,,,,,,,,,,, 76,,,,, 1 2,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 2003 1
1 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 8 6 9 7 13 8 18 9 20 10 22 11 25 12 28 13 31 14 DNA 33 15 36 16 37 17 40 18 42 19 45 20 47 21 49 22 51 23 54 24 55 25 58 26 61 27 63 28 65 29 67 1
30 68 31 70 32 74 33 78 34 81 35 86 36 89 37 92 38 93 39 95 40 97 41 102 42 104 43 108 44 112 45 114 46 116 118 47 118 48 121 49 121 50 125 51 127 52 128 53 130 54 132 55 134 56 135 57 136 58 140 59 141 60 142 61 143 62 145 63 147 64 148 2
65 149 66 150 67 154 68 155 69 158 70 159 71 160 72 161 73 162 74 163 75 163 76 164 1 3
: 1.,,, 2., ;, ; 3., 4. 5.,, : 1.,, 2.,,,, 3.,,,, 4.,, 5.,
,, : 1., 2., 3.,, 4., 5.,,,, 6.,, 7.,, 8.,,, 9.,,,,,,, 10.,,
1 ( use and care of micr oscope),,,,,,, 1. 2. 1. 1, 90 100 ; ; HI oil ; 2. ( 2),,,,, ( n = 1. 52) ( n =1. 515),, 3. ( 1 ),, ( 2 ), ( 3 ),, ( 4 ),,, ( 5 ) 1,,,,,,,, ( 6 ),,, 1
1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 4. 2 ( 1 ),, ( 2 ),,, ( 3 ),,,, ( 4 ) 2
( 5 ) [ ] 1.,, 2., 3., 4. 1.? 2.? 2 ( observation of motility of living bacteria),,,,, 1. 12 h 2. 1. ( 1 ) 2 3 ( 2 ), ( 3 ), 3
3 2. ( 3) ( 1 ) 2, ( 2 ) ( 3 ),,, ( 4 ),, ;, [ ],,,? 3 ( bacter ial basic shape and special structur e), 4
,,,,,,,,, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1.,, 2. ;, ;,?? 4 ( bacter ia gram stain), 5
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. 18 24h 2. 3. 1. ( 4) ( 1 ) 1, 1,, 1cm 2,, ( 2 ),,,, ( 3) 3 ( 1 ), 2 3s, 2. ( 1 ) 1 2, 1min, ( 2 ) 1 2, 1min, ( 3 ) 95% 1 2,, ( 0. 5min), ( 4 ) 1 2, 1min, 3.,, 6
4, ;, [ ] 1., 2., 3.,, 4. 16 24h, 1.?? 2.,? 3.,? 4.? 7
5 ( preparation of basic media),,,, 1. ( 0. 1mol /L) 5. ph 1., 500g 1000ml, 4 2. 30 min,, 3.,, 4. 1% 0. 5% 0. 1%, 1000ml 5. ph : 40 50, 0. 1 mol / L, ph ph 7. 6 6. 10 min,,, ph 7., 103. 4kPa ( 121. 3 ), 15 20 min : 3g, 10g, 5g, 1000ml,, ph,, ( agar),, 8
, 98, 45, ph 0. 2, ph7. 8, 0. 1% 0. 5%,, 1. ph7. 8 100ml, 0. 5g, 2. ( 10 100mm), 3ml, 103. 4kPa ( 121. 3 ), 15 20min, 2% 3%,,, 1. ph7. 8 l00ml, 2 3g (, 3g) 2.,, 103. 4 kpa ( 121. 3 ), 15 20min 3., ; 50 60, 2 3, ( ), ( 9cm 15m1),, 1.?? 2. 6 ( inoculation of bacteria and observation of bacterial growth),,,,,, 9
,,,, 1. 18 24 h 2. 1. ( 1 ),, ( 2 ) ( 45) ( ), 5 6cm, 30 40,,, A, ( 3 ),, A, B C D 1 2, ( 5) ( 4 ),,,, 37, 18 24 h : 5 ( 1 ) A D,, C D ( 2),,, ;, 2., ( 6) 10
6,, 1. 2. 1.,,,, 2., 2, 3. 2, 4.,,,,, 5.,,, 37 18 24h 1. 2. 11
,,,,,, 3718 24h( 7) 7 : 1., 2.,, 3.,, 1. 2.,,, ( 0. 5cm),, 3718 24h( 8) 12
8 : 1.,, 2.,,,, 1.?? 2.,? 3.,? 7 ( check of bacter ial metabolic pr oducts),,,,,,, ;,, 13
1. 18 24h 2. 1. ph7. 6, 1. 6%, 1% ( ), 2. 1 3. 37 18 24h 1.,,, - ;,, + ;,,,, 2. + - V - P,,,,,,,, V - P 1. V - P 2. 18 24h 3. 1. 2 2. 37 48h, 1ml - 1ml,, 5 15min 14
: - : +,,,, ph 4. 5,, ;, ph6. 2,, 1. 2. 18 24h 3. 1. 2 2. 37 48h, 2 3, : : + -,,,,, ( BTB), 1. 18 24 h 2. 15
1. 2 2. 37 24h : : + - ( ),,, (, Indole), ( ),, 1. 2. 18 24h 3. 1. 2 2. 37 48h, 2 3,, : + : -, ( ),,, 1. 18 24h 16
2. 1. 2 2. 37 24h : + : -,,,,,, ; 1. 18 24h 2. 1. 2 2. 37 18 24h, : + : -, :, ;, 17
1. 2. 1. ( 9), 2. 3724 48h, 2 3, 9, ;, 8 ( distribution of bacter ia in the envir oment),, 18
[ ] 1. 4, 3, 15 30min,,, 2. 37 18 24h, 3, [ ] 1. 1ml, 2 2. 3 : 1 10, 1 100, 1 1000 3. 0. 1 ml, L 4,, 4. 37 18 24h 4,,, 1ml ( ) [ ] 1. 10 cm 1g, 10ml,, 10min 2. 1ml, 3., 3718 24h 19
; ( ) [ ] 1. 0. 5ml, 2.,, 0. 5 1 cm, 3. 37 24 48h,? 9 ( distribution of bacter ia of human body),, [ ] 1.,, 1 2 3 2. 1 S 3., 2 S 4., 3 S 20
5., 3718 24h ( 1 ) ; ( 2 ) ; ( 3 ) ( ) [ ] 1., 10cm, 2., 3718 24h,,,, ( ) [ ] 1.,, 2. 37 18 24h,,,,,? 21
10 ( effects of physical agents on bacter ia),,,,,,, ( ) 1.,,,,, 2., 160 170, 2 h 40,,, ( ),, 1.,,,, ( 10 ),, 1 2.,,,,, ( 103. 5kPa, 121. 3 ),, 15 30min,,,, 1 / ( 1b / in 2 ) ( kpa) / ( kg / cm 2 ) ( ) 5 34. 47 0. 35 108. 8 22
/ ( 1b / in 2 ) ( kpa) / ( kg / cm 2 ) ( ) 8 55. 20 0. 60 113. 0 10 68. 94 0. 70 115. 6 15 103. 50 1. 05 121. 3 20 137. 87 1. 50 126. 2 10 ( ) [ ] 1. 8, 4, 2., 0. 1ml 3. 3 100, 5 15 30min,, 4. 8 37 18 24h, 2 23
2 5min 15min 30min,,, L 1. ( 1 ),, 11 - A K EK - S K ( 2 7 m), ; EK ( 1 m), ; EK - S ( 0. 1 0. 5 m),, 11 ( 2 ),, 11 - B 0. 15 30 m, G1 G6, G5 G6,, ( 3), 0. 25 14 m,,, 2.,,,,,,, 24
265 266 ( nm), DNA,, [ ] 1., 18 24h, 2.,,, 30min 3., 3718 24h,, ;, 1.? 2.? 11 ( effects of chemical agents on bacteria),,, 25
1. 18 24h 2. 2 3. 2 %, 2. 5%, 75%, 5%, 0. 5% 4., 6mm 1.,, 2. 5,,,, 12 3., 3718 24h 12 4.,, ( ),,, = [ ] 1. 1 90 1 100 1 110 1 120, 5ml 4 2., 5ml 4 3. 8 20, ( ) 18 26
