解 :(D); 獨占廠商之最適決策 :MR=MC 且 P>MC 7. A monopolist that operates along the elastic range of its demand will find that (A) total revenue increases when pr

第9章 獨占市場. Monopoly results because of (A) barriers to entry into the industry (B) greed by the seller (C) lack of interest by potential competitors (D) inadequate regulation by government (E) all of the above. 96 台大國企所 (E) 獨占廠商產生的原因 主要來自於市場具有進入障礙 使得新廠商無法進入所導致 而以上因素 皆可能形成進入障礙.請說明為何在均衡狀態下 獨占廠商的產出水準是座落於需求曲線價格彈性大於一的地方 95 解 進行 single price policy 且 MC 0 的獨占者而言 其必在 E d 之處進行生產 MR MC 0 P Ed d 0 E. $ MC AC 6 4 AR MR 4 Q 6 若需求曲線為 P a bq 請問下列敘述何者為正確 Ⅰ.MR 曲線的斜率為 AR 曲線斜率的 倍 Ⅱ.MR 曲線一定會平分 AR 曲線的橫軸截距 Ⅲ.MR = 0 時之需求量所對應之需求曲線上的點彈性值為 (A)Ⅰ (B)Ⅰ Ⅱ (C)Ⅰ Ⅲ (D)Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ (E)以上皆錯誤 96 北大經研所 解 (B) 需求曲線 p a bq Ⅰ. 此為正確敘述 AR P a bq P TR ARQ aq bq dtr MR a bq dq Ed MR 曲線斜率為 AR 的 倍 0 Ⅱ. 此為正確敘述 MR 曲線平分 AR 曲線橫軸截距 MR AR Q Ⅲ. 此為正確敘述 MR = 0 時的 Q 對應 AR 曲線上需求彈性為 4.For the unregulated, single-price monopoly shown in the figure above, when its profit is maximized, output will be (A) 6 units per year and the price will be $4. (B) 4 units per year and the price will be $4. (C) 4 units per year and the price will be $6. (D) None of the above answers is correct. 95 解 (C) 獨占廠商利用 MR MC 決策 Q 4 在透過市場需求線定價 P 6 5. A monopolist maximizes profits by producing a level of output where: (A) P=MC. P.> MC (D) P < MC. 95 (B) P=AC (C) 解 (C) 獨占廠商之最適決策 MR MC P MC 6. At the profit maximizing level of output for a monopolist: (A) P = MR and AC = MC. (B) P = AR and AR = AC (C) P = MC and MR > MC. (D) P > MC and MR = MC. 95

解 :(D); 獨占廠商之最適決策 :MR=MC 且 P>MC 7. A monopolist that operates along the elastic range of its demand will find that (A) total revenue increases when price decreases. (B) total revenue decreases when price decreases. (C) marginal revenue is negative (D) it is more profitable to operate along the inelastic range of the demand curve. 95 解 :(A); TR d TR Q( E ) MR P TR, 在 E d > 下, 且 MR > 0 d 0 P Q E P 8. Monopolies can earn an economic profit in the long run because of (A) rent seeking by competitors. (B) the elastic demand for the monopoly s product. (C) the cost savings gained by the monopoly. (D) barriers to enter the monopoly s market. 95 解 :(D); 獨占廠商在長期均衡下能賺取超額利潤的主要原因, 來自進入障礙的保障 9. 下列有關獨占市場之敘述, 何者正確? (A) 因為對生產要素取得絕對控制權, 此類獨占稱為自然獨占 (B) 在均衡狀態下, 獨占廠商產出水準會落於需求曲線價格彈性小於 之處 (C) 獨占廠商若在兩個不同需求彈 性市場, 採差別取價時, 若需求彈性市場較小者, 其價格應訂較低 (D) 獨占廠商將生產至邊際收益等於邊 際成本之產出水準 95 解 :(D) 0.If the demand for its product is elastic, a monopoly s (A) marginal revenue is zero. (B) total revenue decreases when the firm lowers its price. (C) marginal revenue is positive. (D) total revenue is unchanged when the firm lowers its price. 95 解 :(C); 在 E d >,MR > 0 且 TR 為遞增. 假設某獨占廠商在利潤最大時的需求彈性為, 邊際收益為 $00, 試問其利潤最大的定價為多少? (A) $50 (B) $00 (C) $600 (D) $50 95 d E 解 :(C); 依據 mark-up pricing: MR MC 00 P 00 P 00 600 d d E E. 下列敘述何者有誤? (A) 反獨占的政策目的為限制獨立力的濫用 (B) 我國的反獨占法為消費者保護法 (C) 制定反獨占法是為了阻止不公平競爭行為的發生 (D) 常用來規範獨占的工具為 政府管制 和 反獨 占 法 95 MR P d E 解 :(B); 我國的反獨占法為公平交易法. 獨占廠商之短期供給曲線為 : (A)AVC 最低點以上之 MC 線段 (B)AFC 最低點以上之 MC 線段 (C)AC 最低點以上之 MC 線段 (D) 以上皆非 95 解 :(D); 獨占廠商的供給曲線不存在 4. 假設一獨占廠商之需求函數為 Q=400-0P, 而其總成本函數則為 TC=5Q+Q /50, 其利潤最大之訂價為 : (A)87 (B)4.65 (C)07 (D)9. (E) 以上皆非 95 解 :(B); P 0 Q MR 0 Q MC 5 Q 0 0 5 MR MC 0 0.Q 5 0.04 Q Q* 07.4, P* 4.64 5.A monopoly s marginal cost will likely (A) exceed its marginal revenue. (B) equal average total

cost. (C) be less than average fixed cost. (D) be less than the market price of its goods. 95 解 (D) 獨占下 廠商追求利潤最大 P = MR > MC 6.Characteristics of a Monopoly include: () sole seller of its product. () product does not have close substitutes. () generates large economic profits. (4) is located in a small geographic market. (A) (), (), and (4). (B) both (), (). (C) both () and (). (D) all of the above. 95 解 (C) 獨占下只有一個賣者 且生產獨特產品(沒有近似的替代品) 至於利潤則不一定 也可能會有虧 損 7.Patent and copyright laws are major sources of (A) resource monopolies. (B) natural monopolies. (C) government-created monopolies. (D) none of the above. 95 解 (C) 專利權 版權這是人為獨占(政府創造出來的) 8. The fact that a single-price monopolist must lower its price to sell more output explains why price exceeds marginal revenue. 95 銘傳管研所 解 對 MR P Q dp dq dp 0 P MR dq if dp 獨佔廠商面對負斜率需求線 0 必然P MR dq 9. In the short run, profit maximization typically occurs where total revenue is at its maximum. 解 錯 max MR MC, if MC 0, 廠商必在TR遞增處生產 95 銘傳管研所 0. A monopoly produces widgets at a marginal cost of $0 per units and zero fixed costs. It faces an inverse demand function given by P = 50 Q. Suppose fixed costs rise to $400. What happens in the market? (A) The firm will raise the price. (B) The firm will shut down immediately. (C) The firm continues to produce the same output and charge the same price. (D) The firm will reduce its output and raise price. 96 輔大管研所 解 C Max π=(50-q)q 0Q F.O.C 50 Q 0 Q* 0 P*=0 d S.O.C dq < 0 繼續生產條件 P*=0 > AVC(Q*)=0 在廠商最適決策為 Q* 0 且 P* 0 下 固定成本提高將不影響廠商的最適產量與訂價. The deadweight loss from monopoly results from (A) The higher price charged and quantity produced compared to competition. (B) The fact that price and marginal revenue are not the same. (C) Profit maximization as a motivation factor. (D) Irrational action on the part of consumers. (E) Marginal cost being upward sloping. 96 輔大管研所 解 (B) 獨占廠商由於具有 P MP 的特性 使得 MR MC 下的社會福利水準小於 P MC 下的社會福利 水準而產生 deadweight loss.單一價格獨占者 Monolith 公司的首席執行長陶醉於權力中 假設他能夠隨心所欲訂定價格 並能在該 價格下賣出任何願意出售的數量 她的想法正確嗎 理曲 95 銘傳管研所

解 錯 max MR MC.The marginal cost of a monopolist is $50 and the market demand is P 0 4Q. ()What will be the market price and the production level? ()What will be the revenue and profit of this monopolist? () If the government deregulates this industry and turns it into a perfectly competitive market, then what will be the market price and production level? (4) How much is the deadweight loss for this industry under a monopoly? 96 高雄第一科大金融營運所 解 獨占廠商的利潤極大化決策 Max TR(Q) TC(Q) d dtr dtc F.O.C 0 0 MR MC dq dq dq S.O.C d d TR d TC dmr dmc 0 0 0 MR斜率 MC斜率 dq dq dq dq dq () 獨占廠商採取單一訂價法 TR PQ 0Q 4Q MR dtr 0 8Q dq Q單 0 MR MC 0 8Q 50 P單 0 4 Q單 0 TC MCdQ 50dQ 50Q 單 P單 Q單 50Q單 0 0 50 0 600 TR單 P單 Q單 600 () 政府採取 P MC 管制法 Q管 40 P 0 4Q MC 50 P管 MC 50 管 P管 Q管 50Q管 0 政府採取 P MC 管制法之下 獨占廠商不存在超額利潤 () 獨占下的無謂損失 DWL (40 0) (0 50) 800 $ 0 0 P=AR=0-4Q 無謂損失 MC 50 0 MR 6.5 Q 5.5 40 4. Price Quantity 6 4 0 8 6 4 0 0 4 5 6 7 8

The table above gives the demand schedule for water bottled by Wanda's Healthy Waters. If Wanda's is a monopoly and maximizes its profit, what is the range of possible prices at Wanda's will sell water? (A)at only $8 a bottle (B)any price over $8 a bottle (C)any price below $8 a bottle (D)at only $6 a bottle 96 嘉大管研所 解 :(B); P=6-Q MR=6-4Q 當 Q=4 且 P=8 時 MR=0, 由於獨占廠商在 single price policy 下 必在 Ed 5 之處進行銷售, 因此其最適訂價必在 P 8 的階段 5.A monopolist maximizes profits by producing a level of output where(a)p=mc.(b)p=ac. (C)P>MC.(D)P<MC. 94 彰師企研所 解 :(C); 獨佔廠商利潤極大化決策 MR=MC 時, 保證 P>MC 6.In the short run, a monopolist(a)will never shut down.(b)will shut down if price equals average total cost.(c)will shut down if price is less than average total cost.(d)will shut down if price is less than average variable cost. 94 彰師企研所 解 :(D); 獨佔廠商短期歇業點 :TR<TVC 時, 短期選擇歇業停工不生產 7. 某獨占產品市場之需求函數為 Q = 500 5P, 總生產成本函數為 C = 0Q +50 獨占廠商的最適定價為 (A) 5 (B) 5 (C) 45 (D) 55 (E) 65 95 P 00 Q MR 00 Q MR MC 00 Q 0 5 5 5 解 :(D); Q 5, P 00 Q 55 5 8. 中臺公司 為灰胡桃加工業, 一個完全競爭產業的小廠商, 灰胡桃一單位之市場價格為 $640, 中臺公司 之成本曲線如方程式 :TC = $40Q-$0Q+$0Q, 成本方程式中包括了正常利潤, 中臺公司 獲得最大利潤時 : (A) 利潤為 $8000,AC =$0,Q=40 (B) 利潤為 $8000,AC =$40,Q=0 (C) 利潤為 $8000, AC =$0,Q=0 (D) 利潤為 $8000,AC =$0,Q=0 (E) 利潤為 $6000,AC =$00,Q=0 (F) 以上皆非 95 解 :(B); Max 640Q 4Q 0Q Q F.O.C: 0 640 40 40Q Q Q Q 0Q 0 0 Q 0 0 S.O.C: 40 6Q Q AC 40 0Q Q 40 在 Q 0 下, 80 0, 故 Q 0 為利潤極大化之產量 Q 640 0 40 0 8000 9. 假設 廣源公司 之總成本曲線改變為 :TC =00+Q+0.Q, 請問 廣源公司 最適價格 數量是有所改變? 若改變, 最適價格 數量為何? (A) 未改變 (B) P=$.8,Q=6.6 (C) P=$6.6,Q=.8 (D) P=$6.6,Q=.8 (E) P=$.8,Q=6.6 (F) 以上皆非 95 解 :(D); 在 Q<50 時 : MR MC 0 0.Q 0. 6Q Q. 75 ( 合 ) 在 Q>50 時 : MR MC 40 0.6Q 0. 6Q Q 0. 8 ( 不合 )

故最適產量為 Q.75, 此時 P 0 0.Q 6. 65 0.In the short run, a monopolist: (A) will never shut down. (B) will shut down if price equals average total cost. (C) will shut down if price is less than average total cost. (D) will shut down if price is less than average variable cost. 95 解 :(D); 獨占廠商短期間停止生產的條件 :TR<TVC 或 P<AVC.A single-price monopoly will set its price according to which of the following rules? (A) P=MR and MR equals MC. (B) P equals MC where the MC curve crosses the demand curve. (C) P equals MR where the MR curve crosses the demand curve. (D) None of the above answers is correct. 95 解 :(D); 對 single-price monopoly 而言, 其最適決策為 MR=MC 且 P>MR.For a single price monopolist, (A) MR=P. (B) MR=<P (C) MR first increases and then decreases with the quantity sold. (D) MR first decreases and then increases with the quantity sold. 解 :(B); 獨占廠商之最適決策 :MR = MC 且 P > MR 95.The profit-maximizing monopolist, faced with a negative-sloping demand curve, will always produce: (A) at an output greater than the output where average costs are minimized (B) at an output short of that output where average costs are minimized (C) at an output equal to industry output under pure competition (D) (A) and (C) (E) none of the above. 95 解 :(E); 獨占廠商之最適產量決定於 MR = MC, 此產量可能大於或小於平均成本為最低的產量水準 4.Mau Inc. has a monopoly in the nut industry. The demand curve and marginal cost curve for nuts are given as follows: P = 60- Q and MC = 4Q. At the profit maximizing level of output, what is the deadweight loss? (A) No deadweight loss at all. (B) around 450 (C) around 900. (D) greater than 800. (E) no way to tell the impact of dead weight loss. 95 解 :(C); 完全競爭解 :P=MC 60-Q=4Q =5.4 獨占解 :MR=MC 60-6Q=4Q =6 獨占的無謂損失 : 5.4 5.4 7 deadweight loss= P MCdQ 60 7QdQ = 60Q Q 8. 4 6 6 5.Compared to a competitive industry, a monopoly transfers (A) deadweight loss away from producers to consumers. (B) deadweight loss away from consumers to producers. (C) producer surplus to consumers. (D) consumer surplus to producers. 95 Q m 解 :(D); 與完全競爭均衡相比較, 獨占均衡將使產量減少, 價格提高, 如此將使消費者剩餘減少, 且賺取 超額利潤而使生產者剩餘增加, 因此獨占者會利用獨占力, 將消費者剩餘移轉為生產者剩餘 6.One potential advantage that a monopoly might have over perfect competitions is (A)Almost always a lower price. (B)almost always a higher output. (C)diseconomies of scale. (D)possibly an increases incentive to innovate. 96 中央企研所 解 :(D); 獨佔廠商由於長期下存在超額利潤, 因此具有創新誘因, 亦即具有動態上的潛在利益 7. 獨佔廠商不需要擔心生產效率或是成本節省的問題, 因為均可以將成本轉嫁給消費者 解 : ; 獨佔廠商不需要擔心生產效率的問題, 是因為其具有獨佔的力量, 而非具有將生產成本進行轉嫁的 力量 獨佔廠商利用其獨佔力來進行 MR=MC 之利潤極大化決策, 此時不管生產成本為何, 或是否具有生 產效率, 皆能使其利潤達到最大 95 暨南國企所 Q c 5.4 6

