婚生推定制度與子女最佳利益

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6 legitimate JOHN WITTE, JR., FROM SACRAMENT TO CONTRACT--MARRIAGE, RELIGION, AND LAW IN THE WESTERN TRADITION (1997) MARY ANN GLENDON, THE TRANSFORMATION OF FAMILY LAW--STATE, LAW AND FAMILY IN THE UNITED STATES AND WESTERN EUROPE1-34 (1997) MARTHA ALBERTSON FINEMAN, THE NEUTERED MOTHER, THE SEXUAL FAMILY-AND OTHER TWENTIETH CENTURY TRAGEDIES (1995). 10 Ariela R. Dubler, In The Shadow of Marriage: Single Women And The Legal Construction of The Family And The State, 112 YALE L.J (2003).

OF FAMILY LAW--STATE, LAW AND FAMILY IN THE UNITED STATES AND WESTERN EUROPE1-34 (1997) MARTHA ALBERTSON FINEMAN, THE NEUTERED

7 Mary Louise Fellows, A Feminist Interpretation of the Law and Legitimacy, 7 TEX. J. WOMEN & L. 195 (1998) % % 7% 8% /10/27

7 TEX. J. WOMEN & L. 195 (1998). 2004 13 69 9.

8 % % % % % Note, Does The Presumption of Legitimacy Actually Protect The Interests of The Child? 24 STETSON L. REV. 809 (1995).

87% 13 15 35 2001 41 2003 16 Note, Does The

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11 11 DNA

12 Michael H. v. Gerald D. 25 Gerald Carole Carole Gerald Michael Victoria Carole Gerald Victoria Gerald Carole Michael Gerald Carole Victoria Michael Gerald Carole Carole Victoria Michael Michael Victoria Victoria Michael Victoria Victoria U. S. 110 (1989).

Carole Michael Gerald Carole Victoria Michael Gerald Carole Carole Victoria

13 13 Carole Gerald Victoria Michael Gerald Victoria Michael 26 Michael substantive liberty 27 Scalia Michael Scalia Michael Victoria 26 Id. 27 Michael H. 14 substantive due process liberty Id.

14 Gerald Carole Victoria Scalia Michael Victoria Michael Gerald Carole Victoria Scalia Brennan Brennan Scalia state interest unwed father 28 Michael H. 28 Id., Justice Brennan, dissenting opinion.

15 15 Michael H. v. Gerald D. Gerald Carole Gerald Carole Michael Carole Victoria Michael Gerald Carole Victoria

16 Lehr v. Robertson 29 Lorraine Jonathan Jessica Lorraine Richard Richard Jessica Jonathan Jonathan 30 Stevens U.S. 248 (1983). 30 equal protection Id.

17 17 31 Lehr Jonathan Jessica Jessica Jonathan Jonathan Jessica 32 Michael H. Lehr Lehr Michael H. Michael H. Michael H. Michael Victoria Victoria 31 The significance of the biological connection is that it offers the natural father an opportunity that no other male possess to develop a relationship with his offspring. If he grasps that opportunity and accepts some measure of responsibility for the child s future, he may enjoy the blessings of the parent-child relationship and make uniquely valuable contributions to the child s development. If he fails to do so, the Federal Constitution will not automatically compel a state to listen to his opinion of where the child s best interests lie. Id. 32 Id.

18 Michael Victoria Michael Victoria Michael Victoria Jessica Batya F. Smernoff, California s Conclusive Presumption of Paternity And The Expansion Of Unwed Father s Rights, 26 GOLDEN GATE U. L. REV. 337 (1996).

19 Scalia Michael H Emily Buss, Parental Rights, 88 VA. L. REV. 635 (2002).

20 JOSEPH GOLDSTEIN ET. AL, BEYOND THE BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILD (1979).

23 23

25 Michael H

26 Michael H. v. Gerald D., 491 U. S. 110 (1989). 25

29 Mike McGowan, The Presumption of Legitimacy In California And New York, 11 J. CONTEMP. LEGAL ISSUES 481 (1999).

30 Note, Rebutting the Marital Presumption: A Developed Relationship Test, 88 COLUM. L. REV. 369, (1988).

33 33

34 Glendon, Mary Ann, The Transformation of Family Law--State, Law and Family in The United States And Western Europe (1977). Witte, John Jr., From Sacrament To Contract-Marriage, Religion, and Law in The Western Tradition (1997). Fineman, Martha Albertson, The Neutered Mother, The Sexual Family--and Other Twentieth Century Tragedies (1995). Goldstein, Joseph, et. al, Beyond the Best Interest of the Child (1979). 186 (2004)

35 Buss, Emily, Parental Rights, 88 Va. L. Rev. 635 (2002). Dubler, Ariela R., In The Shadow of Marriage: Single Women and The Legal Construction of The Family And The State, 112 Yale L.J (2003). Fellows, Mary Louise, A Feminist Interpretation of the Law and Legitimacy, 7 Tex. J. Women & L. 195 (1998). McGowan, Mike, The Presumption of Legitimacy In California And New York, 11 J. Contemp. Legal Issues 481 (1999). Note, Does The Presumption of Legitimacy Actually Protect The Interests of The Child? 24 Stetson L. Rev. 809 (1995). Note, Rebutting The Marital Presumption: A Developed Relationship Test, 88 Colum. L. Rev. 369, (1988). Smernoff, Batya F., California s Conclusive Presumption of Paternity AndTheExpansion of Unwed Fathers Rights, 26 Golden Gate U. L. Rev. 337, (1996).

36 Michael H. v. Gerald D. 491 U. S. 110 (1989). Lehr v. Robertson 463 U. S. 248 (1983) /10/ /10/29

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38 The Future of the Presumption of Legitimacy --Toward the Best Interest of the Child Li-Ju Lee Abstract The doctrine of presumption of legitimacy, as one important mechanism to establish paternity in the legal system, is under a lot of stress. Its foundation has been shaken by the changing face of marriage and the increasing demand for equality and welfare for every child, born in or out of wedlock. This article is an attempt to explore the future development of this doctrine. After examining four key considerations concerning the future direction of the doctrine: acknowledging biological parent-child relationship, protecting the integrity of marital family, concerning biological unwed father s rights, and promoting the best interest of the child, the author suggests that the primary concern has to be the best interest of the child. Therefore, regarding the future direction of the legal framework, the author argues that it is necessary to relax the limitation imposed by the current legal doctrine and allow more room for courts to step in to conduct case-by-case review in order to protect the best interest of the child. Key words: the presumption of legitimacy, the best interest of the child, paternity establishment, unwed father s rights.

rights and interests of doctors and patients. But it is insufficient jurisprudential basis and legitimacy crisis of legal forms through the form of mi

rights and interests of doctors and patients. But it is insufficient jurisprudential basis and legitimacy crisis of legal forms through the form of mi 1 Vol. 3 6 No. 1 36 2 0 1 8 1 Hebei Law Science Jan. 2 0 1 8 DOI 10. 16494 /j. cnki. 1002-3933. 2018. 01. 011 511436 DF36 A 1002-3933 2018 01-0117-13 Study on the Jurisprudential Basis on the Implementation