24h 0. 5 ml, 4. 5min 10min 15min 4 mm, 1 1 5. 37 48h, ( + : - : ) 6. 5min 10min, ( ) 3 3 5min 10min 15min 1 90 1 100 1 110 1 120 - + + + - - + + - - - + 1 10000 1 15000 1 30000 1 50000 - + + + - - + + - - - +, 5min 10 min 1 100, 1 15000 15000 /100 = 150, 150,,, 4 4 5min 10min 15min 1 90 1 100 1 110 1 120 - + + + - + + + - - - + : ( 90 + 100 ) /2 = 95 1 95 ( ) 1. 2.? 27
12 ( effects of biological agents on bacteria),,,, ( ) [ ] 1. 16 18h, 2. 3. 37 18 24h, 13,, 5 28
5 ( g / ) ( mm) 10 28-29 30 13 14 17 18 10 12 13 14 15 10 11 12 14 15 30 14 15 18 19 ( ),, ( MIC) ( MBC) 43, ( ) ( plaque) [ ] 1. 1, 4, A B C D 2. A B, C, D 3. A ( ), B C D 4. 37 18 24h, B,, ( ) [ ] 1. 4, 2, 2 2., 0. 2ml 29
14 3. 37 18 24h,, 3,,, [ ] 1., 3748 h 2.,, 3. 37 18 24h, 15 30
, ;, 15 1. 2.? 13 ( bacterial var iation), ( H - O ),, 0. 1%,,, H - O [ ] 1. 0. 1% 18 24h 2. 37 18 24h,,,, ; 0. 1%,, ( S - R ) ( smooth, S) ( rough, R) 31
, [ ] 1. 5%, 0. 05% 0. 1% 2. 18 24h 3. 37 18 24h, 4. 5 6 S ; R L, L L,, 1. 18 24h 2. L 800ml, 20g, 50g, 200ml, 8g, ph7. 4,, 3., 40 g /,,, 1. L 18 24h 2. 1 3. 37, L,,, L 32
,,,, ;,, [ ] 1., S 2. ( 10 15 U/ ml), 3. 37 18 24h,, ;, 1.? 2. L 14 DNA ( isolation of bacter ial plasmid DNA) ( plasmid),, DNA,, RNA DNA,, SDS - Triton X - 100, DNA, Triton X - 100,,, DNA, 33
DNA, DNA 1. ( 1 ) - Triton X - 100 50 mmol Tris, 50 mmol EDTA, ph8. 0, 5% Triton X - 100 ( 2 ) 2mg / ml ( 3 ) 95% ( 4 ) TE 0. 02 mol Tris, 1 mmol EDTA, ph7. 4 2. LB 10g, 5g, 10g, 1g, 1000 ml, ph 7. 2 3. 4. Eppendorf 1. LB, 37 2., 5000rpm 5 10min ( ),, - Triton X - 100 300 l Eppendorf ( 4 5 Eppendorf ) 3. ( 2mg /ml),, ( 15 25 ) 15 20min 4. Eppendorf 100, 3min 5. 5min 6., 12000 15000rpm 10 15min 7. Eppendorf,, - 20, 30min(, 2 2. 5, - 20) 8. 15000rpm 15min,,, 9. DNA 100 l TE ( RNA, TE 10 20 g / ml RNA ) DNA, DNA 34
[ ] 1., DNA 2. : DNA DNA,,, DNA, DNA, DNA, DNA 1. TBE ( 5 ) 54 g Tris, 27. 5g, 4. 6g EDTA - Na 2, 1000ml 1 5 2. GEBS 20%, 50mmol EDTA, 0. 5% SDS, 0. 05% 3. 10 mg / ml, 1 20000 1. 1 % 0. 4g, 40ml TBE( 1 ),, 60,,, 2.,, TBE( 1 ), 3. DNA 10 l, 5 l GEBS, 4. : 80V, 1 2h 5., 30min 6., 7.,, (, 2, 20 40s), DNA DNA, DNA [ ] 1., DNA,, 2.,, 35
DNA? DNA? 15 ( adhesion test of bacter ia),,, ( ) - - ( E. coli), 1. P E. coli E. coli 2. PBS( ph6. 5) 3. 1. E. coli 2,, 37 ; 2000rpm 10 min, PBS 1 ; PBS 10 9 / ml 2., 3500rpm 10min, 1 2, 10 5 / ml 3. E. coli 0. 2 ml ( ), 2 0. 2ml, PBS 1 ml 37 30 min, 10ml PBS,, PBS 1, PBS 4. 1,, 1min, 36
1., 2. : 20, ( t )? 16 ( check of bacterial pathogenic enzyme and toxin), :,,,,,,,, ( ) 1. 18 24h 2. 3. 1. 3, 1 2 ( 30) 2. 1 3, 2, 37
3. 1 2 1 2, 3 1 2, 16 ( ) 2 3 ( 3, 2 ), 1, ( ) 1. 18 24h 2. 3. 1 ml 1. 1 4, 0. 5 ml 2 2., 370. 5h,,,,, 38
,, 1. ( 1% ) 2. 1 ml 4 5 3. 1 1. 1 1 ml 0. 1ml, ; 2 1ml 0. 1 ml, 2. ( 10 cm 10cm), 75% 3. 1 2 0. 2ml,, ( 1, 2 ) 4. 2 h,, 2 17,,,,,,, 1. 2, 1ml 2, 75% 2. 3. 39
ml 1. 1, 0. 2 1. 0 2. 1, 1000U, 30min, 0. 2 1. 0ml 1.,,,, 2., 1.,? 2.? 17 ( examination of bacterial pyrogen) ( LPS),,, ( 121. 3, 20min ), ( pyrogen) LPS, :,,,,, ( ) Ca 2 + Mg 2 +,, 40
, 0. 01 1 ng /ml 1. ( 0. 1 1 g/ ml) 2. 1ml ( :,,, 180 2h) 1., ( ) 2. 3 ( + ) ( - ), 0. 1ml 3. ( + ) ( - ) 0. 1ml 4. 3 37, 15 30min ( - ) ; ( + ), ( + ), ( - ), 1. ( ) 2. 1. 5 2kg 1. 3, 1 h, 1 h 3, 38. 5 39. 6, 2 0. 2, 3, 2. 15 min, 37 ( : 10ml /kg, 1 2ml / kg ) 3., 1h 1, 3, 41
[ ] 1. 3, 2 0. 6, 2. 1 0. 6, 3 1. 4, 5 3. 5, 0. 6 1, 8 3. 5, 4.,, [ ] 1., 6cm, 15min,,,,, 2. 1, 3., 180 2h, 1.? 2.? 18 ( sta phylococcus),,,,,,,,, [ ] 1. 18 24h, 42
2. 18 24h,, 1.,, 2.,,, ( cofactor),,, 16,, G 90 %,,, 1978 Wheldon,, ( methiclillin), ( - ) -, ph, ph 1. 18 24h 2. ( 10 U) ( ) 3. 2 % Columbia 1.,, 43
2., 1, 30 18 h, 3.,, ( 17 ) 17, 5min,, ;,, [ ] 1., Columbia. BBL,, ph 7. 2,, ph 8. 2 8. 6 ( ph7. 2 8. 8), ph 2. 10 min, 40min,,,??? 44
19 ( str eptococcus),,,,,,,,,,, : 1. ( - hemolytic streptococcus),, 2. ( - hemolytic streptococcus),, 3. ( - streptococcus),,, [ ] 1., 2. 18 24h, 1. 2. ; ( ) ; O A O( streptolysin O, SLO), - SH,,, - SH - S - S - SLO,, O,, O,, O, 1 250, 1 400 45
1. : ph6. 5 1 250 2. ph6. 5,, 2% 3. 1. 4, 6 6 O : ml 1 2 3 4 ( 1 250) 0. 25 0. 20 0. 15 0. 10 0. 05 0. 10 0. 15 0. 125 0. 125 0. 125 0. 125 3715min ( 2% ) 0. 125 0. 125 0. 125 0. 125 2., 3715 20min, 7 7 O 1 2 3 4 250 < 250 313 417 625 1. : O 1,, ph6. 5 1ml, 15min, 7ml 2. O : O = ml ml, 1 2,, : 46 0. 25 250 = 313 0. 20
1.? 2. O?? 20 ( S. mutans),,,,, 95 % 5%,,,,,,,, [ ] 1., 2., 95% 5%, 37 48h, 1.,,, 2., 1 mm,,,,,, [ ] 1. 47
2. 95% 5%, 3748h,, :, 18 ( 30ml) 371h( ) 1 20 0. 1ml 10%, 95% N 2 5% CO 2, 3748h 95% N 2 5% CO 2, 3748h, 95% N 2 5% CO 2, 3748h 18? 48