8.某財貨之價格為 p 需求量為 x 產業之總需求曲線為 p = 00-0.5x 假設第 i 個企業的生產量為 xi 且所有的企業其成本函數均相同: X 8 又假設此產業由一家企業完全獨佔時 利潤最大化的產量為 A 而此產業可讓企業完全自由加入的競爭情況下 均衡時的總產量為 B 請問 B 為 A 的多少倍? (A) 6. (B) 7. (C) 8. (D) 9. 解 (D).獨占均衡 MR 00 x MC 4 x MR MC 00 x 4 x x 0 A 0 8.完全競爭均衡 Step min LAC xi xi LAC 8 F.O.C 0 0 xi min LAC 8 xi xi Step 長期均衡條件 p LMC min LAC 8 代入需求函數可得 8 00 0.5x B 84. 9. A 0 x 84 B 84 9. In general, a perfectly competitive industry with the same costs of production as a monopoly will sell: (A) more output at lower prices than a monopoly. (B) less output at lower prices than a monopoly. (C) more output at higher prices than a monopoly. (D) less output at higher prices than a monopoly. 95 解 (A) 在面對相同的市場需求與成本結構下 Qc Qm 且 Pc Pm 40.Free markets tend to have which of the following social advantage? They (A) maximize profit.(b) maximize the number of goods produced. (C) allocate production to the least-cost producers. (D) minimize consumer surplus and producer surplus. (E) maximize equity. 96 台大國企所 解 (B) 在所有市場型態中 完全競爭市場的產量達到最大且保證達到社會福利最大之境界 故自由競爭 市場的最大社會利益就是保證產量達到最大且使社會福利達到最大 4.Under a price cap regulation, the regulated industry has an incentive to (A) inflate costs. (B) operate efficiently and not inflate its costs. (C) decrease its output. (D) none of the above answers is correct. 95 解 (D) 在完全競爭市場中 價格高限將使產業產量減少 在獨佔市場中 價格高線則會使廠商產量增加 4.In general, a perfectly competitive industry with the same costs of production as a monopoly will sell A more output at lower prices than a monopoly. B less output at lower prices than a monopoly. C more output at higher prices than a monopoly. D less output at higher prices than a monopoly. 94 彰師企研所 解 (A) 在面對相同市場需求線 且成本結構相同下 獨佔均衡下價格比競爭均衡高 4.At the profit maximizing level of output for a monopolist A P=MR and AC=MC. B P=AR and AR=AC. C P=MC and MR>MC. D P>MC and MR=MC. 94 彰師企研所 解 (D) 獨佔廠商利潤極大化決策 MR=MC 時 保證 P MC 44.Compared to the efficient competitive result, the monopolist will: (A) sell the same quantity but at a higher per-unit price (B) restrict quantity to raise the price per unit of output (C) increase total consumer surplus, even though consumers pay a higher price per unit of output (D) pay a higher

price per unit of labor employed. 96 政大經研所 解 (B) 獨占與完全競爭的比較 完全競爭 獨占 均衡價格 較低 較高 均衡數量 較多 較少.具有生產效率 在 LAC.缺乏生產效率 不一定在 LAC 最低點之處進行生產與銷 最低點之處進行生產與銷售 效率觀點 售.缺乏配置效率 P LMC.具有配置效率 P LMC 社會福利 不存在無謂損失 有無謂損失 長期利潤 0 0 $ MC P(獨) P(完) Q(獨) MR Q(完) P=AR Q 45. A monopolist operates plants. At plan A, MC Q A, and at plant B. If the demand for the monopolist s output is P = 800 Q, then how much is produced at each plant? (A) 50 units at each plant. (B) 00 units at each plant. (C) 00 units at plant A and 00 units at plant B. (D) 00 units at plant A and 00 units at plant A. 95 逢甲財金 企研所 解 (D) 多工廠最適決策 MR MCi QA* 00 MR MC A ;800 QA QB QA * MR MC ;800 Q Q Q B A B B QB 00 47.有一廠商設有甲 乙兩工廠 生產同一產品 甲工廠之邊際成本為 MC = Q 乙工廠之邊際成本為 MC = 50 Q, 若此一廠商要生產 70 單位 則甲 乙兩個工廠應各生產多少單位? (A) 甲生產 0 單位 乙生產 40 單位 (B) 甲生產 5 單位 乙生產 5 單位 (C) 甲生產 40 單位 乙生產 0 單位 (D) 甲生產 45 單位 乙生產 5 單位 95 解 (C) MC MC Q 50 Q Q Q 70 聯立求解可得 Q*=40 Q*=0 48.If the regulatory agency sets a price where AR = AC for a natural monopoly then her output will be (A) equal to what produced in competitive level. (B) equal to the monopoly profit maximizing level. (C) greater than the monopoly profit maximizing level yet less than the competitive level. (D) greater than the competitive level. (E) the monopoly will leave this market for sure. 95 解 (C)

$ P m LAC LMC Qm MR Q QC AR Q 如上圖所示, 對自然獨占廠商而言, 平均成本管制下的產量 ( Q ), 將會小於完全競爭產量 ( Q ), 但大 Q m 於獨占均衡下的產量 ( ) c 49. 關於自然獨占產業, 以下何者為錯誤的敘述? (A) 平均固定成本隨產量增加而遞減 (B) 平均成本隨產量增加而遞減 (C) 邊際成本隨產量增加而遞減 (D) 基於社會福利極大所定之價格將導致廠商虧損 (E) 以上敘述皆對 95 解 :(C); 自然獨占廠商具有規模經濟之特性 50. Imposing price cap regulation on an unregulated natural monopoly will result in a ;In the price and in the quantity. (A) fall, a decrease (B) fall, an increase (C) rise, an increase (D) rise, a decrease 95 解 :(B); 對自然獨占廠商進行價格高限, 會使其價格降低, 產量增加 5.According to social interest theory, when a monopoly exists politicians will introduce regulations that will. (A)decrease prices and keep the level of output constant (B)increase output and decrease prices to their competitive levels (C)increase prices and increase the level of output (D)decrease prices and decrease the level of output 96 嘉大管研所 解 :(B); 政府基於社會福利最大之目標, 對獨占者採取邊際成本管制法下, 將使獨占者的價格下跌且產量 增加 5.() 成本遞減產業所形成的獨占稱為 () 公共財有哪兩個特徵? () IS 曲線是由商品市場的均衡條件而得, 政府支出增大時向 ( 請選擇右或左填入 ) 移動, 儲蓄意願增加時向 ( 請選擇右或左填入 ) 移動 (4) LM 曲線是由貨幣市場的均衡條件而得, 實質貨幣供給量減少時則 ( 請選擇右或左填入 ) 移動, 貨幣的資產需求增大時則向 ( 請選擇右或左填入 ) 移動 (5) 貨幣需求的利率彈性為 0 時,LM 曲線為 ( 請選擇垂直 水平 左下 右上之斜線 左上右下之斜線填入, 單選 ), 貨幣需求的利率彈性為負無限大時,LM 曲線為 ( 請選擇垂直 水平 左下 右上之斜線 左上右下之斜線填入, 單選 ) 95 高雄第一科大行銷所 解 :. 自然獨占. 不具有敵對性與不具有排他性. 右移, 左移 4. 左移, 左移 5. 垂直線, 水平線 5.If a firm faces a rate of return regulation, and if the regulator can observe the firm s total cost and knows that the firm has minimized total cost, the firm will produce output at the point where. (A) the marginal cost and demand curves intersect. (B) the average total cost and demand curves intersect. (C) the average total cost and marginal cost curves intersect. (D) the marginal revenue and marginal cost curves intersect. 95

解 :(B); 合理報酬率管制法是平均成本管制法的一種 54. 自然獨占的廠商, 具備何種生產結構? (A) 外部性 (B) 利潤極大 (C) 規模報酬 (D) 規模經濟 解 :(D); 規模經濟形成自然獨占的必要條件 95 55. 政府要求一自然獨占廠商生產合乎經濟效率之產量, 則可能須要求它 : (A) 差別取價, 以便繼續留在產業 (B) 接受政府補助, 以便繼續留在產業 (C) 負擔虧損 (D) 在長期邊際成本與需求曲線相交處生產 (E) 以上皆是 95 解 :(E); 當政府對自然獨占廠商進行邊際成本管制時, 廠商必生產在 P = MC 之處, 此時廠商面臨虧損, 若要廠商能繼續經營, 政府必須給予補貼或允許廠商採取二段式訂價或多段式訂價等差別取價方式來解決虧損 56.When regulators use a marginal cost pricing strategy to regulate a natural monopoly, the regulated monopoly (A) has no incentive to exit the industry (B) will experience a price below average total cost (C) may rely on a government subsidy to remain in business (D) both (B) and (C) 解 :(D); 政府對自然獨佔廠商採取 P=MC 管制法, 將使廠商發生損失 ; 若政府不予補貼, 廠商將退出市 場 96 銘傳財金所 57.Which of the following is the unique characteristic of natural monopolies that other monopolies do not share? (A) Economies of scale over the entire range of market output. (B) The marginal cost curve is always above the average total cost curve. (C) It is to a natural monopolist s advantage to produce the output where MC equals price. (D) All monopolies are natural monopolies. 交大科管所 解 :(A) 自然獨占廠商最大特色 - 規模經濟, 隨著產量增加, 長期平均成本遞減, 規模經濟是自然獨占與 其他獨占廠商最大差異 58.Which of the following is the best indication of high market power? (A) A small firm with a market share of 80 percent. (B) A firm with $0 billion in sales in a market with an HHI of 800. (C) A large firm with a concentration ratio of 0 percent. (D) An elastic demand curve for the firm s product. 交 大科管所 解 :(A);( B) 當 HHI<000, 表示產業競爭情況良好, 當 HHI>800 時, 則表示市場集中度極高 (D) 當市場需求彈性愈大時, 表示獨占力越低 59.Consider three ways of allocating two goods in a two-person exchange economy. I. Both individuals take prices as given and equilibrium prices are established by an impartial auctioneer. II. One individual can act as a perfect price discriminator and force the other individual to pay a different price for each unit of a good that is traded. III. One individual is a monopolist and can charge the other individual a single, utility-maximizing price. Which of these situations is efficient? (A) None of them. (B) Only I. (C) I and II, but not III (D) I and III, but not II. (E) All of them. 95 政大企研所 解 :(C);I: 透過喊價 ( 市場機能 ) 運作的完全競爭均衡必具有效率 II: 完全價格歧視均衡必具有效率 III: 進行單一定價獨占均衡將不具有效率 60.Suppose the demand for a movie ticket can be written P = 0 Q for senior citizens and P = Q for all other consumers. If the movie theater coffer tickets to a movie at zero marginal cost and can verify the purchaser s age, what price will be charged? (A) Seniors pay $5, everyone else pays $6 (B)

Everyone pays $5.5 (C) Seniors pay $6, everyone else pays $5 (D) Seniors get in for free, everyone else pays $. 95 逢甲財金 企研所 解 :(A); 差別取價均衡條件 : MRi MC * * MR MC;0 Q 0 Q 5, P 0 5 5 * * MR MC; Q 0 Q 6, P 6 6 6. 關於獨占廠商的差別定價行為, 以下何者為正確的敘述? (A) 市場需求彈性越小, 定價越低 (B) 定價與 市場需求彈性的關係無法確定 (C) 限制廠商不得差別定價必定提高消費者剩餘 (D) 限制廠商不得差別定價 必定提高社會福利 (E) 以上皆非 95 交大經管所 解 :(E); 在第三級差別取價下, 廠商將依反彈性定價原則來定價 (B), 市場需求彈性越小, 則定價越高 (A), 限制廠商不得差別取價, 只能統一定價 (single-price policy) 下, 消費者剩餘可能會增加, 但亦可能會減 少 (C), 導致社會福利水準亦可能增加或減少 (D) 6.Johnny operates a used car dealership. He spends $5,000 per month to rent the lot and office space. He obtains used cars for $,000 each. The demand for used cars can be written as P = 6,000,000Q,where P is measured as $ per used car and Q is measured as used cars per month. If Johnny can perfectly price discriminate, his monthly profit will equal (A) $0 (B) $7,500 (C) $0,000 (D) $5,000. 95 逢甲財金 企研所 解 :(B); max 6000 000Q dq 000Q 5000 f. o. c. 0 Q 5, 7500 64. If a price discriminating monopoly charges a lower price to students, it is likely that the firm(a) believes that student demand is relatively elastic. (B) believes that student demand is relatively inelastic. (C) wants to shift student demand. (D) is primarily concerned about the well-being of students. 95 * * 解 :(A); 當廠商進行第三級差別取價時, 彈性越大, 訂價將越低 Q 65.() 北美鐡路運輪公司經營 A 城市與 B 城市間之每日鐡路貨運, 北美鐡路運輸公司的二個主要客戶為美洲鋼鐡公司及中西農產公司, 止二公司對鐡路貨運車箱之需求如下列方程式所示 : P=500-8Q, 美洲鋼鐡公司 : P=400-5Q, 中西農產公司, Q 是每趟貨運所拖掛車箱, 若北美鐡路運輸公司欲採差別取價, 須具哪些條件 : (A) 北美鐡路運輸公司可區隔市場 (B) 產品在區隔之市場無法轉售 (C) 在區隔之市場需求彈性不同 (D)(A)&(B) (E)(B)&(C) (F)(A)&(C) (G)(A) (B)&(C) () 如上題所示, 北美公司最適價格 數量各為何? (A) P = $66,P = $6;Q= 0,Q = 8 (B) P = $0,P = $80;Q = 8,Q = (C) P = $60,P = $0;Q = 0,Q = 8 (D) P = $0, P = $60;Q = 8,Q = 5 (E) 以上皆非 () 如上所示, 北美公司最大利潤,MR MR 各為何? (A) 最大利潤 =440,MR=40,MR=0 (B) 最大利潤 =440,MR=40,MR=40 (C) 最大利潤 =4440,MR=0,MR=0 (D) 最大利潤 =440, MR=0,MR=0 (E) 以上皆非 95 台大經研所 解 :()(G) () (C); 本題在沒有給定成本函數下, 必需利用選向來猜測合理解, 依據反彈性定價原則 : 00 0Q MR MC MR 500 6Q 400 0Q Q 6 當 Q 8 時, Q 0 P 500 80 60 P 400 58 0

