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1 2016 International Conference on Education, Management and Applied Social Science (EMASS 2016) ISBN: A Study on the Usage of English Non-predicate Verbs Serving as Adverbials Chun-ge NIE * and Yang WANG No.58, Yixian Road, Higher Vocational and Technical College of Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Hongkou District, Shanghai, China *Corresponding author Keywords: Non-predicate verbs, Adverbial, the infinitives, the present participles, the past participles. Abstract. English non-predicate verbs have a variety of syntactic functions, one of which is to be used as adverbials in sentences. As a complicated and difficult grammatical focus, the phenomenon of using non-predicate verbs as adverbials is not easy to master for English learners. This paper analyzed, by citing examples, the use of the infinitives, the present participles and the past participles as adverbials in sentences, with an aim to help ESL learners understand such grammatical points and the meaning of sentences with such structures. 非谓语动词作状语用法解析聂春阁 *, 王阳上海市虹口区逸仙路 58 号上海工程技术大学高职学院, 上海, 中国 * 通讯作者关键词 : 非谓语动词 ; 状语 ; 动词不定式 ; 现在分词 ; 过去分词中文摘要 : 非谓语动词的句法功能繁多, 其用作状语更是一个较为复杂且难掌握的语法现象笔者结合实例, 对比动词不定式 ( 短语 ) 现在分词 ( 短语 ) 过去分词 ( 短语 ) 这三类非谓语动词作状语的用法, 以达到帮助英语学习者准确理解句意精确表达思想的目的 1. 引言英语中的非谓语动词使用频率很高, 分为以下三种形态 : 动词不定式 (to do) 现在分词 (doing) 过去分词(done) 非谓语动词在句子中充当状语时都具有副词的特征, 但用作状语的这三种不同形式的非谓语动词其用法又不尽相同 2. 动词不定式作状语不定式作状语时, 根据其不同含义, 可分为目的状语结果状语原因状语条件状语及评价性状语 2.1 不定式作目的状语动词不定式 ( 短语 ) 表目的时, 通常只用动词不定式的基本形式 (to do) 来表示, 可以出现在句首或句尾, 其逻辑主语就是全句的主语放于句首时, 通常用逗号和句子隔开 ; 如果放于句尾, 通常不用标点符号例如 : To improve their service, the workers of the hotel are active in learning English. 若不定式的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同, 则需要用介词 for 将不定式的逻辑主语引出,

2 置于不定式之前例如 : Lucy opened the door for her friends to come in. 为表示强调, 可在动词不定式前加上 in order 或 so as, 构成 so as (not) to 和 in order (not) to 的结构例如 : The driver went to the petrol station in order to fill up his tank. 使用 so as to 结构做目的状语时, 通常放在句尾例如 : All these gifts must be mailed immediately so as to be received in time for Christmas. 2.2 不定式作结果状语动词不定式 ( 短语 ) 作结果状语时放于句末, 其前面常有副词 only, 表示意料之外的结果例如 :Tom looked up to see his teacher was staring at him. 此外, 作结果状语的动词不定式还可用在以下结构中 :never to do,enough(adj.)/ sufficient (adj.) to do, 形容词 + enough (adv.)+ to do, so + 形容词 / 副词 + as to do, too + 形容词 +to do, such + 名词 as to do 例如:The rain was not sufficient/enough to do any harm. 再如,I m not such a fool as to believe that. 2.3 不定式作原因状语不定式作原因状语时, 一般放在句子末尾例如 : Jason was lucky to have found his lost umbrella. She burst into laughter to see his funny action. 不定式表示原因时, 较为常见的情况是与 delighted, surprised, glad, happy, satisfied, sorry, disappointed 等表示喜怒哀乐的心理形容词连用 I m delighted to know that you have found a perfect job. The boy was shocked to see the frightening scene. 2.4 不定式作条件状语不定式作条件状语时, 常用在主语 + be + easy/ hard/ difficult/ comfortable/ heavy to do 句型中, 不定式结构与句子主语构成动宾关系, 主动形式表示被动含义例如 : Tom is very hard to get along with. The question is easy to answer. 2.5 不定式作评价性状语有些固定词组带 to 不定式, 表明说话人的立场或态度, 在句中作独立成分, 是评价性状语这些词有 : to be honest, to begin with, to cut a long story short, to get (back) to the point, not to make much of it, to put it another way, to tell the truth 等 To tell you the truth, I have never been to Beijing. To be honest, I have never heard of Winston Churchill. 3. 现在分词作状语用作状语的现在分词, 从表意的角度看在句子中可以表示时间原因结果条件让步目的解释说明伴随情况以及评价 3.1 现在分词作时间状语现在分词作时间状语, 按照分词动作与谓语动作发生的先后, 可以分为以下三种情况 : A) 现在分词动作一发生, 谓语动作紧跟着发生, 这时用作时间状语的现在分词用一般式, 其逻辑主语为主句主语常用的动词, 如 :hear, see, arrive, return, get to, look, open, close, leave, turn around, walk 等, 表示一个极短暂动作这种情况所表达的含义相当于 on + doing, 表示 " 一 ( 刚 ) 就 "; 也可以换成由 when 引导的时间状语从句, 该从句的动词多用一般过去时表示例如 : Hearing his mother s voice, Robert turned off his computer at once. 相当于 On hearing his mother s voice, Robert turned off his computer at once. 或者