21 ( S. pneumoniae),,,,,,,,, 5% 10 %,,,,, optochin, [ ] 1. 2. 3., 1.,,,,, 2.,,,,, 0. 5 1. 5 mm, ( ) 4.,,, 1., 2. 10%, 3.,, 1. 8, 49
2., 3715 30min, 8 : ml 1 2 3 4 10% 0. 2 0. 2 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 8 0. 2 0. 2 1,,, [ ] 1., 2., 3.,, 4., Optochin Optochin ( C 2 HO 5 C 9 H 5 N CHOH C 1 N 11 N C 2 H 5 ), Optochin,,, Optochin,, [ ] 1. 2. 6mm 1 4000 Optochin, 3. 37 18h, 20 mm, 10mm 50
,, 24h, [ ] 1. 20 g 1, 0. 2 ml, 2.,, 3., 1., 12 24h 2. 3.,, [ ] 1. 2. 1., 2. 22 ( N. gonorr hoeae) ( gonococcus),,,,,,, 51
, [ ], [ ] 1.,,, 3., [ ] 1., TM 2. 5%, 37 24 48h,,,,,, 0. 5 1. 0mm [ ] 1.,, 2., ( 3 g/ ml) ( 7. 5 g / ml) ( 12. 5U /ml), Thayer - Martin ( T - M) 2.,, C C, ( 0. 5% 1% 52
) 18 24h,, 10 15 s, 30s, 19 [ ] 1.,, 2.,,, : ( 19) 53
? 23 ( isolation and identification of pyogenic cocci fr om clinical specimen),,,,,, [ ] 1. ( 1 ),,, ( 2 ),,, ( 3 ),,, ( 4 ),, 5 6ml, 50ml, ( 5 ),,,, 2., 20, [ ] 1.,,, 54
2.,,, 3.,, 20? 24 ( escher ichia coli) ( E. coli),,,, ( enterotoxi- 55
genic E. coli, ETEC) ( enteroinvasive E. coli, EIEC) ( enteropath - ogenic E. coli, EPEC) ( enterohemorrhagic E. coli, EHEC),,,,,, VP, ( IMViC + + - - ), [ ] 1. 2. S - S 1.,, 2., 9 9,,, S S - S ( ) [ ] 1. 7 2., 3724 h, 7 3. V - P ( IMViC) 56
10 10 IMViC H 2 S Vi - / - + + - + - - / + + + - + - + ( ) [ ] 1. 46,,, 2. ( 10 10 / ml), 2 3. 37, 3 4h, ; V - P 1, 10min 4.,,,,,, 37, 3 4 h ETEC 2kg, 2,,,, 5cm,, 3500rpm, 30min, 2 ml,, 24h,, ( ), ( 2ml /cm), > 1 ml / cm EPEC EPEC, EPEC O K I II III 57
, ;,, EPEC K, O, 10 / ml, 1h,,, EPEC O EIEC 1. ( 9 / ml), 24 48 h,, EIEC 2. EPEC, EIEC O K, EIEC EHEC 1. EHEC ( SMAC), 37 24 48h, 24 h, EHEC, 24 48h 2. EHEC90% O157 H7 SMAC, EHEC O157 3. Vero 1.? 2.?? 25 ( salmonella),,,,,,, 58
[ ] 1., 2., S - S 1., ;, 2., 11 11 S - S,, [ ] 1. 2. 3. 4. 7 24 12 12 H 2 S + - + + - + + - - - - + - / + - - - - + + + + - - 59
( Widal) O H H,,, [ ] 1. 4, 8, 2. 0. 5 ml 1 1 20 0. 5 ml, 1 ml 3,, 0. 51ml 2 7 0. 5 ml, 8 (, ) 3. 8 1 H 0. 5ml; 2 O 0. 5ml; 3 H 0. 5ml; 4 H 0. 5ml13 13 : ml 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8( ) 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 1 10 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 1 40 1 80 1 160 1 320 1 640 1 1280 1 2560-4., 3716 18h, 52 2 4h,, 14 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 40 1 80 1 160 1 320 1 640 1 1280 1 2560 O + + + + + + + + + - - - - 1 160 H + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - 1 640 H + + + - - - - - - 1 40 H + + - - - - - - < 1 40 60
+ + + + + :,, + + + :,, ( 75% ) + + :,, ( 50% ) + :,, - :,, :,,, + +?? 26 ( shigella),,,,,, : A ( ) B ( ) C ( ) D ( ), [ ] 1. 2. S - S 1., 2., 25 61
[ ] ( 2 10 ), [ ] 1. 2. 3. 7 24 15 15 H 2 S + - + + - - - - + - + + - - - + + + ( ) + + - - - - [ ] 1. 2, 3, 2., 1 2 3 3.,,,,,,, 62
1.? 2.? 27 ( isola tion and iden tification of pathogenic enter ic ba cilli fr om feces),, 16) 1.,, 2., 3. 30 % 4., 1. S - S 37, 24h, 37, 24h, 2. 37 24 h 16 ( H 2 S + + - - + - - - - + + + 63
H 2 S + - - - - + - + + - - + + + - 3.,, ;, 37 24 h 4. ( 2 10 ) 17,,, 3, 17 V - P H 2 S - + + + + - - - + + + - - + + - - - + - - + + - - + + - - + + - - + - + - + + - + - + - + - - + + - - + - + - - - + + + - - + - + - + - + - - + - - - + - - - - + - - + - + + - - - - + - - + + - + - - -,,,? 64
28 ( vibr io cholerae), O - 1 O - 1 O - 1,,, ph8. 8 9. 0,,, SPA [ ] 1. 2. ( ), 3. ( ) - - - ( TCBS) 1.,,,, 2.,,, 3. TCBS, 2mm,, 1. 18 V - P 18 ( % NaC1) 0% 1% 7% 10% + + + + - - / + + + - - - ( + ) / - + + + - : ( + ) 2., 65
,,,,,, [ ] 1., 6h 0. 25ml, 0. 25 ml, 2. 0. 25 ml, 0. 25ml,, 3. 37 5min,,,, 376 8 h,,, TCBS O - 1, : ( 21) ( ) SPA 21 66
1.? 2.? 29 ( C. tetani),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) [ ] 1. 2. 1.,, ;,,,, 2.,, 3., 2 7,,,, [ ] 1. 1, 0. 2 1. 0ml 2. 1, 1000U, 0. 5h, 67
0. 2 1. 0 ml,,,,, 1.? 2.? 30 ( C. perfringens),, 8min,,,,,,, [ ] 1. 2. 1.,,, 68
2.,,, 3.,,, [ ], 37 24 48h,,,,, 6 h, ( Nagler),,,,,, [ ],, 37,, 37 24 48h,,,,,,, 69
[ ] 18 24 h ( ) 0. 5ml,, 5 10min, 37 5 8h, 1., 2.,,,,,,,? 3 1 ( isolation and identification of anaerobic bacteria from clinical specimen),,,,,,, :, ; ;,,, 1 /2, 1 /4,,, 22 70
48h, 2 37 48h,, 22 1. 20 % - ( BBE) 2. 3. 1., 2ml, ( ), 2. 1 2, 3., 1 ml 37 48 h 4., 5.,,, 3748 h 6., 71
7. 48 h 20% -, 37 48 h 8. 6h ( 10 6 10 7 CFU) 10,,, 37 24 h,, 9. 1 3mm,,,,,, 20% [ ] 1., 2., 3., 24h : ( ) 1. 10 min, 2. 3. 1 2 ml,, 3724 48 h, ( ) 1. 0. 1% 1% 0. 05% 0. 1%, ph 8. 0 2. 1 1000 0. 2%,,, 10ml, 72