() (E) MR 500 6 0 0 MR 400 0 8 0 60 0 0 0 0 8 440 MR MR MC 0 66..A firm is charging a different price to each customer. This is called : (A) first-degree price discrimination. (B) second-degree price discrimination. (C)third-degree price discrimination. (D) fourth-degree price discrimination. 96 中正企研所 解 (C) 廠商對不同消費者訂定不同價格 稱為第三級差別取價 67. A firm is a monopolist in its domestic market where imports are banded, and it can choose whether to export to a perfectly competitive international market. Suppose that the firm s marginal cost is MC(Q)= Q, where Q is its total output volume, the domestic market demand is Pd = 00 - Qd, where Pd and Qd are the price and the quantity in the domestic market, respectively, and the price in the international market is Pe = 0. () How many units of output will this firm produce, in order to maximize its total profit? () What is the optimal domestic price for the firm? () If the international price drops to 7, other things remaining the same, how many units will be exported by this firm to the international market? 95 元智國企所 00 Q d Q d 0Qe 解. Max d Q Qe 6 F.O.C 0 Q d 00 4Q d 0 Qe d Q Qe 0 d Q Qe 00 Q d Q 0 e 聯立求解可得 Qd 0 Qe 40 0 d Q Qe 0 Q Qd Qe 60. Pd 00 Qd 60. Max 00 Q d Q d 7Qe d Q Qe 6 0 00 4Q d Q d Qe 0 d Q 9 Qe.5 0 0 7 Q d Qe 0 聯立求解一階條件可得 Qd 4 Qe F.O.C 由於 Qe 0 表示在國際價格降為 Pe 7 時 廠商的最適決策為 Qe 0 不再出口 68. Rather than charging a single price to all customers, a firm charges a higher price to men and a lower price to women. By engaging in this practice, the firm: (A) is trying to reduce its cost and therefore increase its profit. (B) is trying to reduce its reported costs but not its real costs. (C) is attempting to convert producer surplus into consumer surplus. (D) is attempting to convert consumer surplus into producer surplus. (E) both (A) and (C) are correct. 95 解 (D) 廠商差別取價的目的往往是為了剝奪更多的消費者剩餘 來獲取更高的利潤或生產者剩餘 69.某獨占市場的需求函數為 Q=00-P 單位生產成本固定為 0 當廠商採取一級或完全差別定價時 最 大的利潤是 600 95

解 : ; Max ( 00 Q) dq 0Q F.O.C: 00 Q = 0 Q* = 80 Q * 00Q 80 70.Which of the following is NOT necessary for a monopoly to increase its economic profit by discriminating among groups of buyers? (A) The firm must be able to separate different buyer types. (B) The firm must be able to identify each individual consumer s precise willingness to pay.(c) Each group of buyers must have a different average willingness to pay. (D) Resale of the product is difficult or unlikely. 95 解 :(C); 消費者具有不同的需求價格並不是廠商執行差別取價的必要條件 7. Which of the following statements is true? (A) Perfectly competitive markets are efficient, but monopoly markets never are. (B) Perfectly competitive markets always reach equilibrium but monopoly markets never reach equilibrium. (C) Perfect price discriminating monopolists can eliminate all deadweight losses and achieve efficiency. (D) All the above statements are true. 95 解 :(C); 完全價格歧視下廠商將生產在 P=MC, 具經濟效率 7.Which of the following is NOT necessary for a monopoly to increase its economic profit by discriminating among groups of buyers? (A) The firm must be able to separate different buyer types. (B) The firm must be able to identify each individual consumer s precise willingness to pay.(c) Each group of buyers must have a different average willingness to pay. (D) Resale of the products is difficult or unlikely. 95 0 080 600 解 :(C); (A)(B)(C) 皆是獨占廠商進行差別取價的基本條件 7.Which of the following statements is true? (A) Perfectly competitive markets are efficient, but monopoly markers never are. (B) Perfectly competitive markets always reach equilibrium but monopoly markets never reach efficiency. (C) Perfect price discriminating monopolists can eliminate all deadweight losses and achieve efficiency. (D) All the above statements are true. 95 解 :(C); 完全歧視廠商的最適決策滿足 P = MC, 以致於達到社會福利最大境界 74.[ 解釋名詞 ] Perfect price discrimination 95 解 : 完全價格歧視, 或稱為第一級差別取價 ; 廠商依據消費者的需求價格來訂定每單位商品的售價, 此時消費者實際支出的總額會等於其所願意支出的總額, 而使消費者剩餘完全被剝削 當廠商進行完全價格其事時將按 P=MR=MC 來進行決策, 因此其產量不但具有資源配置效率, 且保證社會福利最大 75. 在下圖中顯示 勁力公司 台灣市場和日本市場電池之需求曲線, 下列各定價方案中, 何者會帶來較高 的利潤? 95 交大經管所

$ $ 00 60 AR 40 MR Q Q AR MC=40 MR Q Q Q Q (A) 日本市場定價 $60 台灣市場定價 $00 (B) 日本市場定價 $60 台灣市場定價 $40 (C) 日本市場定價 $00 台灣市場定價 $60 (D) 日本市場定價 $00 台灣市場定價 $40 解 (A) 依據第三級差別取價原則 MR=MC P = 60 MR=MC P = 00 76.When the movie Jurassic Park debuted in Westwood, California, the price of tickets was $7.50. After several months the ticket price had fallen to $4.00 This is an example of (A) peak-load pricing.(b) second-degree price discrimination. (C) a two-part tariff.(d) tying. (E) none of above. 解 (E) 屬於 inter-temporal price discrimination 96 銘傳國企所 財金所 77.Product differentiation allows the firms to (A)raise price and lower quantity demanded. (B) raise price without suffering a substantial loss of sales. (C) shifts the market demand curve to the left. (D) decrease barriers to entry. 交大科管所 解 (B) 產品差異化可以使產品需求彈性變小 提高廠商獨占力 此時廠商可以提高價格增加總收益 78.美國許多圖書公司在出版學術書籍時 經常會先出版訂價較高的精裝本 二年後再出版訂價較低的平裝 本 請說明其理由何在 96 政大經研所 解 此即 跨期差別取價(intertemporal price discrimination) 的應用 書商將相同商品在不同時 點 訂定不同價格 說明如下 () 一旦書籍編寫完成 剩下的便只有重製的成本 而無論何時 再製的成本幾乎相同 已排版 編 輯完成 只需印刷成本 故假設 MC AC a () 假設有一群讀者十分想一睹新書 對於學術新知有強烈的求知慾望 需求線為 D 需求彈性較小 根據利潤極大化的一階條件 MR MC a 廠商訂價為 P () 假設另外有一群較不熱衷於新知的消費者不急著一睹新書內容 需求線為 D 同理可知 MR MC a 訂價為 P (4)由上知 廠商是針對不同的消費者 依其不同的需求彈性而訂定不同售價 且為反彈性訂價 即彈性 低的訂高價 彈性高的訂低價 79.Many airlines promise frequent flyer miles to passengers who fly their airlines regularly. This is an example of a firm attempting to create (A) price discrimination. (B) a predatory pricing scheme. (C) discounting below marginal costs. (D) brand loyalty. 交大科管所 解 (A) 航空公司鬼與定期飛航旅客里程優惠服務是一種差別取價策略 80.Charging lower rates to large users for successive blocks of output is an example of: (A) first-degree price discrimination (B) second- degree price discrimination (C) third- degree price discrimination (D) inverted blocks pricing (E) none of the above. 95

解 (B) 8.A local restaurant offers an all you-can-eat salad bar for $.49. However, with any sandwich, a customer can add the all-you-can-eat salad bar for $.49. This is an example of (A) peak-load pricing. (B) second-degree price discrimination. (C) a two-part tariff. (D) tying. (E) none of above. 96 銘傳國企所 財金所 解 (C).49 視為門票 每一個三明治收取.49 視為使用價格 因此是 two part tariff 8.某獨佔廠商有兩類的消費者 一類是 H 型 PH 0 QH 另一類是 L 型 PL 5 QL 獨佔廠商 成本函數為 C 5(QH QL ) 廠商無法區別任一消費者所屬的類型 因此廠商想要設計兩套不同的銷售方 案 讓消費者自選 根據這套最佳的二級差價銷售方案 廠商的利潤是多少 (A) 50 (B) 5 (C) 6.5 (D) 以上皆非 96 淡江經研所 解 (D) P 0 CSL 5 P* P* 5 0 MC=5 Q 低消費的消費者剩餘函數為 CSL (5 P) 廠商追求利潤極大下 Max CS L ( P MC) (QL QH ) (5 P) ( p 5) (5 P) F.O.C (5 P) ( ) (5 P) ( P 5) 0 P P 0 5 P P 0 0 5 P P* 7.5 CS L* 8.5 * (5 P * ) ( P * 5) (5 P * ) (7.5) (.5) (0) 06.5 8.A monopolist sells on a market consisting of two types of consumers. The first type of consumers have aggregate demand function Q (p) 6 P and the second type of consumers have aggregate demand function Q (p) 0 P. The monopolist's marginal cost is constant and equal to. ()The monopolist does not know there are two different types of consumers. However, he knows the market demand function. Compute the monopoly price, quantity, and the monopolist's profit. ()Suppose the monopoly now knows there are two types of consumers and knows their demand curves. The monopolist will treat the two types of consumers as two separate markets and charge different prices. Find the two prices the monopolist charges each group of consumers, as well as quantities sold to each group and the profits the monopolist earns from each group. 96 暨南財金所 解 () The monopolist does not know there are two different types of consumers: Step. 求出市場總需求線與 MR 線 Q 6 P P 8 Q 0 P P 5

P 5, QAll 0 8 P 5, QAll Q 0 P P 8, QAll Q Q 46 4P P 5, Q All 0 8 P 5, P 5 Q All P 8, P Q All 4 MR 5 QAll, when 8 P 5 MR QAll, when P 8 Step. 求解廠商追求利潤極大化均衡價格及數量 廠商追求利潤極大化的一階條件為 MR MC * MC 5 Q All Q () The monopolist knows there are two types of consumers:( 差別取價 ) Q 6 P P AR 8 Q MR 8Q MC Q * * 6 P 8 (6) 5 Q 0 P P AR 5 Q MR 5Q MC Q * * P 5 () 8. 5 84.Microsoft, a software service company, sells two software programs that all its customers regard as separate products, PowerPoint and Word. The reservation prices for the various groups of potential customers are as follows, Category of customers All or or Reservation price for Microsoft PowerPoint Reservation price for Microsoft Word Students $800 $000 Professionals under age 50 $500 $600 Professionals over age 50 $000 $000 The marginal cost of each software copy is $ (for PowerPoint or for Word). There are equal numbers of potential consumers in each category. (A)If Microsoft practices simple monopoly pricing for the two software programs, a professional under age 50 will only buy PowerPoint.(B)If Microsoft practices simple monopoly pricing for the two software programs, a professional over age 50 will only buy Word.(C)If Microsoft uses a mixed Q Q All All 5 MC * Q * All QAll 9 * 7 * 7 69 8 P 5 () 4 ** 7 * 7 69 8 P (9) 4 4 4 ** * * 7 均衡時 P * ** ** 6 P Q Q 9 4 4

bundling price policy, a student will buy the bundle.(d)if Microsoft uses a mixed bundling price policy, a professional over age 50 will buy the bundle. 解 :(D) 令 Power Point 價格為 P,Word 價格為 () 分開訂價 : 96 台大經研所 因此, 在最適分開訂價下,Power Point 只有超過 50 歲的專業人士將會購買 ;Word 只有學生不 會購買 () 純粹成批訂價 : 利潤最大的最適訂價為 : P, 000 因此, 在最適純粹成批訂價下, 二種軟體只有學生不會購買 () 混合成批訂價 : 利潤最大的最適訂價為 : 成批訂價 : P, 000, 分開訂價 : P,500, 因此, 在最適混合成批訂價下, 超過 50 歲的專業人士將會成批購買而不會分開購買 (A) 錯 (B) 錯 (C) 錯 (D) 對 85.Explain and show why a monopolistic firm produces an output at which demand is inelastic in the long run. 解 : d E F.O.C: 0 MR MC 0 MR MC Q (Lerner Index) I 愈小 市場需求曲線愈陡值, 產的產能會位於缺乏彈性之處 P P 96 高雄大學經研所 MC 0 MR 斜率小於 MC 斜率 Q* P W 利潤最大的最適訂價為 : P,500, P,000 W Max TRTC d S.O.C: MR Q dq MR(Q) P( PW PW P E L d d dq ) MC(Q) P P[ P MC P MR d E P P P I L ] d E P,000 W 愈大, 代表獨占力愈高, 因此長期追逐利潤極大化的獨佔廠商生 86. 以下何者為差別取價 : (A) 午夜之後的電影票價較低 (B) 來回機票, 若回程不安排在週六夜間, 票價較低 (C) 超級市場給所有顧客折價卷 (D) 製藥廠給醫院的價格較藥店的價格低 (E) 加油站對付現及使用信用卡之顧客收一樣之價錢 (F) 以上皆非 95 解 :(C); (A)(B) 為尖峰訂價法 (C) 折價券的收集與使用需要耗費時間, 因此可花時間者方可享受折價優惠, 而時間成本低者通常需求彈性較大, 故對使用折價券者給予優惠屬於第三級差別取價 (D)(E) 是基於成本的不同而產生訂價的差異 87. 張三擁有某一地區唯一之礦泉水之水源, 張三希望由此一成本為零之產品獲取最大利潤, 張三會要求他的顧客攜帶自己的取水容器, 並且 :(A) 訂最高之可能價格, 出售價格下之能數量 (B) 訂最低之可能價格, 出售儘量多的數量 (C) 訂 MR=0 之價格 (D) 顧客願付多少就付多少錢 (E) 訂 MR 最高之價格 95 解 :(C); 獨占廠商利潤最大化之條件 :MR = MC = 0 ( 註 : 如果獨占者按所有顧客願意付出的價格來訂