3 When he heard his mother s voice, Robert turned off his computer at once. B) 谓语动作发生在现在分词动作过程之中, 则用 when /while+ doing, 分词的逻辑主语即为句中的主语, 此时相当于 in + doing 结构, 或者转换成 when while 引导的时间状语从句, 该从句的谓语动词用进行时态例如 : Don't be careless when /while having an exam. 相当于 Don't be careless in having an exam. 或者 Don't be careless when / while you are having an exam. 在这种结构中, 不能用其他连接词替换 when 或 while C) 谓语动作发生在现在分词所表示的动作之后, 要用现在分词的完成式, 即 having done 的形式分词的逻辑主语应是句中的主语此时相当于 after+ doing 结构, 也可以用 after /when 引导的时间状语从句来替换, 该从句的谓语动词用过去完成式例如 : Having finished his homework,the boy was allowed to watch TV play. 相当于 After having finished his homework, the boy was allowed to watch TV play. 或者 After /when he had finished his homework, the boy was allowed to watch TV play. 3.2 现在分词作原因状语现在分词作原因状语时, 常见于 be,feel,know,recognize,fear 等状态动词的现在分词, 一般置于句首例如 : Being sick, I stayed at home. Not knowing what to do, he turned to us for help. 3.3 现在分词作结果状语现在分词作状语时, 表示自然而然的一种结果, 通常放在句尾, 其前常有 thus,thereby 等表示结果意义的词例如 :Carbon burns in oxygen or air, thereby forming carbon dioxide. 这种作结果状语的现在分词短语的逻辑主语可以是句子的主语, 也可以是前面整个句子的内容在前一种情况下, 现在分词短语相当于由 and 连接的并列谓语 ; 在后一种情况下现在分词短语相当于一个非限制性定语从句例如 : He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 相当于 He dropped the glass and broke it into pieces. Laughter does produce short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, boosting heart rate and oxygen consumption. 相当于 Laughter does produce short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, which boosts heart rate and oxygen consumption. 3.4 现在分词作条件状语现在分词作条件状语, 相当于一个条件状语从句, 谓语动词常用一般将来时态例如 : Turning to the right, you will find a path leading to his cottage. 3.5 现在分词作让步状语现在分词作让步状语, 相当于一个让步状语从句例如 : Having been told many times, the student made the same mistake again. 3.6 现在分词作目的状语现在分词也可用作目的状语, 主要用在动词 go 的后面, 构成 go + doing 结构例如 : Would you like to go shopping with me tonight? 3.7 现在分词作解释性解释性状语 Please fill in the form, giving your name, address, etc.