3., 3724 48 h, 1. ( 0. 5% 0. 8 % ) 2 /3, 2., 40, 3., 3724 48 h, ( ) : 1. ( 1 ) 1000 ml 37 24h 10g 10 % 100ml, 10% ( 2 ) ( 3),, 37 24 48 h, 2. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 12mm 12mm),, 0. 2g 10% 0. 5ml ( 3 ),, 37 24 48 h, 3. ( 1 ), 0. 5g ( 2 ) ( ) ( 3 ) 10% 1ml,, 37 24 48h, ( ) 1. 10 20 2.,, 2, 80% 10% 10% 3. 37 24 48h, ( ) 1. 1, 73
1 2. ( 1 2 ),, 3. ( ),,, 4. 37 24 48h, ( ),,,,, 37 24 48 h,,,, Foma 1024 : 2 1.,,, 2. ( cycle start button),,, 3.,, 4. ( anaerobic light),, 5.,,,, 1.? 2.?? 3 2 ( C. diphtheriae),,, 74
, V Y,,,,,,, [ ] 1. ( Albert) 2. 1. Albert,,,,, 2. ; 1mm,,,,, ;, ( Albert) 1. 12 18h 2. 1., 2., 5min, 1min,,,,, 75
,,, ( ) Elek Elek, 1. 24h 2. Elek 3. ( 1000U /ml) ( 6. 0 cm 1. 5cm) 5ml 1. Elek 10 ml, 50 55, 2ml,, 2., ( 1000U / ml) ( ), 37 1 2h( ), 3. 23,, 37 24 48 72 h, ( ) ( ), 5 6 1cm 45,, ;,, ( ),, 76
23 Elek 1. 24 h 2. 3. ( 4 ) 5ml 1. 4 5 ml,, ( 5 / ml), 2. 2, 18 24h 1000 U 3. 2,, 0. 1ml 24 48 72 h,,,, 6 7 : ( 24)?,? 77
24 33 ( M. tuber culosis),,,,,,, 78
,, 10 20, [ ] 1. 2. 3 6 1.,,, 2.,,,, ( Ziehl - Neelsen ),,, 3 %,,, [ ] 1.,,,,, 2.,,,, 5min, 3. 3%,, 4. 1min, 5., : - : 300 ( 4min) + : 300 1 2 79
+ : 300 3 9 + + : 300 10 99 + + + : 1 9 + + + + : 10,, 19, 19,,, 25 25,,,, : 1. ( 1 ) 1, 5 4% ( ), ( ) ( 2 ) 371 4h, ( 3 ) 25% ph6. 8 7. 0( ) ( 4 ) 3000 rpm20 30min, 80
2. ( 1) 2 3 ml 100 ml, 0. 1% 0. 5% ( 10 % ) 1 2, 20 30min ( 2 ) ( ) 0. 2 0. 3 ml,,, 240 / 10min ( 3 ) 2 %, 10 15min ( 4), 30 40min ( 5 ) ;, ( 6 ),, 1.? 2.? 34 ( cultur es of vir uses),,, :,,,,,, 81
1., 2. 1 ml [ ] 1. 0. 1ml, 2.,,, ( ) 2 3mm, 0. 02 0. 03ml,, 3., 3 4,,,,,, ( ),,, 26 20 26 8 12 82
20 ( ) 10 13 9 11 5 8 10 12 [ ] 1. 2. 3. 1 ml 9 [ ] 1. ( 1 ) ( ),, 5 ( 2 ) 38 39 (, ), 40% 70%, 2, ( 3 ) 4 5,,,,, 2. ( 1 ) 9 12,, ( 2 ),, ( 3) 0. 5ml, 30, 2cm, 0. 2 0. 5 ml ( 4 ), 3724h, 2 3 ( 5 ),,, ( ),,,,,, 83
( ) ) 1. 2. ( 6h) 3. 0. 25% Hank s 0. 1% ( 0. 1mol 4. [ ] 1.,, 1mm 3, Hank s 2 3, 2. ( 1 ) 0. 25%, 3730 min( ),,, 750rpm 5min, Hank s 1 2, 750 rpm 5 min,, ( 2 ) 0. 25 %, 4,, Hank s 2 3, 15 20ml,, 3. 0. 1ml, 0. 1% 0. 2 ml, 5 min,,, = 4 3 10 4 4 4., ( 5 8) 10 5 / ml ( ),, 3748 h,, 5., Hank s 1 2, 0. 1ml, 37 15 30min,, ( ), 37 6., :,,, 84
;,, : - ; ; 25% +, 50% + + ; 75% + + + ; 100% + + + + + + + + + +,, : 1., Eagle s, RPMI1640 5% 10%, ph7. 0 7. 2; 2%, ph7. 4 ( ), ph,, ;,, 2.,, ( 100 250U / ml) ( 100 250 g / ml) 3. 21 21 HEK( ) MK( ) RK( ) HSV CE( ) ( ) HDF* ( ) HSV, Hep - 2 RSV, HeLa RSV, Vero, VSV BSC - 1, VSV RK - 13 HSV BHK - 21, A - 549, RSV : * WI - 138 IMR - 90 MRC - 5, 4. 50 % ( TCID50), ( 40 96 ),, TCID50 5. ( plaque formation unit, PFU),, 37,,, ( PFU) : 85
= PFU /ml ( ml) 1.,? 2.? 3 5 ( ser ological tests for vir uses),, ( ),,,, ( ), 1. 0. 5% 2. 3. [ ],,, 10, 22 1., 1 0. 9 ml, 0. 25ml 2. 0. 1ml 1, 0. 25ml 2, 9 86
, 9 0. 25ml 3. 1 10 0. 25ml 4. 0. 5ml 5. 1 2 min, 37 30 60 min, 22 : ml 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0. 9 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 5 / 0. 1 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 1 /10 1 / 20 1 /40 1 /80 1 /160 1 /320 1 / 640 1 / 1280 1 /2560 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 5% 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5, 37 30 60min,, + + + + :, + + + :, + + :, + :, - :, + +, 1, 0. 25ml 4 1 /640, 4 1 /160, 1 /160,,,, ( hemagglutination inhibition test, HAI),, [ ] 4,, 23 87
23 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 : ml 9 10 11 0. 9 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 5 0. 5 0. 1 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 1 /10 1 / 20 1 / 40 1 /80 1 /160 1 /320 1 /640 1 / 1280 4 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25 0. 25-0. 25-0.25% 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5, 37 30 60min + + + + + + + + + ( ) - ( ) [ ],, HAI,, : 0. 1ml25% 0. 5ml, 37 1h 4 ph9. 0 0. 5ml, 6000rpm 5 min, 56 30min 0. 05 ml, 3720 30 min 3000rpm 10min, 1 10,,? 88
3 6 ( rapid diagnosis of vir uses),,, :,, ( 32 P ),,, Southem, 1h, PCR, HBV ( HBV), Dane ( HBV, 42nm) ( HBsAg, 22nm), [ ] 1. Ag - Ab 0. 1 0. 5ml HBsAg 0. 01 0. 05ml - HBs(, 1 /10 ), 3730min 2. 2 3 0. 15cm, 2. 5cm 2 1%, 1 Ag - Ab, ( ) 3. ( PTA),, 1 2% PTA ( ph6. 5 7. 0 ), 1 2min, 4. 5000 10000, HBV, Dane 89
( ELISA), HBV ELISA, HBV ELISA,,, ELISA HBsAg, - HBs, HBsAg Ag - Ab, HBs,,, 1. 0. 02mol ph9. 6 2. 0. 02mol ph7. 4 PBS - Tween20 ( 0. 05% ) 3. - HBs 4. 0. 01mol ph7. 4 PBS - Tween20 5. ( OPD) 10 mg ph5. 0-25ml, 30% 0. 12ml, 5. 2 mol 6. 7. 1. - HBs 50 g/ ml,, 100 l / 4, 3, 3 5min 2. 1 /50, 100 l /, 3,, 37 2 h, 3 3., 100 l /, 37 2h, 3 4. 100 l /, 37 20 30min 5. 1 /,,,,, P / N 2. 1, < 2. 1 P A 492 nm, N A 4 92n m 90