價, 此為完全價格歧視, 此時可獲得更高利潤 但若由顧客自己想付多就付多少, 則會產生 free rider, 反 而收不到錢 ) 88.The purpose of advertising for Coca-Cola is to (A) increase the cross elasticity of demand between Coke and Pepsi and thus increase the elasticity of demand for Coke. (B) increase the cross elasticity of demand between Coke and Pepsi and thus decrease the elasticity of demand for Coke.(C) decrease the cross elasticity of demand between Coke and Pepsi and thus increase the elasticity of demand for Coke. (D) decrease the cross elasticity of demand between Coke and Pepsi and thus decrease the elasticity of demand for Coke. 95 成大企研所 解 :(D); 可口可樂廣告的目的是希望能透過廣告來表現其產品特質而降低與百事可樂的替代彈性 當 Coke 與 Pepsi 的替代程度降低時, 即能降低消費者對 Coke 的需求彈性 ( 註 : 當商品的需求彈性變小時, 廠商 的獨占力將提高 ) 89.Firms use advertising to create brand loyalty. In markets where brand loyalty is created, the firm can (A)price below marginal cost. (B)price above marginal cost. (C)price equal to marginal cost. (D)maximize profits where marginal revenue is lower than marginal cost. 96 中央企研所 解 :(B); 廣告可提高消費者品牌忠誠度, 使獨佔力提高, 使 P>MC 90.One of the reasons that concentration raitos are not a perfect measure of competitiveness is that(a) they ignore potential competition. (B) they cannot be measured. (C) they tell nothing about how high prices were in the past. (D) they do not measure how high the industry s prices are. 95 解 :(A); 集中度指標只能反應市場中大戶的實力, 卻無法顯示市場中潛在競爭者的情況 9. 如果長期處於獨佔性競爭下 (monopolistic competition), 則公司的廣告費用將無法獲得正的經濟利潤 (positive economic profit) 95 解 : 是 ; 當廠商利用廣告來進行異質性的競爭時, 短期間縱有超額利潤, 長期間透過自由進行的競爭, 將使經濟利潤等於零 9. 獨佔廠商不需要擔心生產效率或是成本節省等問題, 因為均可以將成本轉嫁給消費者 解 : 否 ; 獨占廠商不需要擔心生產效率的問題, 是因為其具有獨占的力量, 而非具有將生產成本進行轉嫁 的力量 獨占廠商利用其獨占力來進行 MR=MC 之利潤極大化之決策, 此時不管生產成本為何, 或是否具 有生產效率, 皆能使其利潤達到最大 95 9.The degree of operation leverage is equal to the change in divided by the change in (A) percentage; sales; percentage; EBIT (B) unit; sales; unit; EBIT (C) percentage; EBIT; percentage; sales (D) unit; EBIT; unit; sales (E) none of the above. 95 解 :(C); 營業槓桿的程度 (DOL) 指的是 銷售額變動的百分比 對 EBIT( 稅前 / 息前盈餘 ) 百分比 的影響 94.What of following statement(s) about monopoly market is (are) correct? (A)The profit-maximizing monopolist will never produce an output in the inelastic range of its demand curve. (B)Since the monopolist has the strongest market power, its profit must be positive even in the short-run. (C)Advertising is the principal method that a monopoly firm uses to increase the demand for its products. (D)(B), (C) are correct. (E)All of the above is incorrect. 96 逢甲財金 企研所 解 :(A); 95.Suppose you own a business and your own price elasticity is -0.80. In addition, suppose your advertising elasticity of demand is 0.0. If your marginal cost per unit is $4 what is your optimal

advertising-to-sales ratio? (A) 0.75 (B) 0.65 (C).670 (D).600 95 中山財管所 解 (A) 依據 Dorfman-Steiner model 可知 A E 0. Ad 0.75 P Q E 0.8 96.The table above gives the market share of sales of firms in the retail clothing market. What is the four-firm concentration ratio? Firm Market share (percentage of sales) Susan's Stitches 40 Tommy's Threads 5 Robert's Wardrobe 0 Katie's Klothes 0 Greg's Garments 0 Amy's Attire 5 (A)70 percent (B)65 percent (C)85 percent (D)00 percent 96 嘉大管研所 解 (C) 97.政府如果對邊際成本固定的廠商課 0 元的單位稅 這 0 元的單位稅會全部轉嫁給消費者 解 對市場需求線為直線且 MC 為固定的獨占廠商課徵 0 元的從量稅 將使價格上漲 5 元( P ) t 95 98.如果一個追求利潤極大的獨占廠商其邊際成本線上移了 0 元 則價格會 (A)上升 且增幅恰為 0 元 (B) 上升 且增幅小於 0 元 (C)上升 且增幅大於 0 元 (D)不變 但利潤減少 95 解 (B) 在市場需求為直線(P = a bq)且 MC 為水平線 MC = C 下 dp p' dc MR' 故當 MC 上升 0 元下 將使價格上漲小於 0 元 99.如市場獨占者進行逃漏稅行為時 利潤稅仍具有 中立性(neutrality) 嗎 96 高雄大學經研所 解 ()未課徵利潤稅下 Max TR TC F.O.C 0 MR MC Q S.O.C MR 0 MR MC Q 廠商依 MR MC 決定最適產出 Q * 再代回需求線決定市場價格

$ MC P* AR Q Q* MR () 政府課徵利潤稅 廠商不逃稅 max t ( t ) ( t ) (TR TC) F.O.C t 0 ( t ) (MR MC) 0 Q S.O.C t ( t ) (MR MC ) 0 MR MC Q MR MC 廠商最適決策與未課稅時相同 亦即課稅行為並未影響市場均衡價量 此一情況稱為利潤稅具 有中立性 () 政府課徵利潤稅 廠商逃稅 Max TR TC 廠商決策過程無須考慮租稅 決策方式及市場均衡價量與未課稅時相同 因此利潤稅仍具中立 性 (4)結論 政府課徵利潤稅之下 無論廠商是否逃稅 皆不影響市場均衡價量 亦即利潤稅具有中立性 廠商逃稅與否的差異僅在於選擇逃稅的廠商所獲取的利潤( )較誠實納稅廠商的利潤( ( t ) )高 0.The demand for a monopolist s output is 7000 /( P ) where P is the price she charges. At a price of 0, the elasticity of demand for the monopolist s output is: (a) (b).54 (c).54 (d).04 成大財金所 解 (c) 7000 (P ) Qd 全微分 dq 當 P 0 Q 7000 69 7000 (P )dp 4000dP (P ) 4 (P ) dq 4000 dp (P ) d dq P 4000 0.58.54 7000 dp Q (0 ) 69-0.The marginal cost of a monopolist is constant and is $0. The marginal revenue curve is given as follows: MR 00 Q.The profit maximizing price is (a)$70(b)$65(c)$60(d)$55(e)$50 政大經研所 解 (d) MR MC 00 Q 0-7 Q* 45, P* 00 Q 55

0.The demand for a monopolist s output is /( P ) where P is her price. (a)she will always equate marginal revenue and marginal cost when maximizing profit. (b)since she will charge a price according to the MR MC rule, she will produce an efficient amount of output. (c)if the price is set at $8, the elasticity of demand for the monopolist s output is 6 / 5. (d)if she has constant marginal costs equal to $6 per unit, she will charge $4 per unit to maximize her profits. (e)none of the above. 台大財金所 解 (a)(c)(d) (a)獨占廠商利潤極大的均衡條件 MR MC (b)社會福利極大的定價為 P MC 當 P 8 Q 900 (P ) (P ) 全微分 dq d dp (P ) 4 dq 4 dp (P ) 6 dq P 4 8 d. 5 dp Q 7000 900 (c) Q d 04.A monopolist will never produce at a point where demand is price inelastic. 東吳經研所 解 不一定 當一個獨占廠商面對一條直線且具有負斜率的直線時 大部份會在 d 之處生產 但有以下例外 P MC d ()if MC 0 時 P d 0 d 當廠商 MC 0 時 會在 d 之處生產 ()if MC 0 MR 0 P 0 d d 當廠商 MC 0 時 會在 d 之處生產 在需求曲線中點之處生產 此時廠商獲取最大收益 ( TR ) P d d MR d P AR Q ()廠商採完全差別取價時 有可能會在需求曲線上任一點生產 廠商訂價會完全剝奪 CS 此時廠商有可能會在 d 或 d 或 d 之處生產

05.在獨占市場中因為廠商具有獨占力量 所以廠商可以利用漲價來提高其銷貨收入 解 錯誤 獨占廠商必會在 d 之處生產 可以利用降價來提高銷貨收入 d 則 -4 政大金融所 dtr Q [ d ], if dp dtr 0 此時 P TR dp 06.A competitive firm has a single factory with the cost function C( y) 4y 89 and produces 8 units in order to maximize profits. Although the price of output does not change, the firm decides to build a second factory with the cost function 8y 9. To maximize its profits, how many units should it produce? (a)4 (b) (c)9 (d) (e)none of the above. 中正財金所 解 (a) 對完全競爭廠商而言 利潤極大的條件 P MC 原先成本函數 C( y) 4y 89 MC 8y P 生產 8 單位 P 8 8 4 對新廠而言 MC 6y 在 P MC定價下 4 6y y 4 07.A firm has two factories. One factory has the cost function c ( y) y 90. The other has the cost function c ( y) 6y 40. If the firm wishes to produce a total of units as cheaply as possible, how many units will be produced in the second factory? (a)7 (b) (c)8 (d)8 (e)none of the above. 中正財金所 解 (c) 均衡時 MC MC 4y y y y 又知總產出 Y y y 4 y y * 8, y* 8 08.下列是幾個差別取價之事例 請選出符合三差別取價原則之例子 (a)學生優惠票 低於一般大眾 制度 (b)高速公路採短程使用者高收費 長程使用者低收費 (c)雜誌圖書館訂閱高價 學生訂閱低廉 輔大金融所 (d)國內市場採高價以津貼國外低價傾銷 解 (c)(d) 第三級差別取價為針對不同的市場 需求彈性高和需求彈性低 收取不同的價格 其需求彈性較高的 市場其價格較低 09.某經濟學學術期刊學校圖書館訂購一年為 00 元美金 老師訂購一年為 0 元美金 學生訂購一年為 5 元 請分析其經濟涵意 政大財管所 解 此為差別取價行為 假設圖書館 老師 學生市場能完全區隔之下 在學生所得有限情況下 對學術 期刊富有彈性 而圖書館為了館藏需要對學術期刊相當缺乏彈性 假設經濟學術期刊廠商追求利潤極大 化 採差別取價訂價法 依反需求彈性訂價原則 if 圖 老 師 學 生 d d d * * * 則 P圖 P老 師 P學 生 0.電器行打出這樣的廣告 只要繳回舊的電視 即使壞掉的也可以 購買新電視即可享有 0%的折扣

請問這種促銷手法有何經濟學的理論根據 政大財管所 解 此種促銷方法可視為差別取價 家裡尚有舊電視者 對新電視需求彈性較大 尚有舊電視之替代品 家裡無電視者 對新電視需求彈性較小 無替代品 廠商為了追求利潤極大 採取反需求彈性訂價原則 對家裡有舊電視者 只要繳回電視 即可享受折 扣 訂價較便宜 以此刺激買氣 增加營收.()一廠商生產某項商品的邊際成本為常數$0 假設只有兩個消費者 其中消費者 的需求是 D 00 P 而消費者 的需求是 D 00 P 但因二位消費者外表完全一樣 故廠商無法區分 二人的需求狀況 假設此廠商可進行二部收費 two-part tariff 先收取基本費 A 再收取單位價格 P 則此廠商的利潤極大化訂價方式為 (a) A 780, P 5 (b) A 400, P (c) A 4050, P 0 (d)兩消費者皆會選擇購買 (e)只有一位消費者會購買 ()承續上題 但假設此廠商無法從事任何差別取價或二部收費 僅能收取單位價格 P 則利潤 R 將是多 少 (a) R 870 (b) R 050 (d) R 40 (e)以上皆非 (c) R 60 台大經研所 解 ()(c)(e) 二位消費者均購買 基本費用為消費者剩餘較少之消費者之消費者剩餘值 第二個消費者 P 00 50 MC 0 D D Q Q 00 Q Max P(Q Q ) A 0(Q Q ) P(00 P 00 P) (50 P) Q 0(00 P 00 P) P(00 P) (50 P) (00 P) 0(00 P) 00P P 5000 00P 00P P 000 0P P 0P 000 0 P 0 0 P* 5, * 5, A* 450 P 只有一位消費者購買 消費者剩餘較高者

Max P Q A 0 Q P(00 P) (00 P)(00 P) 0(00 P) Max 00P P 5000 00P P 000 0P P 0P 4000 P 0 0 P* 0, * 4050 5, A* 4050 P P* 0 A* 4050 只有消費者 會購買 ()(e) 廠商無法從事差別取價或二部收費 因此對二位消費者採取統一訂價 <step > 先將二位消費者需求曲線做水平加總 Q 00 P, if Q 0, P 00 Q 00 P, if Q 0, P 50 50 P 00 P 00 Q 50 P 00 Q 00 P 00 Q P 50 P P 50 Q 00 P <step > 將市場需求函數轉成廠商 MR 50 P 00 M R 00 Q 00 P 50 M R Q <step > 廠商追求利潤極大化 採 MR MC 訂價 case 50 P 00 00 Q 0 Q* 45, P * 00 45 55 符合 case P 50 00 Q 0 Q* 85, P * 00 85 5 符合 <step 4> 比較利潤值大小 if P * 55, Q* 45, * 45(55 0) 05 5 85 *, Q* 85, * 85 408 if P 5 統一訂價 P * 利潤 R * 408.Club Med, which runs a number of vacation resorts, offers vacation packages at a lower price in the winter, the off season than in the summer. This practice is an example of: (a)peak-load pricing. (b)intertemporal price discrimination. (c)two-part tariff. (d)bundling. (e)both (a) and (b) are correct. 中山經研所 解 (e) 在冬季時 廠商提供較優惠渡假組合 在離峰需求時 亦提供較優惠組合 為跨期差別取價及尖峰訂價 法應用 Intertemporal price discrimination 在跨期差別取價之下 消費者可以被分隔成不同群

體, 各自擁有不同需求函數, 在不同時段收取不同價格 廠商透過不同時間訂定不同價格, 藉以將消 費者區分成不同群體, 初始訂價較高, 廠商趁機奪取對產品需求高且不願意等待的消費者剩餘, 之後, 再逐漸降價, 以迎合其它大眾市場.Eva Airlines has two potential customers: Jane and Elizabeth. Jane s demand function is P X where P is the unit price and X is quantity demanded. Elizabeth s demand function is P X. Eva Airlines is the only air travel service provider to Jane and Elizabeth and its marginal cost of operation is zero. (a)if Eva Airlines can perform the first-degree price discrimination, then it will provide a total of unit of air service. (b)if Eva Airlines can perform the first degree price discrimination, then the total surplus consisting of the surpluses of Jane, Elizabeth and Eva Airlines is maximized. (c)if Eva Airlines cannot produce any form of price discrimination, then the optimal total quantity is.5. (d)if Eva Airlines can perform the third-degree price discrimination, then the optimal total quantity is.5. 解 (b)(c)(d) (a)(b):first-degree price discrimination 台大經研所 P P 0 CS J Jane X CS E Elizabeth X 完全差別取價, 廠商依據 MR MC訂價, 因 MC 0 最後一單位均衡價格 P * 0, Q * 此時社會福利達到極大化 (c) 統一訂價決策 : P X P P X P P MR X P MR X P, P X X P, P () P, 追求 Max 採 MR MC X 0 X *, P * * () P, 追求利潤最大, 採 MR MC X 0 X *. 5 P * 0.75 *.5 統一訂價下, 最適訂價為 P * 0. 75,. 5, 0. 5 X * X *

X *.5 利潤 *.5 (d) third-degree price discrimination MR X MR X 均衡條件為 MR MR MC X*, X* 0.5, X *.5, P*, P* 0.5 4.Unlike a competitive firm, a monopolist can (a)produce even if price is less than AVC. (b)continue to operate in the short run if total revenues are less than total variable costs. (c)continue to earn economic profits in the short run. (d)be assured of earning profits in the short run. 政大財管所 解 (c) (c) 獨占廠商若在短期有經濟利潤則會持續下去 完全競爭廠商若在短期有經濟利潤則會吸引新廠加入 使利潤消失 (a)(b) 二者在 TR TVC 或 P AVC 時均不會繼續生產 5.假定獨占廠商的總成本為 C 0 0Q 所面臨的市場需求為 Q 80 P 則獨占者為追求最大利潤 所導致的社會無謂損失為多少 (A)450 (B)400 (C)50 (D)00 逢甲財金所 解 (A) 獨占廠商依 MR MC 訂價 80 Q 0 Q 60, Q* 0, P* 50 完競市場依 P MC訂價 80 Q 0 Q* 60, P* 0 P 80 d c 50 0 b e a 獨占廠商的總剩餘 acde 造成 abc 的無謂損失 MC Q 80 P Q 80 MR 0 完競廠商的總剩餘 dbe 60 450 6.某獨占廠商生產函數為 Q min L, K 需求函數為 P 00 Q L 與 K 之價格分別為 w 4 r abc (50 0) (60 0) 社會的 deadweight loss 是 (a).6 (b)4.4 (c)6.6 (d)6.4 (e)4.6 (f)6.5 (g).4 台大經濟所 解 (c) step 先計算廠商成本函數 均衡時 Q K L L* Q, K * Q, C 4Q Q, MC 4 4Q step 計算無謂損失 P 00 84 a MC c 68 4 b 6 96 MR 5 96 (84 68) 6 5 DL abc 8 5.6 5 Q 00 P AR