4 3.8 现在分词作伴随状语现在分词作伴随状语, 即可放在句首, 也可放在句尾, 表示分词动作与句子谓语动词所表示动作同时进行例如 : All night long he lay awake, thinking how to drive the American invaders back home. 3.9 现在分词作评价性价性状语现在分词还可以做评价性状语, 表示说话人的态度, 此时现在分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语无关常见的结构有 : generally/ frankly speaking, judging from, considering 等例如 : Traditionally speaking, the bride wears a long white dress in the wedding ceremony. 4. 过去分词做状语过去分词作状语, 用来说明谓语动作发生的背景或情况, 可以表示时间原因条件让步伴随评价等意义, 可在其前面加上连词 when, if, once, though, unless 等, 以便明确作何种状语 4.1 过去分词作时间状语过去分词作时间状语, 相当于一个时间状语从句例如 : Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party. 相当于 After he was accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party. 4.2 过去分词作原因状语过去分词作原因状语, 相当于一个原因状语从句例如 : Frightened by the tiger, the girl didn't dare to sleep alone. 相当于 Because / As she was frightened by the tiger, the girl didn't dare to sleep alone. 4.3 过去分词作条件状语过去分词作条件状语, 表示假设的情况, 相当于条件从句, 有时过去分词前可用 if, unless 等词例如 : (If) Compared with developed countries, we still have a long way to go. 4.4 过去分词作让步状语过去分词作让步状语, 相当于一个 though/although 引导的让步状语从句例如 : Defeated (Though they were defeated) many times, they continued to fight. 4.5 过去分词作伴随状语过去分词作状语表示伴随动作或状态, 可以转换为一个并列的谓语例如 : The teacher entered the classroom, (and he was) followed by a group of students. After the game the football players all lay on the ground, exhausted. 4.6 过去分词作评价性状语一般情况下非谓语动词作状语时, 要求非谓语动词表示的动作和谓语动词的主语相同, 但也有少数分词短语实际上已经成为固定结构, 表示说话人对说话内容所持的态度这种情况下, 分词短语的逻辑上的主语和句子的主语是不一致的, 可以看作是一种独立成分例如 : Given the general state of his health, it may take him a longtime to recover from the operation. given 在此意为鉴于考虑到

5 5. 作状语的非谓语动词非谓语动词用法用法比较研究作状语时的现在分词与过去分词的最主要区别在于, 分词与主语之间的主被动关系不同现在分词作状语, 与句子主语之间是主动关系 ; 过去分词作状语, 与句子主语之间是被动关系动词不定式与现在分词作状语时, 都可以表示目的结果原因条件和评价此外, 现在分词作状语还可以表示让步解释时间和伴随现在分词作目的状语主要用在动词 go 的后面, 构成的常见短语 go swimming 等 ; 不定式做目的状语的用法更为广泛, 且在句中位置较为灵活, 还可与 in order 或 so as 搭配, 构成短语 in order to, so as to 现在分词作结果状语, 表示谓语动词的直接结果, 意料中的结果, 且分词短语前有时可加上副词 thus 或 thereby; 不定式作结果状语通常表示的是意料之外的结果, 有时为了强调, 可以在不定式短语前加 only 现在分词短语作原因状语时, 一般有逗号将其与句子的主要部分隔开, 分词短语相当于一个原因状语从句 ; 动词不定式作原因状语时, 一般跟在一些作表语的形容词后, 且此类形容词多为心理形容词现在分词作条件状语, 相当于一个条件状语从句, 谓语动词常用一般将来时态 ; 不定式作条件状语时, 常用在主语 + be + easy/ hard/ difficult/ comfortable/ heavy to do 句型中, 不定式结构与句子主语构成动宾关系, 主动形式表示被动含义现在分词和动词不定式用作评价性状语, 表示说话人的态度, 在句中作独立成分, 都是用于一些固定短语中 6. 结束语不定式现在分词过去分词这三种形式的非谓语动词功能与用法复杂多样, 尤其是非谓语动词作状语是一个非常重要的语法现象笔者详细全面地剖析及比较非谓语动词作状语的用法, 有助于英语学习者深刻理解 References [1] Daozhen Zhang, A practical English Grammar, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Beijing, [2] Bing Bo, A Handbook of English Grammar, World Affairs Press, Beijing, [3] Zhenbang Zhang, A New English Grammar Coursebook, Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, Shanghai, 2003.

Unit 3 Unit 2 43

Unit 3 Unit 2 43 and or but so for after before when since because although though even though and My name is Avery, and her name is Phoenix. Avery Phoenix My name is Avery. And her name is Phoenix. 44