[ ] 1., 0. 5 % 1. 0%, 2., 4, 3 3., 43 1 h 4 18 22 h 37 2h 4. ph9. 0 Tris - Tween20, ph7. 4 PBS 5.,, ( HCMV) 32 P, ( Probe ),, DNA ( DNA Spot hybridization) DNA, DNA DNA, DNA, DNA,, X, 0. 1ng, 1000 DNA,, [ ] 1. 5ml, 25000 rpm 60min 0. 01 mol Tris - HCl ( 0. 001mol EDTA) 200 l 2. 3% Savcosy 100 l( 0. 075mol Tris - HCl, 0. 025mol EDTA, ph9. 0 ), 10min 3. 0. 5% K 75 l, 37 2 h 4. ( 1 1) 2, 3, 1 /10 3 mol 2 DNA, SSC 5. DNA 1004 min DNA,, HCMV DNA DNA 6. ( 1. 5cm 9cm), 20 SSC 15min 7., 2 5 l, 8. 802h,, 2ml, 42 1h 9., 32 P HCMV, 42 10. 0. 1% SDS 2 SSC0. 1% SDS 1 SSC 1 SSC 11. Whatman 3mm, X, - 80, 4h 91
DNA,, HCMV [ ],, DNA 1.,? 2.,? 3 7 ( chlamydia) ( chlamydia),,,,,, DNA PCR,, McCoy Hela - 299 BHK - 21 [ ] 1.,, 2 3ml Hanks ( 2500U / ml ) 2. 5 8, 0. 2ml3 5 3. 35,,, 92
4., Gimesa,,, :, 1 3 : :, :,,?? 38 ( r ickettsia) ( rickettsia),,,,,, ( Macchiavello), Gimesa,,,, [ ] 1., 2. ( 1 ),, ( 2) 0. 25% 3 5min, 0. 5% 5 s, 93
( 3 ) 1 % 20min,,,,,, ( Weil - Felix), OX19 OX2 OXk, 1. OX19 OX2 OXk 2. 3. 4. 1. 3 8 2., 8 3. 4. 37 24h, 24 24 : ml 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 1 /10 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 1 /40 1 /80 1 /160 1 /320 1 /640 1 /1280 1 /2560, 37, 24h 94
1 160, ; 4, 3 9 ( mycoplasma) ( mycoplasma),,,,, [ ] 1. ( 1 ) Hayflied, 2 ( 2) 5% 95 %, 37 1 2, ( 3 ) 2. A. ( 1 ),, ( 2 ) 80 85, ( 3 ), Gimesa B. ( 1 ), ( 2 ) Gimesa, 3. ( 1 ) 95
,, O 0 4, 37, ( 2 ) 25 25 : ml 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5( ) 1% 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 1 4 1 8 1 16 1 32 1 64 1 128 1 256 1 512 1 1024 ( ), 4 ( 3) 4 37 15min,,,,, 1.,, 100 150 m, 10 40 m 2. ( 1) Gimesa,,,,, ( 2),, Gimesa, 0. 2 0. 3 m 3. ( + + ) 1 32, 1 32 1 64,,, 50%?,? 96
40 ( spirochaeta) ( spirochaeta), ( ) ( ) 1.,,,,,, :,,,,,, ( 27) 2. ( 1 ) ( ), ( ) ( 2 ) ( 1ml, 2ml, 100ml), 1 2min ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 g, 1 g, 100 ml) 2 3,, 97
30s, ( 5 ) ( 5%, 10%, ),, 30 s,,,,, ( ), 10 % 20 %, ( Korthof) 28, ph 7. 2 7. 4, 1., 1 7, 2 2. 2 3 ( 8 ml ), 1 5 (,, ) 28 3.,, 7 10,,, ( ) 372h,,,,, [ ] 1., 26 26 : ml 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 1 /50 1 /100 1 / 200 1 /400 1 /800 1 /1600 1 /3200 1 / 6400 1/12800 1/25600 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 1/100 1/200 1/400 1/800 1/1600 1/3200 1/6400 1/12800 1/25600 1/51200 98, 37 2h
, 1,, 2. + + + + :,, + + + : 75%,, 25% + + : 50%,, 50% + : 25%, 75 % - :, 50 % ( + + ) 1 300, 4, ( ), ELISA ( ), 5 6,,, 1 2,,,,,, ( ),,,, 1. ; ; 2., 28, 3 7, 3.,,, ;, ;,, 4.,,,,, 99
( Venereal Diseases Research Laboratory, VDRL) ( Unheated Serum Reagin Test, USR) ( Rapid Plasma Reagin Card Test, RPR),,, ( Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption, FTA - ABS) ( Treponemal Immobilization Test, TPI),,, USR RPR,,, ( ) ( USR),,,, 1. USR ( ), 6 10, 6 2. 14 mm 3. 1 ml, 45 + 1 /ml 4., 1. ( 1 ) 0. 05ml ( 2 ) 1 ml, USR, 1 ( 3) 4min, 100, 3min 2., 1 2 1 64, + + + + + + + :, 100
+ + :, + :,, - :, ( ) ( RPR) USR, USR,, USR, 1. RPR ( ) 2. RPR, 12 3., 4. 1 ml,, 60 + 2 /ml 1. ( 1 ) 0. 05ml, ( 2) RPR, RPR 1 ( 3 ), 100, 8min ( 4 ) 2., 1 2 1 32, : : : [ ] 1. 23 29, 101
, 23 29 30min 2., 1 8 3., [ ] 1. 1 2%,,, 2.,,,,, 3 8, 1.,? 2.? 4 1 ( actin omyces) ( actinomyces),, ; ( 2 /3) ;,, 102
[ ] 1., 2.,, 3. 1. 1 2mm, 5mm, ; 2.,,, 3., ; 4., ;,,,, 37 ( 10% ), 3 6 1.,,, 2.,, 3.,, ;, 4.,,? 103
42 ( fungus) ( fungus),,,,,,,,,,, 100 500, [ ] 1.,,,,, ( ) 2.,,,, 3., ( ) 4., ( 1 ), ( 2 ), ( 3 ) ( 4),,,,,,,,, 104
5. ( 1 ),,,, ( 2 ),,,, ( 3 ),,,, 22 28 ( 37 ),, ( ph4. 0 6. 0), 1 2, ( ) [ ] 1. L,,, 2., 75%,,, 3. 37, 2 3 1 2,, 3, ( ) [ ] 1. ( 1 ),,,,,, 105
, 28 28 ( 2 ),, 1 /2 ( 3 ),,,, ( 4 ), 37 2 3,, 2.,,,, ( ), [ ] 1.,,, ( ),, 2. 10% 1 2,,,, 3 5,,,,,, 106
[ ] 1., 2.,,,,,, [ ] 1. 1,,,, 373 5,,, 2.,,, 10 20min,, 3.,, 80 % 2 3 min, 95% 2 3min, 100 % 2 3min 4., 5.,,,? 107
43 ( antimicr obial test in vitro),,,, MIC MBC,,,, ( minimal inhibition concentration, MIC),, ( minimal bactericidal concentration, MBC) 29 MIC MBC 108
( 5ml 1 ml) 6h,, 1 1000, 10 3 10 5 / ml 1. 5ml, 1 1. 8ml, 1ml, 7 2. 1ml, 0. 2 ml 1, 1ml 2, 1ml 3,, 6, 1ml, 7 2, 27 27 MIC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ( ml) 1. 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( ml) 0. 2 1 1 1 1 1 ( ) 1 1000 ( ml) 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 1 10 1 20 1 40 1 80 1 160 1 320 3. 1ml, 1 1000, 0. 1ml ( ) 4., 3724 h, 5.,, 6. MIC ( ),, 29 37 24h,, ( MBC) 1.,, 2.,, 109