7.A car company that advertises that its products have a five-year 50,000 mile warranty is practicing (a)signaling. (b)speculation. (c)hoarding (d)hedging. (e)insurance sales. 成大財金所 解.. (a); 汽車公司提供 5 年或 50,000 mile 的保證可避免資訊不對稱中 逆選擇 的問題, 其提供消費者較多 的銷售保證, 以避免消費者因怕買到性能不好的車而退出市場 因此汽車公司提供高級保證, 是一種訊號 機制, 強調只有高品質的汽車才有此種保證 8.() 若台電面對的市場需求為 Q 00 P, 且長期總成本 LTC, 試問 : 當執行完全差別取價時, 50 台電的產出為何? (A)0 (B)75 (C)50(D)40 (E) 以上皆非 () 承上題, 台電公司之利潤? (A) (B)96 (C) 65 (D) 49 (E) 以上皆非 () 承上題, 社會總剩餘? (A (B) 96 (C) 65 (D) 49 輔大金融 解 :()C; P = LMC Q 00 Q 50 Q 50Q 5000 0 ( Q 50)( Q 00) 0 Q * 50 50 50 ()B; (00 Q) dq 96. 67 0 50 ()B; W CS PS 0 96. 67 Q 9. 以下說法何者為偽? (A) 自然獨占的出現原因很多, 其中可能的原因為規模經濟的出現 (B) 獨占廠商的出現將使價格高於邊際成本, 必然不能達到最大經濟效率 (C) 在完全差別取價的情況下, 消費者剩餘完全變成生產者剩餘 (D) 在有 進入障礙 的情況下, 得占廠商有可能長期保有超額利潤 95 中央產經 解 :(B); 完全價格歧視的獨占廠商在 P = MC 下, 將具有經濟效率 0. 假設某ㄧ家廠商為獨賣廠商, 本來是根據 MR = MC 採取單一定價來追求最大利潤, 現若改採第ㄧ級或完全差別取價來增加其利潤, 則此定價行為必將導致社會福利降低 94 政大經濟 解 : 錯 ; 當獨占者採取完全價格歧視時, 將生產在 P = MC 處, 不但使其利潤達到最大且使社會福利達到最大 P. 甲為獨占市場, 消費者有學生和上班族兩類 學生市場的需求函數為 : q 50 上班族的市場需求為 : q 00 P P, i qi分別為價格與需求量 令 q 代表甲的總銷售量, q q q 甲的總成本函數為 TC( q) q 甲可以藉由檢驗學生證, 區分消費者的身分 他考慮如何在兩市場定價來極大利潤 (A) 學生市場的邊際收入函數為 : MR( q) 00 4q (B) 學生市場的邊際收入函數為 : MR( q) 50 q (C) 上班族市場的邊際收入函數為 : MR( q) 00 q (D) 上班族市場的邊際收入函數為 : MR( q) 00 q (E) 以上皆非 94 台大經濟 解 :(A)

.承續上題 甲會將生產的 q 單位配置在兩市場來極大化總收入 TR(q) 令 MR(q) dtr(q) / dq (A) q q q (B) q (C)MR(q) = 00 q / (D)MR(q) = 00 4q / (E)q = 0 94 台大經濟 解 (B) ( D).承續前兩題 本小題將甲的生產成本納入考慮 請問甲極大化利潤時 下列何者為真 (, 為最適決策下 兩市場的需求價格彈性絕對值 ) (A) p p (B) p p (C) (D) 94 台大經濟 (E)q = 0 解 (B) (D) (E) 4.追求利潤最大化的獨占廠商不可能在最小效率規模下從事生產(minimum efficient scale) 7.政府通常為了保護消費者 會採取有效的上限限價政策 請問此種限價政策對完全競爭市場及獨占市 場會產生何種效果 (A)若該財貨為完全競爭市場 則消費者剩餘會因而增加 (B)若該財貨為完全競爭市場 則社會福利會因而減少 (C)若該財貨為獨占市場 則消費者剩餘會因而減少 (D)若該財貨為獨占市場 則生 產者剩餘會因而增加 (E)若該財貨為獨占市場 則社會福利會因而減少 9 北大經濟 解 B 4.If marginal revenue is less than price for a firm, it must be true that the firm (A) is a monopoly (B) is in perfect competition (C) is in monopolistic competition (D) faces a perfectly elastic demand curve (E) faces a downward-sloping demand curve 9 成大財金 解: E 只要廠商具有訂價能力 在面對一條負斜率的市場需求線下 必具有 P > MR 之性質 MR P q dp dq 在 dp 0 P > MR dq 44.Suppose an unregulated monopolist face a straight-line demand curve, which has unitary at an output level of 8,000 units, which sell for $50 each. The marginal revenue of the firm at this level of output is (A)$50 (B) 0 (C)$5 (D)indeterminate 95 中央產經 解: B MR P( ) 在 E d 時 MR = 0 Ed 45.If the demand for its product is inelastic, a monopoly s (A) marginal revenue is equal to zero (B) marginal revenue is negative (C) total revenue increases when the firm lowers its price (D) total revenue is unchanged when the firm lowers its price 解: B MR P( 95 政大經濟 ) 當 E d 時 MR < 0 Ed 46.Companies A and B are going to merge. The government regulation agency suspects that this merge may reduce the competition, which creates an unfair market. The CEOs from both companies argue that there will be no reduction in competition since their products are different and the actual market situation is that the demand of company B s product increase 5% when the price of company A s product increase 0%. 95 成大國企 解: False 當 A 產品價格上漲 0% 會使 B 產品的需求增加 5%時 表示 A 與 B 為消費上的替代品 當

二個互為替代性產品合併時, 將會因替代品的減少而使商品獨占性提高 49.Which of the following statements regarding a monopolist s profit maximizing condition is false? (A) The monopolist s profit maximizing price will be greater than marginal cost for the last unit supplied. (B) A monopolist can earn positive economic profit. (C) Because monopoly price is above marginal cost and a monopoly earns positive economic profit, there are no benefits to consumers in the monopoly market. (D) Price equals average revenue at the profit maximizing quantity of output. 94 成大財金 解 : C; 獨占者雖然會剝削消費者, 使消費者剩餘減少, 但在獨占均衡時仍具有消費者剩餘 ( 注意 :(B) 獨占 者能 (can) 賺取超額利潤, 但不一定具有超額利潤 ) 50.If a firm is a monopolist that seeks to maximize its profits, it will sell its output at a price (A) at which the elasticity of the demand is less than one. (B) at which the elasticity of demand is greater than one (C) that equals the marginal cost of the desired level of output (D) at which marginal revenue is negative 9 中央產經 d 解 : B; 對一個採取 single price policy 的獨占廠商, 其在 MC > 0 下必在 E 處進行銷售 5.The AMT Company faces a linear demand curve. Currently, it is selling at a price and quantity where its demand elasticity is.5. Consultants have suggested that the company expand output because it is facing an elastic demand curve. Do you agree with this recommendation? Explain. 朝陽財金 保險 企管 d 解 : 對一個面對負斜率之直線需求曲線的獨占廠商而言, 在 MC > 0 下, 其最適決策必生產在 E 之處 當廠商已經達到利潤最大 (MR = MC) 之生產時, 此時廠商若再增加產出, 雖會使總收益增加, 但總成本的 增幅更高, 反而會使利潤降低 但若廠商原產出正處於 MR > MC 處, 表示未達到利潤極大之選擇, 此時 廠商即可透過產出增加來提高利潤 5.A profit-maximizing monopolist (A) never produces on the inelastic portion of the demand curve because is can increase profit by increasing output (B) never produces on the inelastic portion of the demand curve because marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost (C) always produces on the inelastic portion of the demand curve (D) never produces on the elastic portion of the demand curve because there are no substitutes for the good it produces (E) never produces on the inelastic portion of the demand curve because marginal revenue is negative there 9 成大財金 d 解 : E; 對於進行 single price policy 的獨占廠商, 在 MC 0 下絕不會生產在 E 之階段, 此係因在 d d E 之階段恰好對應 MR < 0, 而獨占者之最適決策必為 MR MC 0, 故絕不會生產在 E 之階 段 54.Suppose that the wage rate of workers in a monopolistic firm has increased. Labor is variable factor of production. Also suppose that there has been a decrease in demand for the monopolist s product. These two factors will cause profit-maximizing price and output to change in which of the following way? (A) (B) the effect on price is unknown, output will decrease The effect on output is unknown, price will increase

解 : A (C) Price and output will increase to cover the higher labor cost (D) Price and output are unchanged 9 中央產經 58.A single-price monopolist produces a quantity than a perfectly competitive industry with the same costs and charges a price than the perfectly competitive industry. (A) lesser, lower (B) greater, higher (C) lesser, higher (D) greater, lower 解 : C 政大經濟 60.A monopolist gas decreasing average cost output increases. If the monopolist sets piece equal to average cost, it will (A)face excess demand. (B)lose money. (C)produce too little output from the standpoint of efficiency. (D)maximize its profits. 94 元智財金 解 : C; 對自然獨占廠商而言, 平均成本定價下的產量會小於邊際成本定價下的產量 6.A monopolist is operating at an output level where ( is the elasticity of demand ). The government imposes a quantity tax of $ per unit of output. If the demand curve facing the monopolist is linear, and the marginal cost is a constant. How much dose the price rise 朝陽財金 解 : 市場需求曲線為直線且邊際成本固定時, 每課徵一元的從量稅, 就會使商品價格上漲 / 元 6.A profit-maximizing monopolist faces the demand curve. q = 00 p. It produces at a constant marginal cost of $0 per unit. A quantity tax of $0 per unit is imposed on the monopolist s product. The price of the monopolist s product (A) rises by $5.(B) rises by $0. (C) rises by $0. (D) rises by $. 94 元智財金 解 : A; 市場需求曲線為直線且邊際成本固定時, 每課徵一元的從量稅, 就會使商品價格上漲 / 元, 所以 每課徵 0 元的從量稅, 商品價格會上漲 5 元 6.A monopolist has a cost function given byc( y) y and faces a demand curve given by P(y) = 0 y. Which statement(s) is(are) correct in the following?(a)if there is no tax on this monopolist, its profit-maximization level of output would be 5.(B)If there is no tax on this monopolist, the monopolist would charge the price $00 per unit to maximize its profit.(c)if there is a lump sum tax of $00 on this monopolist, its output would be 0 to maximize its profit. (D)If there is a specific tax on the monopolist of $0 per unit output, its output would be 5 to maximize its profit. (E)None of above. 台大經濟 解 : (B) (C) (D) (A) 稅前利潤極大化 : MR = MC y = 0,P = 00 (C) 課徵定額稅並不會影響廠商的最適決策 (D) 從量下的最適決策 : 將從量税代入生產的成本中最利潤極大化 MR = MC y = 5,P = 05 64.Suppose the profit-maximizing monopolist experiences an increase in the demand for its product. Also, suppose that property tax (a fixed cost) are increased. In the short run, we may conclude that (A)both price and output will increase. (B)price will increase, but output will remain the same. (C)price will increase, but the effect on output is unknown. (D)neither price nor quantity will change because the firm will continue to produce where MR = MC. 經 9 中央產

解: (A) 65.Advertising by firms in monopolistic competition(a)can persuade customers that product differentiation exists.(b)provides consumers with no useful information.(c)wastes resources because the entry of rivals forces firms to be price takers.(d)does not occur. 9 政大經濟 解: (A) 在獨占性競爭市場中廣告是形成商品差異化的來源 Price and costs (dollars per unit) 66.() MC 50 ATC 40 0 0 0 0 5 D 0 5 0 5 0 Quantity (unit per day) The figure above shows the demand and cost curve for a single-price monopolist. If the firms is a profit maximizer, it will produce units and set a price of per unit. (a)5 ;$0 (b)0 ;$0 (c)0 ;$0 (d)none of the above answer are correct. ()The figure above shows the demand and cost curves for a single-price monopolist. If the firms is a profit maximizer, its economic profits will equal (a)$50 (b)$0 (c)$00 (d)$00 成 大企研所 解 ()(b) 獨占廠商依 MR MC 決定生產數量 Q* 0 在 Q * 的產量下依其所對應的需求曲線價格訂價 P * 0 ()(d) PQ TC 0 0 0 0 00 67.下列敘述何者正確 (A)獨占廠商的短期供給線為平均變動成本線(AVC)最低點以上的短期邊際成本 線 (B)獨占廠商有可能在長期平均成本最低點生產 (C)獨占廠商一定在需求彈性大於 的階段生產 (D)(B), (C)都是正確的 (E)(A), (C)都是正確的 政大科管所 解 (D) 68.假設某獨占廠商在利潤最大時的需求價格彈性為 且邊際成本為$00 試問其利潤最大的定價為多 少 (A)$00 (B)$50 (C)$00 (D)$50 (E)$00 政大科管 解 (B) P d MC P (.5)(00) 50 69.A Monopolist is operating at an output level where. The government imposes a quantity tax of $6 per unit of output. If the demand curve facing the monopolist is linear, how much does the price rise? 中央企研所 t 9 解 P

70.A monopolist faces a constant marginal cost of $ per unit. If at the price he is charging, the price elasticity of demand for the monopolist s output is 0.5, then: (a)the price he is charging must be. (b)the price he is charging must exceed. (c)the price he is charging must be less than. (d)the monopolist can not be maximizing profits. 成大企研所 解 (d) 獨占廠商會在 MR MC 之處生產才會使利潤極大 而已知 MC MR P d 獨占廠商必在 d 之處生產 若 d 0.5 表 d 示其廠商沒有追求利潤極大的行為 7.以下敘述何者為正確 (A)完全競爭廠商與獨占廠商的短期供給曲線高於 AVC 之最低點的 MC 曲線 (B)完全競爭廠商與獨占廠商的短期利潤會大於 等於或小於 0 (C)完全競爭廠商與獨占廠商的長期利潤 會等於 0 (D)於短期 當資本的價格上升會令完全競爭廠商有利潤可賺之最低價格提升 (E)若一完全競 爭產業的長期供給曲線為一條水平線則個別完全競爭廠商的產量不會隨著整個產業的總供給量增加而變 動 解 (B)(D)(E) (A)獨占廠商沒有短期供給曲線 因為其(P, Q)沒有一對一的關係 (C)獨占廠商的長期利潤大於零 5.(A)短期均衡時 完全競爭廠商與獨占廠商均可能產生負的超額利潤 (B)短期均衡時 無論完全競爭 廠商抑或獨占廠商 其最適產出水準必然落在其 MR MC 處 (C)根據以上(A) (B)的敘述 在短期均 衡分析裡 完全競爭廠商所考慮的決策變數與獨占廠商並無不同 (D)長期均衡時 任何完全競爭廠商絕 不可能有正的超額利潤 也絕不可能有負的超額利潤出現 (E)即使是長期均衡時 獨占廠商也有可能處 於負的超額利潤情形 中山人管所 解 (A)(B)(D) (B)其為利潤極大的條件 故不論在獨占或完競市場均符合此條件 (C)錯誤 獨占廠商 P MR MC 完競廠商 P MR MC (E)獨占廠商在長期擁有超額利潤 7.假設一獨占廠商面臨需求之價格彈性恆為 4 的需求曲線 且其邊際成本為每單位 0 元 若政府向該 獨占廠商課徵每單位 5 元的從量稅 則消費者購買一單位所必須付出的價格會如何變動 (A)價格上升幅度會低於 5 元 (B)價格上升幅度會高於 5 元 (C)價格上升剛好 5 元 (D)資訊不足無從判斷 解 (B) 稅前均衡 稅後均衡 MR MC MR MC t P d MC P 0 4 P d MC t P 5 4 中央人管所

