin (1981a) 1 4 share 5 taste 4 Amsperger (1997), Arneson (1989), Cohen