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2 World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty, adopted Dec. 20, 1996, 36 I.L.M. 65 [hereinafter WCT]. World Intellectual Property Organization Performances and Phonograms Treaty, adopted Dec. 20, 1996, 36 I.L.M. 76 [hereinafter WPPT]. MIHÁLY FICSOR, THE LAW OF COPYRIGHT AND THE INTERNET: THE 1996 WIPO TREATIES, THEIR INTERPRETATION AND IMPLEMENTATION (2002); REINBOTHE & LEWINSKI, supra note 70; LEWINSKI, supra note 19, at ; J.A.L. STERLING, WORLD COPYRIGHT LAW (3d ed., 2008); David Nimmer, A Tale of Two Treaties: Dateline: Geneva December 1996, 22 COLUM.-VLA J.L. & ARTS 1 (1997); Julie S. Sheinblatt, Foreign and International Law The WIPO Copyright Treaty, 13 BERKLEY TECH. L.J. 535 (1998) See, REINBOTHE & LEWINSKI, supra note 70, at 1. RICKETSON & GINSBURG, supra note 23, at 146.

3 REINBOTHE & LEWINSKI, supra note 70, at 1. FICSOR, supra note 461, at ; Jane C. Ginsburg, Book Review: Achieving Balance in International Copyright Law The WIPO Treaties 1996: The WIPO Copyright Treaty and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty: Commentary and Legal Analysis. By Jorg Reinbothe and Silke von Lewinski, 26 COLUM. J.L. & ARTS 201 (2003). Reinbothe & Lewinski REINBOTHE & LEWINSKI, supra note 70, at 208 RICKETSON & GINSBURG, supra note 23, at 150 FICSOR, supra note 461, at 33 n.105. REINBOTHE & LEWINSKI, supra note 70, at 6-7. See also, RICKETSON & GINSBURG, supra note 23, at 149. Information Infrastructure Taskforce, Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights (1995) [hereinafter White Paper], available at ipnii/ipnii.pdf.

4 Pamela Samuelson, The Copyright Grab, WIRED (4.01, Jan. 1996), at 136, available at White Paper, supra note 471, at See, Sheinblatt, supra note 461, at White Paper, at See, JESSICA LITMAN, DIGITAL COPYRIGHT (Prometheus Books 2001) ; Meeka Jun & Steven D. Rosenboro, The WIPO Treaties: The International Battle Over Copyright Cyberturf, 15 ENT. & SPORTS LAW 8 (1997). Maureen Ryan, Cyberspace as Public Space: A Public Trust Paradigm for Copyright in a Digital World, 79 OR. L. REV. 647, 671 (2000). Pamela Samuelson, The U.S. Digital Agenda at WIPO, 37 VA. J. INT L L. 369, (1997). See also, Jun & Rosenboro, supra note 475, at 8-9.

5 LEWINSKI, supra note 19, at CHRISTOPHER MAY & SUSAN K. SELL, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS: A CRITICAL HISTORY 210 (2006). Id. Sun, supra note 170, at 276. CHRISTOPHER MAY, THE WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION: RESUR- GENCE AND THE DEVELOPMENT AGENDA 68 (2007). John Browning, Africa 1 Hollywood 0, WIRED (5.03, Mar. 1997), available at Samuelson, supra note 477, at WIPO, Diplomatic Conference on Certain Copyright and Neighboring Rights Questions, Rules of Procedure of the Diplomatic Conference Questions, Dec. 3, 1996, WIPO doc CRNR/DC/9/ Rev., Rule 34 (1)(2). See, Alexander A. Caviedes, International Copyright Law: Should the European Union Dictate Its Development?, 16 B.U. INT'L L.J. 165, (1998).

6 REINBOTHE & LEWINSKI, supra note 70, at 15 FICSOR, supra note 461, at 9; LEWINSKI, supra note 19, at Graeme Dinwoodie, The WIPO Copyright Treaty: A Transition to the Future of International Copyright Lawmaking?, 57 CASE W. RES. L. REV. 751, (2007); Samuelson, supra note 477, at ; REINBOTHE & LEWINSKI, supra note 70, at 15. REINBOTHE & LEWINSKI, supra note 70, at 14. Id. Dinwoodie, supra note 489, at 762. Tohmas C. Vinje, The new WIPO Copyright Treaty: a happy result in Geneva, 19 E.I.P.R. 230, (1997). Ricketson & Ginsburg RICKETSON & GINSBURG, supra note 23, at 196, 209 Rights interests