40 P * 40 0 P 0 5 價格上漲幅度 5 P ** 0 7. 下列敘述何者是對的?(A) 壟斷競爭廠商的供給曲線, 是不小於最小平均變動成本的邊際成本曲線線段 (B) 完全競爭市場下, 如果價格線與邊際成本曲線相交於兩點, 則產量少的那一點, 因為成本較小, 所以會是利潤最大的點 (C) 長期下, 平均變動成本限與總平均成本曲線, 會剛好相同 (D) 所謂 natural monopoly, 就是政府以公權力給予某業者獨立經營某產業的一種壟斷形式 淡江企管 解 :(C) 74. 下列對於追求最大利潤的獨占廠商行為的描述何者有誤?(A) 對獨占廠商課定額稅將不會影響其最適產量 (B) 獨占廠商的供給曲線不存在 (C) 獨占廠商在選擇最適產量時, 會使邊際成本等於邊際收益 (D) 獨占廠商在訂價時, 通常會把價格訂得高過於邊際成本 (E) 獨占廠商會選擇需求彈性小於 的地方生產 d 解 :(E); 在 MC > 0 下, 進行獨占訂價的廠商必生產在 E 的地方 75. 下列敘述何者正確?(A) 獨占廠商的短期供給曲線為平均變動成本線 (AVC) 最低點以上的短期邊際成本線 (B) 獨占廠商有可能在長期平均成本最低點生產 (C) 獨占廠商一定在需求彈性大於 的階段生產 (D) (B)(C) 都是正確的 (E) (A)(C) 都是正確的 (F) 以上皆非 政大科管 解 :(B);(A) 獨占廠商的供給曲線不存在.. (B) 必須在沒有採取差別取價且 MC > 0 的假設下, 獨占廠商才會在需求彈性大於一的階段生產 76. 獨占廠商之短期供給曲線為 : (A)AVC 最低點以上之 MC 線段 (B)AFC 最低點以上之 MC 線段 (C)AC 最低點以上之 MC 線段 (D 以上皆非 95 輔大管理 解 :(D); 獨占廠商的供給曲線不存在 77. 獨占市場能否與完全競爭市場一樣滿足最大經濟效率, 如果可以, 獨占廠商應如何訂價 95 嘉義管理 解 : 當獨占廠商採取完全價格歧視時, 依據 P = MC 來訂價, 此時將與完全競爭市場一樣具有經濟效率且保證達到社會福利最大 78 某財貨之價格為 P, 需求量為 X, 某產業之總需求曲線為 P = 00 0.5X 假設第 i 個企業的生產量為 Xi, 且所有的企業其成本函數均相同 : X 8 又假設此產業由一家企業完全獨占時, 利潤極大化的產量 i 為 A, 而此產業可讓企業完全自由加入的競爭情況下, 均衡時的總產量為 B, 請問 B 為 A 的多少倍?(A) 6. (B) 7. (C) 8. (D) 9. 94 高科企管 解 :(D) 獨占均衡 : MR = 00 X MC = 4X MR = MC 00 X = 4X X = 0 = A 8 完全競爭長期均衡 :LAC = X i X i

LAC 8 Min LAC 0 X i Min LAC = 8 X X i i 長期 P = LAC 8 = 00 0.5X X = 84 = B 84/0 = 9. 79. 自然獨占廠商之平均成本曲線為, 其邊際成本 平均成本 (A) 下降 ; 高於 (B) 上升 ; 低於 (C) 下降 ; 低於 (D) 上升 ; 高於 9 銘傳管理 財金 國企 解 :(C); 自然獨占廠商必具有規模經濟, 其 LAC 遞減, 且必大於 LMC 80. 關於 自然獨占, 下列敘述何者正確? (A) 此時若讓兩家廠商競爭, 會提高生產效率 (B) 若政府要求採取 平均成本定價法, 自然獨占廠商只能賺取正常利潤 (C) 長期平均成本曲線隨產量增加而遞增 (D) 長期邊際成本曲線隨產量增加而遞增 (E) 以上有兩個正確答案 94 輔大管理 解 :(B); 對自然獨占廠商採取平均成本定價法時, 必無超額利潤, 使廠商只能賺取正常利潤 8. 政府要求一自然獨占廠商生產合乎經濟效率之產量, 則可能需要求它 :(A) 差別取價, 以便繼續留在產 業 (B) 接受政府補助, 以便繼續留在產業 (C) 負擔虧損 (D) 在長期邊際成本與需求曲線相交處生產 (E) 以上皆是 9 輔大管理 解 :(E); 當政府對自然獨占廠商進行邊際成本管制時, 廠商只能再 P = MC 處生產, 此時廠商面臨虧損, 若要廠商能繼續經營, 政府必須給予補貼或允許廠商採差別取價的方式來解決虧損 8. 假設某一廠商其需求函數為 P = 5000 0Q, 總成本函數為 TC 000 800Q, 而股東要求的最低利 潤限制為 π=$4000 根據 Baumol 所提出之理論模型, 則此一獨占廠商之產出水準為 依傳統個 體理論 此一獨占廠商之生產水準為 (A) 8.;70 (B) 80;70 (C) 60;70 (D) 8.;60 94 輔大管理 解 :(B); Baumol 模型 Max TR = 5000Q 0Q s.t (5000 0Q)Q (000 + 800Q) = 4000 由上式可得 Q* = 80 傳統模型 : Max π=(5000-0q)q (000 + 800Q) 一階微分可得 Q* = 70 8.If the price elasticity of demand for a monopolist s products were equal to- at the current level of monthly production (A)the monopolist s marginal revenue would be equal to zero (B)the marginal cost of the monopolist s output would have to also be zero if monthly profits were maximized at that production level (C)Both (A) and (B) (D)marginal revenue would be positive. d 解 : (C); MR P( ) 當 E 時,MR = 0 d E 政大企管 84.You are the manger of a firm that produces output in two plants. The demand for your firm s product is P = 78 5Q, where Q = Q Q. The marginal cost associated with producing in the two plants are MC Q and MC Q. What price should be changed in order to maximize revenue? (A)9 (B)47 (C)5 (D)56 解 : (A) 94 輔大管理 Max TR 78Q 5Q dtr F.O.C: 0 78 0Q = 0 * * Q. 6, P 78 5.6 9 dq 85.Monopoly results because of(a)barriers to entry into the industry(b)greed by the seller(c)lack of interest by potential competitors(d)inadequate regulation by government(e)all of the above

台大國企 解 : (E); 獨占廠商產生的原因, 主要來自於市場具有進入障礙, 使得新廠商無法進入所導致 ; 而以上因素 皆可能形成進入障礙 86.Compared to other firms that may have monopoly power, a natural monopoly(a)faces a demand curve that is inelastic throughout its entire output range.(b)has average cost that decline continuously over the entire range of industry demand.(c)is often the result of conglomerate mergers.(d)is likely to have a stranglehold on some natural resource. 政大企管 解 : (B); 自然獨占廠商的獨占力主要來自於規模經濟, 因此在市場需求區間其 LAC 為遞減曲線 87.At any given airport, the airlines hold long-term leases for passenger loading gates. New gates cannot be added without approval of the airlines. Frequent flier programs are also common in the industry. It is, therefore, more difficult for a new airline to enter a given airport (market). Such factors: () are called barriers to entry; () tend to decrease the contestability of the air travel market. (A) () and () (B) () not () (C) () not () (D)neither () not () 95 交大科管 解 : (A); 停機坪的租約與航線的規劃是新航空公司的進入障礙, 此會降低旅遊市場的競爭程度 88. 既然國營的中華電信公司獨占國內長途電話市場, 為何在夜間及例假日還要提供長途電話的減價時段? 減價是否會降低該公司的利潤? 試說明之 台大商研所 解 : 此可視為尖峰訂價法之應用 中華電信公司為使夜間及例假日的設備能更加充分利用, 因此, 在夜間及例假日提供長途電話的減價時段, 鼓勵人們增加離峰時段的需求, 使資源設備充分運用, 以提高利潤 89. 台灣電力公司所訂的工業用電價格約為民生用電價格的三分之二, 而工業用電量是民生用電量的兩倍多 試說明這種訂價方法是否符合廠商追求利潤最大化之經營目標? 並說明工業用電價格低於民生用電的理由為何? 台大商研所 解 : 此為台電之差別取價的行為 在滿足以下二條件下 : () 工業用電與民生用電市場可以透過電錶來加以區隔, 使商品不能轉售 () 工業用電支出占廠商成本比例高, 故廠商對工業用電相對富有需求彈性 此時台電在追求利潤極大下, 可利用反彈性原則來進行差別取價, 由於工業用電需求彈性較大, 故價格較低 ; 而民生用電的需求彈性較小, 故訂價較高 註: 台電若是依不同時段 ( 白天與晚上 ) 或不同季節 ( 夏天與冬天 ) 來訂定不同電價, 則屬尖峰訂價法 90. 李太太習慣每天早上到傳統市場去買菜, 主要原因是可以自行挑選品質較佳的水果 最近她發現一種 有趣的現象 : 大概在十點半左右, 水果小販就將蓮霧的售價由 三斤一百元 調降為 四斤一百元 這算 不算是一種差別定價 (price discrimination) 的現象呢? 請說明理由 中山 企研 解 : 可視為跨期差別取價的一種 小販將顧客依時段分為二群, 十點半以前的顧客重視品質, 故對蓮霧較缺乏需求彈性 ; 而十點半以後的顧客則在乎價錢, 較富有需求彈性 因此小販在追求利潤極大下依差別取價原則, 十點半之後, 由三斤一百元降為四斤一百元 即彈性大, 訂價較低

註 : 本題是因強調十點之前的水果品質較佳, 故用跨期差別取價來回答, 背後隱含機會成本相同 若是 強調機會成本不同的考慮, 則本題即可算差別取價 9. 某醫師診所對低所得病患收取較少之醫藥費, 該診所宣稱這是一種善舉, 你是否能為這種行為提供另一種選擇? 中山企研所 解 : 此亦可視為差別取價之行為 低所得者, 由於醫藥支出占所得比例高, 故需求彈性相對較大, 而高所得者, 對醫藥的需求彈性相對較小 今醫院為追求利潤極大, 可依反彈性訂價原則進行差別取價, 對高所得者訂高價, 而對低所得者收取低價, 因此對低所得者收取較少的醫藥費, 不一定為善舉, 而是醫院利潤極大化之行為 9. 在現實社會中, 我們發現 : 相對中小企業而言, 大型企業往往可以較低之利率取得貸款 此一現象乃是 官商勾結 的必然結果 中山企研所 解 : 此種促銷手法並非為一種差別取價 對銀行而言, 假設其對中小企業與大企業的貸款具有相同的倒帳風險, 則其對大企業收取較低之利率往往是種差別取價之行為 因為大企業貸款額度相對較高, 其對利率富價格彈性, 因此銀行在追求利潤極大下, 依反彈性訂價原則, 對大企業之貸款收取較低率而對小企業收取較高利率 第 0 章寡占市場.Game theory proves most useful for analyzing (A)monopoly. (B)perfect competition. (C)monopolistic competition. (D)oligopoly. 96 嘉大管研所 解 :(D).Viewed form the perspective of the Stackelberg model, the Cournot solution is not a Nash equilibrium because (A) each firm is not maximizing profits given the other s output. (B) each firm has an incentive to take advantage of knowledge of its rival s reaction function. (C) quantity supplied is not equal to quantity demanded at the prevailing price. (D) it is not a perfectly competitive outcome. 95 解 :(B); 站在 Stackelberg model 的觀點, 二家廠商皆有當領導者的動機與誘因, 會使二家廠商皆視對手 為跟隨者來生產領導者的產量, 導致 Cournot solution 不是 Nash equilibrium. 某同質產品雙佔市場之需求函數為 Q = P, 兩廠商的總生產成本函數均為零 如果兩廠商同時且相互 獨立的決定產量, 該市場的均衡價格為 (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 以上皆非 95 4 解 :(B); Max q q q F.O.C: 0 q q 0 q Max q q q F.O.C: 0 q q 0 q Cournot equilibrium: qq q q P q q q q 4. 承上題, 如果一廠商先決定產量, 另一廠商觀察到對手廠商的決策後再決定產量, 該市場的均衡價格為 (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 以上皆非 95 4

解 :(A); 若 firm 為領導者,firm 為跟隨者 : Max q q q s.t. q q Max d q q F.O.C: 0 q dq 0 q, q P q q 4 4 5. 承上題, 使得社會福利最大的最適價格為 (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 以上皆非 95 4 解 :(E); 在完全競爭均衡,P=MC=0 時達到社會福利最大之境界 6. 寡占廠商將更易透過正式或非正式協議, 獲取某種程度之獨占利潤, 若 : (A) 產品為同質化 (B) 廠商家 數少 (C) 進入障礙低 (D) 訂單出現十分規則 (E) (A) (B) 及 (D) (F) (A) (B) 及 (C) (G) 以上皆非 95 解 :(E); 進入障礙越高時, 廠商數目越少, 越有助於 Cartel 的形成 7. 寡占產業之特徵 : (A) 廠商間存在相互依存性 (B) 進入障礙存在 (C) 市場可能出現之結果很多 (D) 廠商必 須採取策略 (E) (A) (B) 及 (D) (F) (A) (B) (C) 及 (D) (G) (A) (B) 及 (C) (H) (A) 及 (B) 95 解 :(F); 8. 甲乙兩人共同擁有一座天然礦泉水, 不需任何生產成本 甲乙彼此將對方的供給量當成給定條件來設定使 本身利潤最大之供給量 假設礦泉水的總需求量為 x, 價格為 p, 需求曲線為 p=-x, 則均衡時礦泉水的價 格為多少? (A) / (B) / (C) /4 (D) / 95 解 : (B); Max Max F.O.C.: X Cournot 9. 下列何種產業結構, 較有助於卡特爾 (cartel) 的有效運作 : (A) 產業中家數很多 (B) 產品的需求彈性很小 (C) 產業中存有一大買家 (D) 產業生產規模或技術差異大 95 解 :(B); 當產品需求彈性小時,Cartel 的獨占力越高, 越有助於 Cartel 的有效運作 0.When two firms collude to maximize profit the total quantity produced by both firms taken together is determined at the quantity where. (A) excess capacity is minimized. (B) excess capacity is as large as possible zero. (C) the price equals the industry s marginal cost. (D) industry marginal cost equals industry marginal revenue. 95 解 :(D) ( X F.O.C.: X X X X X X X P * * X X ( X * * X equlibrium X * X 0 : 0 X ) X ) X