[ ] 1.,, 2. MIC MBC, 3. 0. 1 ml, 3724h, 5 : : MIC,,,, MIC :,,, MIC,, :,, ( 30), ;,,, 1ml L ( ) 1., 0. 1 ml, L 2.,,, 3. 3718h,, 110
30,, ( 28 ) 28 ( ) g / ( mm) G 1. 5 < 9 9 20 > 20 10 < 14 14 19 > 19 1. 0 < 7 12 19 > 19 6. 0 < 6 6 12 > 12 10 < 11 11 16 > 16 10 < 13 13 14 > 14 30 < 14 14 17 > 17 30 < 13 13 16 > 16 10 < 13 13 16 > 16 5. 0 < 17 17 19 > 19 2. 0 < 15 15 16 > 16 300 < 13 13 16 > 16 [ ] 1.,, 2. 37,? 111
44 ( measur ing of antibiotics poten cy),,,,,, ( ) :,,, ( 2 1 ), ( 6. 0mm, 8. 0 mm, 10. 0mm),,,, lg = lg k = k = 1 /0. 5 k = 1 /0. 25 UH = UL = SH = SL = V = ( UH + UL) - ( SH + SL) W = ( UH + SH) - ( UL + SL) lg = V / W lgk 100% = ( ), V W, W V, 0,,, : pu( ) = ps( ) ( 20ml 5ml) ( 63501) 1 ml ( SH SL) ( UH UL) 112
1. ( 20ml),,,, 2. ( 5ml), 60, 1 ml 0. 1 0. 2ml,,,, 3., SH SL UH UL 4., 3,,,, 5., SH: ( 5U /1ml) SL: ( 2. 5U /1ml) UH: UL: 6. 37 16 18h,,, 0. 1mm, W V, ( 31 ), [ ] 1.,, 2. 3.,,? 113
31 ( H L = 2 1) 4 5 ( aseptic examination of injection drugs) ( ),,,,,, ;,,,, ( ) 114
1. ( ), 2. (,, 29 ), 3 29 ( ml) ( ml) ( ml) 2 0. 5 15 2 20 1. 0 15 > 20 5. 0 40 3. ( ),,, 1 4. 30, 5 7 30 ( ) 30 37 5 2 1 1 30 37 5 2 1 1 20 28 7 2 1 1, 31 31 1 + 2 + +, 3 + + 4 + + 5 6 + + + +, 115
? 4 6 ( examination of bacterial sum in or al dr ugs),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 ml,,, 3748 30 300,, 5g 50ml ( ) 15ml ( ) 1ml 1., 5 10 g(, 5 10ml),, 50 100ml, 1 10, 1 2min 2. 1ml 1 10 1ml, 9 ml,, 1 100, 1 1000 116
3. 3, 1 ml, ( 1 10, 1 100, 1 1000) 2 3, 50 15ml,, 3748 1. 4,, 5 10, 2. 30 300 2,, 3, 2, 50%,,, 32 ( 1 ) 30 300, ( 32 1) ( 2 ), 30 300,, 2, ( 32 2) 2, ( 32 3 ) ( 3 ) 300, ( 32 4 ) ; 30,, ( 32 5 ) ( 4 ),,, 221, 200; 3150 3200 32 1 10 1 100 1 1000 1 1360 164 20 16 400 16 000 2 2760 295 46 < 2 37 800 38 000 3 2890 270 60 > 2 27 000 27 000 4 4650 510 51 000 51 000 5 28 4 2 280 280? 117
4 7 ( ) ( ascar is lumbricoides) [ ] 1. 2. 3. [ ] ( ), 45 75 m 35 50 m,, ( ),, 88 94 m 39 44 m,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( ), 5% 118
,, 13 35cm,, 3,,,,,, ( ) 1. 2.,, 2 /3,,, ( 1 ) 3 1,, ;,,, 1 ( 2 ),,,, 4,, ; 2,,, 3,,,, ( 3 ), [ ] : ( ) 1. 1,, 1 2. 1,,, 119
3.,,,, ( ) 1.,, 2.,,,,, 3.,, 4.,,, 5., 6.,, 7.,, ( ),,,,, 1 3, 1. 1,? 2.? 3.? 4.? 120
48 ( ) ( trichur is trichiura) [ ] 1. 2. [ ] :, 50 54 m 22 23 m,, 1, 1 1.,,, 35 50mm, ; 30 45mm, 2., 4 9 ( ) ( ) ( ancylostoma duodenale & necator americanus) [ ] 1. 121
2. : 3., [ ] ( ), 56 76 m 36 40 m,, 2 4,,,, ( ), 1cm,,,, ;,,,,, C;, S, ( ) 1.,,,,,, : 2, 1 2.,,,, ( 1 ),, 3 ; 2, 2 ( 2 ) 2,,,,, 1, 1, 1. 122
,, 2.,,? [ ] ( ),,,, ( ) 1., ( 3. 5cm, 2cm, ),, 2.,,, 3. 1,,, 15 20min 4., 5., ( ) 1.,, 2. ( 37. 5% ) 1. 20,,, 3. 1. 20, 4. 95ml 5 ml,, 123
: 1. 110 1. 130 1. 210 1. 230 1. 055 1. 080 1. 150 1. 1050 1. 115 1. 200 1. 170 1. 190 1. 190 1. 140 1. 050 ( ) ( ) ( 3 5 ), ( ) 1. 11. 5cm T, T 2. 0. 5g, 2 /3 3. T2 3ml ( ),,, 4. 5. 27, 6. 3 5,, 7., S 8.,,, 5 10, ( ) 1.,,, 2., 3., 124
( ) 1., 2.,, 3., 1.? 2.? 3.? 50 ( ) ( enterobius ver micularis) [ ] 1. 2. 3. [ ] ( ) ( ),,,, D,, 50 60 m 20 30 m,,,, 1, 1cm,, 1 /3 ; 125
, 2 5mm,, 6,, 1. 2., 3., 4. 1 /3, [ ] ( ) ( ) 1. 13cm, 0. 8cm,, ( 1cm),, 2.,,,, 3.,,,,, 1.? 2.?? 3.? 4.,? 126
51 ( ) ( ) ( wuchereria bancr ofti & brubia malayi) [ ] 1. 2. [ ] :,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, : 244 296 m 5. 3 7. 0 m,,, 1 1 1 2,,, : 177 230 m 5 6 m,,, 2 1,,,, 2,, ( ) ( ), 5%,, 1. 4 10. 5cm( ),, 127
, ;, ( ),,,, ( ) 1. ( ) 2. ( ) 1.? 2.?? 3.,?? 4.?? 52 ( ) ( tr ichinella spir alis) [ ] 1. 2. 3. [ ] : 128
0. 25 0. 5mm 0. 21 0. 42mm,, 1 1 2, 6 7,, ( ) :, 3 4mm 0. 06mm, 1 /3 1 /2,,,, 1 /5,, [ ] :, ( ),,, : 1., 24, 2, 24, 2., 3., 1.? 2.??? 3.,?? 129
53 ( ) ( clonor chis sinensis) [ ] 1. 2. 3., [ ] ( ) ( ),, 27 35 m 12 20 m,,,,, ( ),,, 10 25 3 5,, 1 /5, :,,,,,,, : 1, 1 /3, 1 1,,, : 1, 1 /3 1 /3,,,,,, : 1 /3,, 130
( ),,, ( ) 1. ( ) 2. ( ),,, ( ),, ( ) ( ) [ ] :,,,,,, : :,,, 0. 138 mm 0. 15mm,,,, 2 ( ),, 1 1 1.,? 2.,? 3.? 131
54 ( ) ( paragonim us westermani & pagumogonimus skrjabini) [ ] 1. 2. 3. 4., [ ] ( ) ( ), 71 m 48 m,,,, 1 10 ( ),, 3. 5 6. 0 11. 0 18. 5, 1 2. 4 3. 2 ( 1 /3 ), :,, : 1, 1 /3, : 1,,,,,,, :,, 132
( ),, :, 1 /2,, ( ),, 300 400 m,,, 2,,,, ( ), ( ) ( ), ( ),, ( ), ( ) 1. ( ), ( ) 2., [ ] :,,,,,,,,,, 2,,,,, 1 /3 1,, 133
1.,?? 2.? 3.? 55 ( ) ( fasciolopsis buski) [ ] 1. 2. 3. [ ] :,, 130 140 m 80 85 m,,,,, 1 ( ),,,, 4 5,,,,, 2,, 1,, 3,,, 134
,, ( ), 20 75 8 20,,,,,,, ( ) ( ), 56 ( fasciola hepatica) [ ] [ ] : : ; ; ; 2,,, 135