7 REINBOTHE & LEWINSKI, supra note 70, at 22Kur Kur, supra note 173, at Dinwoodie, supra note 489, at 751. WIPO, Diplomatic Conference on Certain Copyright and Neighboring Rights Questions, Basic Proposal for the Substantive Provisions of the Treaty on Certain Questions Concerning the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works to be Considered by the Diplomatic Conference, WIPO doc CRNR/DC/4 (Dec. 2-20, 1996), available at edocs/mdocs/diplconf/en/crnr_dc/crnr_dc_4.pdf, at 8-9 [hereinafter Basic Proposal]. WIPO, Amendment to Preamble of Draft Treaties N 1 AND N 2 proposed by the Delegation of India, WIPO doc CRNR/DC/33 (Dec. 1996). See, R.V. Vaidyanatha Ayyar, Interest or Right? The Process and Politics of a Diplomatic Conference on Copyright, 1 J.W.I.P. 3, 18 (1998). WIPO, Diplomatic Conference on Certain Copyright and Neighboring Rights Questions, Summary Minutes, Main Committee I, WIPO Doc CRNR/DC/102 (August 26, 1997), available at para 769 [hereinafter Summary Minutes of Main Committee I]. REINBOTHE & LEWINSKI, supra note 70, at 24. Samuelson, supra note 477, at 375; Neil W. Netanel, The Next Round: The Impact of the WIPO Copyright Treaty on TRIPS Dispute Settlement, 37 VA. J. INT L L. 442 (1997); Vinje, supra note 492, at 236. CORREA, supra note 215, at 143. SENFTLEBEN, supra note 9, at 98.

8 Dinwoodie, supra note 489, at 751. LEWINSKI, supra note 19, at 461 See, Sun, supra note 170, at RICKETSON & GINSBURG, supra note 23, at 869. Samuelson, supra note 477, at 399.

9 Summary Minutes of Main Committee I, para 488. Pamela Samuelson & John Browning, Confab Clips Copyright Cartel, WIRED (5.03, Mar. 1997), available at Agreed Statements Concerning the WIPO Copyright Treaty, Dec. 20, 1996, 36 I.L.M 65 [hereinafter Agreed Statements]. See, RICKETSON & GINSBURG, supra note 23, at 151. Ficsor FICSOR, supra note 461, at ; Ricketson & Ginsburg RICKETSON & GINSBURG, supra note 23, at Ricketson & Ginsburg Id. at Id. Hugenholtz & Okediji, supra note 21, at 14 REINBOTHE & LEWINSKI, supra note 70, at 44; LEWINSKI, supra note 19, at 451

10 Agreed Statements, Concerning Article 10. SENFTLEBEN, supra note 9, at 106; RICKETSON & GINSBURG, supra note 23, at 868; REINBOTHE & LEWINSKI, supra note 70, at 19. Ficsor FICSOR, supra note 461, at 63 SENFTLEBEN, supra note 9, at Basic Proposal, para See, SENFTLEBEN, supra note 9, at 96. Summary Minutes of Main Committee I, para 489.

11 Id. Id. para 492 Id. para 514 Bechtold, supra note 114. RICKETSON & GINSBURG, supra note 23, at 870. Id.

12 Id. at 871. Id. at 872. Id. REINBOTHE & LEWINSKI, supra note 70, at 132. CORREA, supra note 215, at 143. Myra Tawfik, International Copyright Law: W[h]ither User Rights?, in IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST: THE FUTURE OF CANADIAN COPYRIGHT LAW 81 (Michael Geist ed., 2005), available at Christophe Geiger Geiger, supra note 107

13 Samuelson, supra note 477, at 409. SENFTLEBEN, supra note 9, at 98. Id. Annette Kur, Limitations and exceptions under the three-step test how much room to walk the middle ground?, in INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN A FAIR WORLD TRADE SYSTEM: PROPOSALS FOR REFORM OF TRIPS 208, 254 (Annett Kur & Marianne Levin eds., 2011). LEWINSKI, supra note 19, at 496.

14 Kur, supra note 173, at 332. Westkamp, supra note 92, at 8-9. Id. Kur, supra note 173, at 333. Koelman, supra note 118, at

15 Yu, supra note 134, at ;Yu Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property, Declaration on a Balanced Interpretation of the Three-Step Test in Copyright Law, 39 IIC 707 (2008) [hereinafter MPI Declaration]. See also, Christophe Geiger et al., Towards a Balanced Interpretation of the Three-Step Test in Copyright Law [2008] EIPR 489. The Global Congress on Intellectual Property and the Public Interest, Washington Declaration on Intellectual Property and the Public Interest (Aug , 2011), available at

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