.An oligopoly would tend to restrict output and drive up price if (A) barriers to entering the industry are negligible. (B) firm engage in informative advertising.(c) firms produce a standardized product. (D) firms collude and behave like a monopoly. 95 解 :(D); 當寡占廠商透過合作勾結形成獨占時, 將會減少產量提高訂價. 在一寡占市場中, 廠商間之勾結 (collusion) 較易達成, 若 (A) 產業中僅有少數廠商 (B) 產業之進入障礙之 程度低 (C) 廠商均進行產品差別化之努力 (F)(A) 及 (C) (G )(A) 及 (E) 95 解 :(G) (D) 廠商之訂單為不規律之訂單 (E) 市場需求規律且易預測. 假設某產業內僅有二家廠商,A 廠商及 B 廠商, 在此產業內, 任何一家之行動, 都會影響另一家之利潤, 也就是說, 任何一家之利潤均為另一家產量之函數, 此二家廠商之利潤函數分別如下 : Πa=5Qa-Qa -0.5Qb + (A 廠商之利潤函數 ) ; Πb=9Qb-.5Qb -Qa +0 (B) 廠商之利潤函數 ); 假設 Cournot 之互動模式, 二廠商均認為另一家廠商不會對自己的產量決策作反應, 請問二廠商之產量將為何? (A) Qa=5,Q b=6 (B) Qa=,Qb=5 (C) Qa=.5,Qb=(D) 以上皆非 95 解 :(C); a Max a 5Qa Qa 0.5Q b : 0 5 Qa 0 Qa. 5 Qa b Max b 9Qb.5Q b Qa 0 : 0 9 Qb 0 Qb Q 4.In markets characterized by oligopoly, (A) collusive agreements will always prevail. (B) collective profits are lower under cartel arrangements. (C) pursuit of self-interest by profit maximizing firms always maximizes collective profits in the market. (D) there is tension between cooperation and self-interest. 95 解 :(D); 寡占下合作與自利之間常會有衝突, 如若形成合作或勾結時 ( 聯合利潤極大 ), 但在自利心的驅使 下 ( 追求個別廠商利潤最大 ), 合作行為不易持久 5.As the number of firms in an oligopoly market (A) decreases, the market approaches a cartel equilibrium. (B) increases, the market approaches a competitive market equilibrium. (C) decreases, the market approaches a competitive market equilibrium. (D) increases, the market approaches a monopoly market equilibrium. 95 解 :(B); 當寡占家數越多時, 其行為會近似完全競爭, 如 Cournot 的產量 量 ), 當 N 趨於無線大時,Cournot 產量 = 完全競爭產量 (QC 代表完全競爭產 6.A group of firms that are acting in unison to maximize collective, profits is called (A) cartel.(b) dilemma game.(c) union.(d)coalition. 95 解 :(A); 廠商結合起來, 賺取聯合利潤最大, 稱卡特爾 7. Which of the following may make it difficult for oligopolists to collude to set price? (A) a large number of firms. (B) a standardized product. (C) high barriers to entry. (D) the tendency for collusion to lower joint profits in the long run. (E) licensing restrictions by government. 解 :(A); 廠商數目愈多愈難組成 Cartel (D) 是造成 Cartel 容易瓦解的原因 而非組織困難的原因 96 台大國企所 b N N Q C

8.An rational incumbent monopolist face a demand function D( p) 0 p, has a constant marginal cost of $, and pay a fixed cost of $. Then, we could know that (A)Optimal price p * is 6. (B)Optimal quantities q * is 4. (C)Optimal profit * is 6. (D)The firm is in a nature-monopoly industry. (E)The cost function of that firm obeys increasing return to scale 96元智財金所 解 (A) (B) (D) MR MC 0 Q Q* 4, P* 6 4 4 4 TC Q AC Q 9. Following question 上題, if there is a potential entrant with exactly the same technology considering enter the market. The incumbent monopolist threatens to mark the potential entrant earn non-positive profit. (A)The monopolist should price $6. (B)The monopolist should produce 6 unit. (C)Based on a Bertrand model, the price $6 will be an equilibrium. (D)Based on a Cournot model, the quantity 6 will be an equilibrium. (E)None of above. 96 元智財金所 解 (B) 0 Q Q Q 0 Q Q 6 0 Q* 不合 or 6, P 4 Bertrand 均衡為p p MC Cournot 均衡為q q 8 0.The Acme Oil Company is a vertically integrated firm. It explores for and extracts crude oil. It also refines the crude oil into gasoline and other products, and sells these products to consumers. There are many other firms that extract and sell crude oil so that the market for crude oil is regarded by Acme Oil as competitive. The internal price that Acme Oil uses when the crude oil that it extracts is sold to one of its refineries (A)equals the market price for crude oil. (B)equals the market price for crude oil less a discount because Acme Oil dose not to profit from itself. (C)is unrelated to the market price of crude oil. (D)is greater than the marginal cost of extracting crude oil. 96 政大企研 所 解 (A).Which of the following best explains why collusive oligopolies are not stable? (A)Companies are inherently hostile to each other. (B)Companies feel they have a moral responsibility not to collude. (C)Each company in the oligopoly can increase its profits by deviating from the agreed upon price and/or quantity. (D)Oligopolies are not unstable; rather they are quite stable. (E)None of the above. 96 政大經研所 解 (C) 寡占市場中勾結不安定的原因是 互相勾結的廠商彼此之間皆存在背叛對方來使其獲取更大利潤 的誘因.Which of the following does not represent a barrier to entry into a market? (A) Import quotas. (B)Patent laws.(c) Government franchises. (D)Anti-trust legislation. (E) All of the above are barriers. 96 政大經研所 解 (D) 反托拉斯法是立法防範特定廠商壟斷市場形成獨占局面 故不會形成市場的進入障礙

.In a duopoly market, two firms produce homogeneous product. Both firms have identical constant marginal and average costs which is equal to $0. The market demand curve is given by x 00 p where x is the quantity demanded and p is the price of the product..if the output is the decision for both firms, find the Nash equilibrium for the model. (explain your answer, otherwise no credit will be given.).if the price is the decision for both firms, find the Nash equilibrium for the model. (explain your answer, otherwise no credit will be given.).perform the normative analysis for the models in parts a and b. 96 清大經研所 解 ()Cournot-Nash 均衡解 Max (50 x x ) x 0 x F.O.C 0 x x 0 x Max (50 x x ) x 0 x F.O.C 0 x x 0 x 聯立求解 x* x* 0 Cournot Nash equilibrium 為 (0,0) 此時 p* 50 (0 0) 0 * * 0 0 0 00 ()價格決策 Bertrand-Nash model p MC 0 Bertrand Nash equilibrium 為 (0,0) X * 00 (0) 60 均分市場 x* x* X* 0 * * 0 0 0 0 0 () 數量競爭模型 產量 0 價格 0 利潤 00 價格競爭模型 0 0 0 廠商若從事價格競爭 產量較多 定價較低 廠商沒有超額利潤 兩敗俱傷 4.Suppose that the market demand function for a two-firm equal market sharing cartel is Q 0 0P and the total cost function of each duopolist is TC s 0.Q Determine, using calculus, the best level of output of each duopolist, the price at which each will sell the commodity, and the total profits of each. 96 中興經研所 解 inverse demand function P 0.Q Q q q Cartel 均衡 追求聯合利潤最大 Max q 0.q 0.q q q 0.q 0.q q 0.(q q ) q q 0.q 0.q 0.q q F.O.C 0 q q q 60 0 q q q 60 q q 60 * * P * 0.(0 0) 8 q 0 q 0 q q 60 * ( P * AC* ) q* (8 ) 0 0 * ( P * AC * )q * (8 ) 0 0 5.給定市場反需求函數為 P(Q) 50 Q 其中 Q q q q 與 q 為企業 與企業 之產量 產業中 兩家企業成本函數為 C (q i ) q i i, ()當兩國企業為 Cournot 競爭者時 首先推導出各個企業的反應函數 繼之計算每個企業的產出與利潤

並求出市場結清時的價格 () 當企業 為領導者時, 計算 Stackelberg 均衡下之市場價格 市場總產出 各企業產量與其利潤 () 列表就 Cournot 均衡與 Stackelberg 均衡作比較 96 高雄大學經研所 解 : () 企業 的最適決策為 : max q TR TC [ 50 ( q q )] q q 48q q qq F.O.C: 0, 48 4q q q 企業 的最適決策為 : max q F.O.C: 0, 48 4q q q 上述中..二式即為企業 與企業 之反應函數, 現聯立求解如下 : () Step 先求出跟隨廠商的反應函數 48q q qq F.O.C: 0, 48 4q q q firm 's reaction function: 4q 48 q q 0. q Step 求解先行者廠商的最適化行為 將限制式代入目標函數 : * F.O.C: 0 4 q 0 q q S.O.C: q 將 q * 代入 firm 's reaction function: * q 0.5() 6 P 0 TR TC [ 50 ( q q )] q q 48q q qq 0 4q q 48 * 8 q 4q 48 q q * 8 * 50 ( * * ) 8 P q q * * TR TC (88) (8) 8 TR TC (88) (8) 8 Max TR q 5 TC Max TR TC q s. t. q 0.5q Max 4q q * q 0 50 ( 6) 4 48q q 0 q q * TR TC (4) () 44 * TR TC (46) () 60 () q q Q P Cournot model 8 8 6 8 8 8 Stackelberg model 6 8 4 44 60

6.張三與李四分別供應肉包到市場 張三的生產函數為 q min( L 0, K ) K 0 李四的生產函數為 q min( L 40, K ) K 0 其中 L 與 K 為兩種投入要素 L 的市場價格 PL K 的市場價格 PK 市 場中有兩個主要的消費者 趙二與王五 趙二的需求函數為 D ( P ) 40 P 王五的需求函數則為 D( P) 40 0.5P ()當市場結構為完全競爭時 其市場均衡交易價格為多少 ()張三與李四進行 Conrnot 數量競爭時 其市場均衡交易價格為多少 96 嘉大經研所 解 ()張三短期成本函數 L q L 0q 0 STC PL L PK K 0q 0 代入 K 0 q * K 0 dstc SMC 0 dq 均衡時 李四短期成本函數 L q L 40q 40 STC PL L PK K 40q 0 代入 K 0 q * K 0 SMC 40 市場需求函數 趙二 Q 40 P, P 40 王五 Q 40 0.5P, P 80 均衡時 市場總需求函數 40 P 80, Q Q 40 0.5P P 40, Q Q Q 80.5P 市場供給函數 Q S q q 0 ()競爭均衡 40 0.5P 0 P 0 40 不合理 80.5P 0 P* 00 40 合理 00 0 Q * 80.5 () Cournot Solution 60 60 Q q (0q 0) 0 q q q q 0 00 4 0 F.O.C q q 0 4q q 00 q q 50 q 60 00 40 q q q q 0 李四之決策 Max Q q (40q 0) 40 4 F.O.C 0 q q 0 q q 0 q 張三之決策 Max q q 50 80 q* q q 0 聯立求解張三與李四之反應函數 q * 0 0 李四不生產 P* 60 80 0 0 9 7.Consider a Cournot oligopoly with three firms: A,B, and C. The three firms face an inverse market demand function given by P(Q) 0 0Q, where Q is the total output. Firm A has constant marginal cost equal to. Firms B and C have the same marginal cost, constant at all levels of output and equal to. ()Compute the firms' equilibrium quantities, the market price and the firms' profits. ()If the firms are competing in prices, compute the firms' equilibrium quantities, market price and

96 暨南財金所 the firms' profits. 解 () Max A (0 0q A 0q B 0qC ) q A q A F.O.C 8q A 0q A 0q A q B 0q A qc A 0 8 40q A 0q B 0qC 0 q A q B qc 5.9 q A Max B (0 0q A 0q B 0qC ) q B q B 9q B 0q A q B 0q B 0q B qc B F.O.C 0 9 0q A 40q B 0qC 0 q A q B qc 5.95 q B Max C (0 0q A 0q B 0qC ) qc qc 9qC 0q A qc 0q B qc 0qC C 0 9 0q A 0q B 40qC 0 q A q B qc 5.95 F.O.C q C q *A.45 q B*.5 qc*.5 * (.45) (.45) 4.05 P* 0 0(.45.5.5) * * (.5).5 45 ()若三家廠商從事價格競爭 由於廠商 B C 具有成本優勢 將採取掠奪性定價法 將迫使廠商 A 退出市 場 只留下廠商 B C 從事同質產品的 Bertrand 競爭 最後二家廠商會將價格訂在邊際成本上 ( PB* PC* ) 9 9 * * 只獲取正常利潤 B C 0 qb qc 0 40 8 8 8 8 如果 PB PC Q qb qc ( ) 0 40 40 40 8 B C 兩家廠商利潤範圍 0 B C 40 如果 PB PC Q 8. The Nash equilibrium is a Bertrand game of price setting where firms havedifferent marginal cost is (A)inefficient because of the uncertainties inherent in the game. (B)inefficient because some mutually beneficial transactions will be foregone. (C)efficient because all mutually beneficial transactions will occur. (D)efficient because of the free entry assumption. 96 淡江保研所 解 (D) Bertrand 競爭下的兩廠若無產能限制 將由低成本的廠商獲得所有的市佔率 但由於 P MC 0 若複佔的兩廠成本結構不同 例 現有 A B 兩廠商 MCA MCB Bertrand 均 P MCB MCA, 0 衡為 9.兩家生產同質產品的廠商 如果從事價格競爭 均衡時兩廠的利潤都會壓縮到 0 95 解 Bertrand equilibrium 為完全競爭均衡 使每家廠商生產在 P = MC = AC 且 π= 0 的境界 0.The Nash equilibrium is Bertrand game of price setting where firms have different marginal cost is (A) efficient because all mutually beneficial transactions will occur. (B) efficient because of the free entry assumption. (C) inefficient because some mutually beneficial transactions will be foregone. (D) inefficient because of the uncertainties inherent in the game. 95 解 (B) 在同質寡占的 Bertrand Model 中 當二家廠商的邊際成本為 MCA < MCB 時 Bertrand equilibrium 將為 P = MCA 此時雖只有一家廠商在經營 但在另一家廠商可以隨時重新進入的情況下 使得該廠商只能在 P = MCA 處進行經營(更一般化的表示為 MCA P MCB ) 使市場均衡仍為具有經濟 效率(或接近經濟效率)的完全競爭解. In many high-tech industries in the economy, such as computers, medical equipment, and automobiles (A) price competition is utilized by firms more than innovation to compete with rivals.