57 ( ) ( schistosoma ja ponicum ) [ ] 1. 2. 3., [ ] ( ) ( ),, 89 m 67 m, (, ),, ( ),,, 1 /3, ( ),,,,, ( ) : :,,, 1 /3 136
,, 7,, :, (, ),,, ( ),,,, ( ),, ( ),,, 6 8,,, 10, 4, 6, 3,,, ( ) 1., 2.,,,, ( ),, [ ] ( ),,,,,, 137
,, ( ) 1. 20 30g( ),, ( 40 60 ),,, 20 30min 2.,,, 3 5, 3., 4.,,, 25 30 2 6h 5.,, ( ),,, ( ) 1. 2, 100 150, 2. 22 mm 22mm,, 37 48 72 h 3.,,, = /, 5% : - :, 10 m( ) + : 1 /4; ; 1 /2 + + : 1 /4; ; 1 /2 + + + : 1 /2; 2 ; 138
( ) 1. 4 5,,, 25 2 3h,,, 2. ( ),,,, 3.,,,, 500 800, 40 4., 20 min,,, ( ) 1.,, 1,,,,,, 2.,,, 3.,, 1.,? 2.,??? 3.?? 4.,? 5.,? 139
58 ( ) ( ) ( taenia solium & taenia saginata) [ ] 1. 2. 3. [ ] ( ) ( ),,,, 31 43 m,,,,,,, 1,, ( ),,, 7 13, 15 30 ( ), 4 4, ( ), 4,,, 4, 140
( ),, 3,, 150 200,,,,,, 2, ( ) 2 4m, 700 1000,,,,,, 0. 6 1mm,,,,,,,,,, 4 8m, 1000 2000 ( ),,,,,, ( ) ( ),,, 1.,? 2.? 3.? 59 ( ) ( hymenolepis nana) [ ] 141
[ ], 48 60 m 36 48 m,,,, ( ) 4 8, 1 ( ),, 4,,,, ( ), 50 80mm, 100 200,,?? 60 ( ) ( echinococcus gr anulosus) [ ] 1. 2., [ ] :,, 142
,,, ( ) 1. 5 5. 0 mm, 3 4,,, 4,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,, 1.? 2.,,? 3.? 61 ( ) ( spir ometr a mansoni) [ ] 1. 2., 143
[ ] ( ) :,,, 52 68 m 32 43 m,,,,,,, 1,, ( ; ) ( ),,, 1 1. 5mm, 0. 4 0. 8mm,, ( ), 1m,,,,, ( ) 1,,,, ( ) ( ),, 1?? 1. ( 2) ( 3) 2. :, 130 140 m 80 85 m,, 144
: ( 1), 80 118 m 48 60 m,,,,,, 10 1 ( 2), 52 76 m 31 44 m,,,,, :, 29 m 17 m,,,,, 3. ( 4) ( 5) 4.,, 45 75 m 35 50 m,, ( 1), ( 2) ( 3) 88 94 m 39 44 m,,,,, 74 106 m 55 80 m,,,,, 5., 50 54 m 22 23 m,,,, 6. : ( 1) 56 76 m 36 40 m,,, 4 8, ( 2) 50 60 m 20 30 m, D ( 3) : 31 43 m,,,,, 48 60 m 36 48 m,,,, 4 8 62 ( entamaeba histolytica & entamaeba coli) [ ] 1. 2. 145
[ ] ( ) ( ),,, 1 ( 5 20 m),,, 1 4,,, 1,, ( ) ( ) 1 1%,,,,, 1 4,,, 4,, ; ( ),, 10 30 m,, 1 8,, 8,,, :, ( ) ( ),,, 12 60 m,,,, 1 /5 1 /4,,,,, ( ) ( ),,, 1 ;,, 146
( ) ( ),, ( ) ( ) ( ),,,, ( ),,,, (, ) 1.,??? 2.,????? 3.??? 63 ( giardia lamblia) [ ] 1. 2. 147
[ ] ( ) :,, 10 14 m 7. 5 9 m,,,, : 1 1%,,, 2, 4, ( ) :, 9. 5 12 m 5 15 m, 2 4 m,,, 2, 1, 8,, 1, 64 ( trichomonas vaginalis) [ ] [ ] : ( ),, 10 15 m, 30 m; 1, 1 /3 ; 4 1,, 1 /2 1,, 148
( ),,,,,,, 65 ( leishmania donovani) [ ] [ ],,,,, 3. 5 m, 4. 4 m 2. 8 m,,, ;,, 1,,,,, 14. 3 20 m 1. 5 1. 8 m,,,, 1 149
1. 2.,?? 66 ( plasmodium vivax & plasmodium falcipar um ) [ ] 1. 2. 3. 4. [ ] ( ),,, :,, :, : 1., 1 /3, 1,, 2. 1,,,,,,,, 3., 12 24, 16,, 150
, 4.,,, 1 :,, :,,,, ( ), ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1.,,!,, 2.,,,,,,,, 3.,,,, 4.,,, 1,,,,,, ;, ( ) ( ), 1 /6 1 1, 2 3 1 1, 2 ( ) ( ),,,, :, ;, :, ;, 1. 151
2. 3.,,, 4.,,, [ ] : 1 : ( 5ml) 7 1. 2 3 ml, 2. 1,, 3. 0. 3 0. 5ml, 4., 0. 2 0. 3ml, ( ) :,, ( ), 70%, ( ),, 2 4mm,, (,, ), ;,, 1,, 3045,,,,,, 152
( ) 1cm (, ) ( ),,, 1 2,,, ( ),, 1 2 ( ) 1, 1. ( 1 ) 5 8, ( 2 ),, 8 10min ( 3 ),, ( 4 ), 2. ( ph7. 0 7. 2 19 1 ) 1 ml,, 30 min,,, : 1. 0. 1 0. 5ml, 3ml, 97 ml,,,,,, 1 2, 24h 2. 1g, 50ml, 50ml,,, 50ml,,, 50ml,,, 65 24 h 1, 3. 1 /15mol / L : ( 1 ) ( Na 2 HPO 4 ) ( ) 9. 64g 1000ml ( 2 ) ( K 2 HPO 4 ) 9. 073g 1000ml,, : 153
ph Na 2 HPO 4 ( ml) K 2 HPO 4 ( ml) ( ml) 6. 6 37 63 900 6. 8 49 51 900 7. 0 63 37 900 7. 2 73 27 900 7. 4 81 19 900 ph, ph 7. 0 7. 2 1. 2.,?,? 3.,? 4.?? 67 ( toxoplasma gondii) [ ] [ ],,,,,, 4 7 m, 2 4 m, 154
68 ( mosquito) [ ] 1., 2. [ ] ( ), 1., 1, 1, 15,, ; 13,, 1, 5 2. ( 1 ) 1, ( 2 ) 1, ( 3 ) 3, 1 3. 11,, 2 8, 3 1 ( ) 1. ( Anopheles sinensis), 4, 2 2, 2. ( Culex pipiens quinguefasciatus), ; ; ( ), 3. ( Aedes albopictus),, 1 4, ( ) 1 7 1, 1 155
( ), 1,, 3,, 1 ( ),, : 1. 1,,,,, 2 2. 1,, 3. 1,,, 4. 1,, 5. 1,, ( ),,,,, 6, 2 4 5 1 3 6 1; 2. 1, 2. 2, 3; 4. 1 ; 4. 2 ; 5. 1, 5. 2 ; 6 ( ) ( ) 1.,, 2.,,, 3.,,, ( ) ( ) 1.,,, 2.,,, 3., ( ) ( ),, ( ) ( ) 1.,,, 2.,,, 3.,, ( ) ( ) 1., 156
2.,, 3., 1.? 2.??? 3., 1a., ;, b., ; ( ) ( 2) 2a. b., ( 3) 3a., b., 1a. 4 ( 2) b. 4 ( 8) 2a. 1 /4 ( 3) b. 1 /4 ( 4) 3a. ( 5 2 ), 4a. ( 7) b. ( 5) 5a., 3 b., 2 ( 6) 6a.,,, b.,,, 7. 1 / 4 1 /3,, 8a. ( 9) b. ( 10) 9. 6, 6 10. 4, 2 157
69 ( fly) [ ], [ ] 1 ( ), 1. 1,, 1, 2., 1 3, 3. 5 : ( Musca domestica vicina) :,, 4,,, ( Chrysomyia megacephala) :,, ( Lucilia sericata) :,,, ( Boettecherisca peregrina) :, 3,, ( ) 10%,, 1. 1,, 3 1, 3, 1,, ( ) 1 2 2. 5, 5 1, 158
1,, 3. 6,, ( ) 8 1,,, ( ) 1.,, 1mm, 2. ( ),,, 8 10mm 3., 5 8mm 4. [ ( ) ] 70 ( sand fly) [ ] 1., 2. [ ] 1. 5 4 mm,,,,,,, 45, ( ),,,, 159
( ), 11 13,, ( ) 1, 1,,, 1.,, 0. 36mm 0. 12mm 2., 2 4 2 3.,, 4 2 4. ( ) 71 ( flea) [ ] [ ],,, 1.,,,, 2. 3, 1 2,, 3.,, 160
, : + - 72 ( louse) [ ] [ ] :, 3,, 4. 4 mm,,, 5, 3 3 5, V,, W,,, 1. 5 2. 0mm, 1. 5mm,, 4, 161
