10
234 Y Keyboard 2003 12 17
10 235 2009
236 10-1 10-1 3C Rosabeth Kanter 2008/1977 Kanter
10 237 Kanter token tokenism Kanter tokenism Kanter spillover effects of sex role
238 Patricia Roos Barbara Reskin 1984 10-2 237 Joan Acker 1970
10 239 embodied disembodied substructure Acker, 1990, 1992, 1998
240 Acker embodied disembodied 10-3 25 83% 10-1 2011: 269-294
10 241 ascribed characteristics achieved status 2012 10-1 % 1980 7,760 6,144 8,905 69 1990 19,885 15,516 23,172 67 2000 33,953 28,761 38,037 76 2010 36,271 32,500 39,478 82 2011 36,803 33,035 40,018 83 http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/ ct.asp?xitem=1135&ctnode=3253 2012 5 9 10-6 England, 2006 allocative discrimination valuative discrimination
242 England, 1992 Martha Nussbaum Women and Human Development Nussbaum, 2000: 2 1970
10 243 labor force participation rate 15 1950 1970 800 1990 1,400 2000 1,700 1980 1980 1987 61% 100 90 80 70 60 50 % 40 30 20 10 0 ('78=1978, '00=2000) '78 '79 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 10-4 2011 1990 70% 70% 1978 39% 2009 50%
244 1980 1982 1983 3% 1987 2011 50% 2009 50% 49% 49% 66% 72% 73% 10-5 2011 42% 4% 44% 56% 71% 24% 49% 31%
(78.7) (64.4) 10 245 15 19,253 8,053 (41.8) 11,200 (58.2) 4,901 (60.9) 3,152 (39.1) 491 (4.4) (21.3) (35.6) 1,045 1,123 4,702 (43.9) 10,709 (95.6) 6,006 (56.1) 156 (3.3) (49.3) 1 (0.02) 1,110 (23.6) 4 (0.1) 119 (2.5) 3,313 (70.5) 386 (6.4) 3 (0.05) 1,839 (30.6) 25 (0.4) 791 (13.2) 2,962 10-5 2011 2011 % 10-6 1980 2011
246 1990 2011 50,000 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 ('80=1980, '00=2000) 0 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 10-6 http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/ct.asp?xitem=1135&ctnode=3253 2012 5 9 2009 2005 27%
10 247 18% 39% 35% 47% 18% 2002 1984 1991
248 Treiman & Hartmann, 1981 24 25 1963 Equal Pay Act 1970 Equal Employment Opportunity Civil Rights Act 1985 Equal Employment Opportunities Law 1987 20 1980
10 249 2001 2007 1987 30 57 44 10-7 1987
250 1989 3 1993 2001 3 8 1 16 2009 2010 5 7
10 251 10-2 Barbara Bergmann 2008 2007 2009 66% 77% Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2009 10
252 Catharine MacKinnon 1993/1979: 56 10-3
10 253 Kanter Reskin Acker 2006 10-8
254 2011 1997 2001 2010 Ehrenreich, B. 2001 2002 Folbre, N. 2001 2010 2002 2007 2006 33 103-131 2002 29 97-125 2011 2012 1985-2005 2009 108 63-123 2009 2010 5 7 Nakao Eki2008 Kanter, R. M.
10 255 1977 2003 12 17 1993 MacKinnon, C. A. 1979 Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender and Society, 4(2), 139-158. Acker, J. (1992). Gendering organizational theory. In A. J. Mills & P. Tancres (Eds.), Gendering Organizational Theory (pp. 248-260). London: Sage. Acker, J. (1998). The future of gendering and organizations : Connections and boundaries. Gender, Work and Organizations, 5(4), 195-206. Bergmann, B. R. (2008). Long leaves, child well-being, and gender equality. Politics and Society, 36(3), 350-359. England, P. (1992). Comparable Worth: Theories and Evidence. New York: Aldine De Grnyter. England, P. (2006). Devaluation and the pay of comparable male and female occupations. In D. B. Grusky & S. Szelenyi (Eds.), The Inequality Reader: Contemporary and Foundational Readings in Race, Class and Gender (pp. 352-356). Boulder, CO: Westview. Nussbaum, M. C. (2000). Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2009). Labor Force Statistics 1988-2008. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Roos, P. A. & Reskin, B. F. (1984). Institutional factors contributing to sex segregation in the workplace. In B. F. Reskin (Ed.), Sex Segregation in the Workplace: Trends, Explanations, Remedies (pp. 235-260). Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Treiman, D. J. & Hartmann, H. I. (Eds.) (1981). Women, Work and Wages: Equal Pay for Jobs of Equal Value. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.