73 ( tick) [ ] 1. 2. [ ] ( ) 1. ( ) ( 1 ), ( 2 ) 1,, ( ) ( ) ( 3 ), ( ) ( 4 ) 1,, 4,, 2.,,,, ( 1), ( 1 /3), ( 2 ) 4,, 1 /3,, 1 /3,, ( ) ( ), ( ), : :, 162
: : 74 ( mite) [ ] [ ] :,, 0. 25 0. 5mm, 1., 1, 1, 5 2.,,,,, 1, 5, 4 1, 1 1 6 ( 2 8 6 6 4 2) 3, 6 7, 2 1 75 ( mange mite) [ ] [ ] : 163
0. 5mm,,, 4,,,,,, 76 ( face mite) [ ] [ ] :,,, 0. 1 0. 4 mm, 1., 1,, 3 2. 4,,,, ( 1 ), 2 /3 3 /4, ( 2 ), 1 /2,,?? 164
1 abortive transduction abortive infection acid - fast stain actinomyces aerial mycelium agar antibiotics antisepsis anaerobic bacteria anaerobic jar antiviral protein( AVP) antigenic drift antigenic shift apparent infection arbovirus asepsis attenuated vaccine auxotroph autoclave bacteriocin type bacterium bacillus bacteriophage bacteremia Bacille Calmette - Guerin( BCG) capsid capsomera candida albican cedar oll chcamudia clostridium Cl. botulinum Cl. perfringens 165
Cl. tetani coccus colonization factor corynebacterium dead vaccine diaminopimelic acid( DAP) disinfection eclipse phase endotoxin electron microscope enterobacter enterovirus Epstein - Barr virus( EBV) erythrogenic toxin exotoxin facultative anaerobe flagellum Freund adjuvant fungus Gram s stain heat - labile toxin( LT) heat - stable toxin( ST) hemagglutinin( HA) hepatitis A virus( HAV) hepatitis B virus( HBV) herpes simplex virus( HSV) high frequency recombination( Hfr) hyaluronidase hypha inclusion body influenza virus initial body inoculating loop inoculating needle Korthof medium lens paper leukocidin leptospira 166 EB
lipopolysaccharide( LPS) light microscope live vaccine mesosome metachromatic granule measles virus microorganism mucopeptide muramyl dipeptide( MDP) mycobacterium M. tuberculosis mycelium N - acetylglucosamine neisseria N - N. gonorrhoeae N. meningitides nucleocapsid neuraminidase( NA) Negri body obligate aerobe obligate anaerobe opportunistic bacterium orthomyxo virus pathogenicity paramyxo virus peptideglycan peplomere petri dish pili( fimbriae) pigment plasmid poliovirus prokaryotic cell type protoplast proteus provirus pseudomonas P. aeruginosa ( ) 167
pyrogen pyogenic coccus pyocyanin Rabies virus replication replicative cycle reproductive mycelium rickettsia salmonella S. typhi S. cholerae - suis septicemia serotype shigella S. boydii S. dysenteriae S. flexneri S. sonnei slow virus infection spirillum spheroplast spore spike staphylococcus S. aureus S. epidermidis staphylococcal protein A ( SPA) staphylolysin strain sterilization streptococcus A S. hemolyticus S. pneumoniae streptokinase( SK) streptodonase( SD) streptomycete teichoic acid temperate phage 168
transformation transduction uncoating variation varicella - zoster virus( VZV) - vegetative form vegetative mycelium vibrio V. cholera virion virulence virulent phage Weil - Felix reaction - yersinia Y. pestis 169
adult worm amastigote Ancylostoma duodenal Ascaris lumbricoides axone binary fission brood capsule Brugia malayi buccal capsule carrier cercaria cestoide chromatoid body Clonorchis sinensis compact nucleus complete metamorphosis concomitant immunity cutting plate cyst cysticercus cytoplasm definitive host diagnosis diecious Echinococcus granulosus ectoplasm egg shell embryophore encysted metacercaria endoplasm Entamoeba coli Entamoeba histolytica Enterobius vermicularis epidemiology erythrocytic stage 170
exoerythrocytic stage Fasciola hepatica Fasciolopsis buski fertilized egg final host flagellum gametocyte Giardia lamblia glycogen mass helminth host hydatid cyst Hymenolepis nana incomplete metamorphosis infective stage intermediate host larva migrans Leishmania donovani life cycle malaria pigment medical arthropod metamorphosis microfilaria miracidium monecious morphology multiple fission Necator americanus neck nematode nonsterilizing immunity onchosphere operculum oral sucker Pagumogonimus skrjabini Paragonimus westermani parasite parasitism 171
paratenic host pathogenesis Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium vivax premunition prevention proglottid promastigote protocoel protoscolex protozoa pseudopodium recrudescence redia relapse reservoir host ring form Schistosoma japonicum schizont scolex source of infection Spirometra mansoni sporocyst sporozoite sterilizing immunity strobilas susceptible person Taenia saginata Taenia solium treatment trematode Trichinella spiralis Trichomonas vaginalis Trichuris trichiura trophozoite ventral sucker 172 ( )
vesicular nucleus Wuchereria bancrofti ( ) 173