(B) firms compete on the basis of innovation only; never engaging in price competition. (C) innovation is utilized by firms to compete with rivals more than price compete with rivals. (D) firms use price competition only; never engaging in innovation to compete with rivals. (E) firms utilize innovation and price competition equally to compete with rivals. 交大科管所 解 :(C); 在高科技產業中, 廠商從事創新競爭遠較價格競爭激烈.The Nash equilibrium in a Bertrand price setting game in which firms first choose output capacities resembles the equilibrium is (A) the competitive model. (B) the Cournot model. (C) the cartel model. (D) the price leadership model. 95 解 :(A); 同質寡占的 Bertrand equilibrium 為 P = P = MC 洽為完全競爭均衡 ( 註 : 異質寡占的 Bertrand equilibrium 卻如同 Cournot equilibrium).the kinked demand curve theory of oligopoly predicts that (A) price and quantity will be sensitive to small cost changes. (B) price and quantity will be in sensitive to small cost changes. (C) price will be sensitive to small cost changes but quantity will not. (D) quantity will be sensitive to small cost changes but price will not. 95 解 :(B); $ MC MC 0 a b Q AR MR 如右圖所示, 當邊際成本發生在 ab 折拗階段的變動, 皆不會引起價格與數量的變動 4. 廣源公司 之分段式需求曲線如下 : P=0-0.Q, 當產量為 0 至 50 單位時,P=0-0.Q, 當產量大於 50 單位時 廣源公司 之總成本曲線為 :TC =00+Q+0.Q, 請問 廣源公司 最適合價格 數量及最大 利潤為 (A) 利潤為 $000,P=$0,Q=40(B) 利潤為 $750,P=$5,Q=50 (C) 利潤為 $750,P=$50,Q=5 (D) 利潤為 $50P,P=$0,Q=50 (E) 以上皆非 解 :(B); 95 輔大管研所 在 Q<50 時 : MR MC 0 0.Q 0. Q Q 67. 5 ( 不合 ) 在 Q>50 時 : MR MC 40 0.6Q 0. Q Q 46. 5 ( 不合 ) 此時最適產量將如下圖所示, 發生在拗折階段 $ 5 MC Q 50, 5 Q 50 AR MR P 550 00 50 0. 50 750 5.The kinked demand curve model of oligopoly is based on the assumption that each firm believes

that (A) if it raises or lowers its price other firms will follow. (B) if it raises its price other firms will not follow, and if it lowers its price other firms will follow. (C) if it raises or lowers its price other firms will not follow. (D) if it raises its price other firms will follow, and if it lowers its price other firms will not follow. 95 解 :(B); the kinked demand curve model 的基本假設為所有廠商採取 跟跌不跟漲 的策略 6. 價格領導 : (A) 在實際經濟社會並未發生過 (B) 不會存在, 若市場上有一主宰廠商 (C) 可能會存在, 因為廠商會體認避免價格競爭之好處 (D) 最可能發生, 若市場上從未有廠商準確評估市場狀況 (E) 須廠商間相互勾結 95 解 :(D); (C) 如果廠商間會體認避免價格競爭之好處, 則廠商會採取跟跌不跟漲之策略, 而使價格具有僵固性, 此時為 Sweezy model 而非價格領導模型 (D) 當市場中其他廠商未能準確評估市場狀況, 期將接受主宰廠商的價格領導 7. 一寡占廠商之拗折的需求曲線顯示 :(A) 其他廠商跟漲不跟跌 (B) 其他廠商既不跟漲, 也不跟跌 (C) 廠商 在目前之市場價格及銷售量下相互勾結 (D) 市場價格相當僵固 (E) 廠商不會考慮其他廠商之行動 95 解 :(D); 折抝需求曲線表示所有廠商採取 跟跌不跟漲 的策略下, 會使市場價格具有僵固性 8.In the price leadership model, (A) firms believe that price increases result in a very elastic demand, while price decreases result in an inelastic demand for their product. (B) each firm acts as a price taker. (C) one dominant firm takes the reactions of all other firms into account in its output and pricing decisions. (D) firms coordinate their decisions to act as multiplant monopolies. 95 解 :(C) 第十一章賽局理論. The twin nonconfess strategy choice in the Prisoners Dilemma can be described as (A) nonpareto optimal and unstable. (B) Pareto optimal and unstable. (C) nonpareto optimal and stable.(d) Pareto optimal and stable. 95 解 :(B); 在囚犯兩難的賽局中, 在有限策略下, 二人皆採取 confess 的策略為 Nash equilibrium, 且 不具有 Pareto optimal 但當二人皆採取 non-confess 策略時, 其雖為 Pareto optimal, 但因為不是 dominant strategy, 故具有不穩定性. A cartel-like collusive solution can be a Nash equilibrium only in games with (A) infinite replications. (B) finite replications. (C) dominant strategies. (D) more than two players. 95 解 :(A); 依據無名氏定理, 在 infinite repeated game 中, 雙方在採取以牙還牙的策略下, 其最可能的 Nash equilibrium 將為隱性勾結解 (tacit collusion 或 Cartel-like collusive solution). In a game in which there are two players A and B. Each players has two possible strategies. One strategy is called cooperate, the other is called betray. Each player writes on a piece of paper either a C for cooperate or a B for betray. If both players write C, they both get a payoff of $50. If both players betray they gat a payoff of 0. If one player cooperates and the other betrays, the cooperating player gets a payoff of W and the betraying player gets a payoff of G. To betray will be a dominant strategy for both players if. (A) G > 50 and W < 0 (B) G > W (C) W < G and G > 50(D) W + G > 50 95 解 :(A); C B

C 50,50 B G, W W, G 0,0 策略 B 為 dominant strategy 的條件 G>50 且 W<0 4. Companies A and B are thinking about adopting an advertising strategy. If they both advertise, each will make a profit of $50,000. If they both decide not to advertise, each makes $00,000. If one advertises, one who advertises will make a profit of $0,000 and the other will makes $0,000. If the game is repeated, then no company will advertise. 95 解 不一定 B 廣告 A 廣告 50000,50000 不廣告 0000,0000 不廣告 0000,0000 00000,00000 在 infinite repeated game 下 兩家廠商會產生隱性勾結 使 Nash equilibrium 成為 不廣告 不廣告 此時沒有廠商會採取廣告策略 no company will advertise 但在 finite repeated game 下 如同 one shot game 其 Nash equilibrium 仍為 廣告 廣告 5.Consider the following simultaneous game. There are two players and each player has two strategies 96逢甲財金 企研所 Player Player U L ( x, y) R (0,4) D (4,0) (,) The numbers in each parenthesis represent player s and Player s payoff respectively. If the strategy combination (D, R) is Nash Equilibrium, what is the condition for x and y? (A) x 4, y 4. (B) x 4, y. (C) x, y 4. (D) x 0, y 0. (E)x, y can be any numbers. 解 (A) 6.The prisoners dilemma has a dominant strategy equilibrium, which is (A) a kind of Nash equilibrium and all players lose. (B) not a Nash equilibrium and all players lose. (C) a kind of Nash equilibrium and all players win. (D) not a Nash equilibrium and all players win. 95 解 (A) 囚犯兩難的賽局均衡必為 Nash equilibrium 且會出現兩敗俱傷的結果 雖然雙方皆具有優勢策略 但結果卻是兩敗俱傷 相互不利的結果 7.下列對典型的 囚犯困境賽局 (prisoners dilemma game)之描述何者正確 (複選) (A)若此賽局是 one-shot game 則 Nash 均衡是兩囚犯皆認罪 (B)若此賽局是 repeated game 則 Nash 均衡是兩囚犯皆 不認罪 (C)若此賽局存 Nash 均衡 則此均衡不一定滿足 Pareto 均衡 (D)若此賽局是 one-shot game 則 囚犯認罪符合 dominant strategy 的定義 95 解 (A)(B)(C)(D) 當囚犯困境賽局為 repeated game 時 雙方會產生隱性勾結解 tacit collusion 產生 合作的默契皆採取 不認罪 的策略 8.In a prisoners dilemma game, in the Nash equilibrium (A) neither player has another outcome that does not occur and is more favorable. (B) both plays have another outcome that does not occur but is more favorable (C) one player has another outcome that does not occur and is more favorable. (D) collusion would not alter the outcome. 95

解 (B) prisoner,s dilemma game 的 Nash equilibrium 會使雙方相互不利 以致不具有 Pareto efficiency 而賽局中存在一組會使雙方互蒙其利的隱性勾結解 但在 dominant strategy 下 雙方皆不會 選擇它 9.Which of the following statements is incorrect? (A)The well-known prisoner s dilemma has an outcome that is considered a Nash Equilibrium. (B) The well-known prisoner s dilemma has an outcome that is considered a Dominant Strategy Equilibrium. (C)The well-known prisoner s dilemma has an outcome that is considered a Cooperative Equilibrium. (D)The well-known prisoner s dilemma has an outcome in which both players confess. 96 中正企研所 解 (C) 在 prisoner s dilemma game 中 Nash equilibrium 為二個囚犯會互相坦承 confess 而不會 產生合作均衡 0. The difference between a repeated game and one that is played only once is that (A) More information is available in the repeated game. (B) Fewer firms exist in a one-time game. (C) firms have different reasons for existing. (D) The payoffs per period of time are different. 96 輔大管研 解 (A). When an oligopoly market is in Nash equilibrium, (A) market price will be different for each firm (B) firms will not behave as profit maximizes. (C) a firm will choose its best pricing strategy, given the strategies that it observes other firms taking. (D) a firm will not take into account the strategies of competing firms. 96 銘傳財金所 解 (C). Two students are assigned a group project. Each has the option to work or not work to achieve a high grade. The payoffs are shown in the above table. Student should Student Student Work Don t work Work 0, 0 5, 5 Don t work 5, 5 0, 0 (A)work only if student works. (B) work regardless of the decision made by student. (C) not work of student works. (D) not work regardless of what student decides. 95 解 (B) students Work Don t work Student work (0,0) (5,5) Don t work (5,5) (0,0) 對 student 而言 work 為 dominant strategy. Cheat Oscar Cheat O $M Comply O $M F $M F O $M O $M Felix Comply $0M F $M F $0M Oscar and Felix are the only firms that clean offices in a large city. They agree to operate as a cartel.

The payoff matrix above shows the economic profit that each firm can make. If the game is played only once, then. (A) Felix and Oscar will each make $ million profit. (B) Felix will comply and Oscar will make $ million profit. (C) Felix and Oscar will each make $0 million profit. (D) Felix will cheat and Oscar will make -$ million profit.(95) 解 :(A); Nash equilibrium 為 (,) Oscar cheat comply Felix cheat (,) (,-) comply (-,) (0,0). Firm Firm Sell Comply Sell : $ : $4 : $ : -$ Give : -$ : $ Away : $4 : $ Two software firms have developed an identical new software application. They are debating whether to give the new application away free and then sell add-ons or sell the application at $0 a copy. The payoff matrix is above and the payoffs are (A) Firm will give the application away free and Firm will sell it at $0. (B) Both Firm and will give the software application away free. (C) Both Firm and will sell the software application at $0 a copy. 95 解 :(B); Firm sell give away Firm sell (,) (-,4) give away (4,-) (,) Nash equilibrium 為 (,) 4.In a zero-sum game (A) all players receive a $0 payoff (B) all players can simultaneously win(c) the gain to the winners equal the losses of the losers (D) none of the above. 95 A 解 :(C); 零和賽局指在任何策略下, 二人報酬之和恆為零 ( B ij 0 ) 的賽局 5.There are only two gasoline stations in a small isolated town. If they each set a high price, they earn $50. If they each set a low price, they each earn $5. If one firm sets a low price while the sets a high price, the low-price firm earns $70 while the high-price firm earn $0. Which of the following is a Nash equilibrium? (A) both set a low price (B) both set a high price (C) one firm sets a low price; the other high. (D) all of the above are Nash equilibra. 95 逢甲財金 企研所 解 :(A);N.E. 為 (low, low) ij A B high low high 50,50 0,70 low 70,0 5,5 6. 在考試時, 監考官懷疑阿瓜 阿呆兩名學生有彼此抄襲的嫌疑, 因此展開對兩名學生的偵訊 下表顯示

兩人在偵訊的過程當中所做的策略及其會遭受的處罰 自經濟學的觀點來看 下列敘述何者有誤? 95 交 阿呆 阿瓜 承認 不承認 承認 大過 大過 不處份 退學 不承認 退學 不處份 小過 小過 大經管所 (A) 即便阿呆與阿瓜無法互通消息 為了講義氣 兩人均不會承認作弊 (B) 如果阿呆與阿瓜無法互通消 息 兩人均會選擇承認作弊 (C) 在阿呆與阿瓜無法互通消息的情況下 兩人都有優勢策略的存在 (D) 如 果阿呆與阿瓜可以通消息 兩人均會選擇不承認作弊 解 (A) 對二人而言 承認作弊 為優勢策略 因此在二人無法互通訊息下 二人均會選擇 承認作弊 7.For Game above, the players make their choices simultaneously, which of the following statement is incorrect? Player B Player A B B B A 0, 8, 8, 0 A 9, 7. 6, 8 A 8, 5 9, 4 4, 0 (A) Player A choosing A and Player B choosing B is a Nash equilibrium. (B) Player A choosing A and Player B choosing B is a Nash equilibrium. (C) Player B has a dominant strategy in this game. (D) Player B will never choose B in this game. 95 解 (C) Nash equilibrium 為(0, )與(4, ) 對 Player B 而言 B 會 dominant B 但不能 dominant B 故對 Player B 而言 並沒有 dominant strategy 8.In a Nash equilibrium, (A)each player has a dominant strategy. (B)no player have a dominant strategy. (C)at least one player has a dominant strategy. (D)players may or may not have dominant strategy. (E)the player with the dominant strategy will win. 96 政大企研所 解 (D) Nash equilibrium 不一定是優勢策略解 9.Suppose in Game above that the players make their choices sequentially, which Player A choosing first. The Nash equilibrium in this game will be (A) Player A choosing A and Player B choosing B. (B) Player A choosing A and Player B choosing B (C) Player A choosing A and Player B choosing B. (D) Player A choosing A and Player B choosing B. 95 解 (D)

0, B B B B A A, 0 9, B A B B 8, 8 B, 8 8, 5 A B B B B 7, 6 9, 4 4, 0 subgame perfect Nash equilibrium 為(4, 0) 0.所謂的優勢策略(dominant strategy)指的是 (A)在不損及其他人福祉的前提下 能夠使一個或一個以上 的賽局參與者福祉高的公共策略 (B)不論其他人採用何種策略 皆能使賽局參與者得到最高報酬的策略 (C) 使所有賽局參與者福祉最高的策略組合 (D)所有賽局參與者在 Nash 均衡下所選取的策略 95 解 (B) (D)優勢策略必為 Nash equilibrium 但 Nash equilibrium 不一定為優勢策略均衡 因此在 Nash 均衡下所選擇的策略不一定為優勢策略. In the game of Prisoner s Dilemma with player A and B, (A)the unique equilibrium is a Nash equilibrium. (B)two player will both confess. (C)if the game becomes an finite repeated game, two players will both deny. (D)if the game becomes an infinite repeated game, two players will both deny. (E)if the game becomes a sequential game (B follows A), then the equilibrium will be that two players both confess. 96 元智財金所 解 (A), (B), (D), (E) 在囚犯困境中 只要賽局重覆次數為有次限 雙方仍無法達成合作解.假設家樂福與好市多為兩家比鄰而居的大賣場 其規模與商品販售內容品牌皆非常近似 現兩家大賣場 為創造銷售業績的顛峰 家樂福廣告指出 任何商品價格一定為好市多商品價格的 9 折 好市多廣告則指 出 任何商品價格一定比家樂福商品價格便宜 成 請問在此場價格戰競爭下 下列何項敘述為正確 Ⅰ. 此為標準的 囚犯困境 賽局之例 Ⅱ.若價格戰爭期間為有限 則兩家廠商必採 以牙還牙 策略 Ⅲ. 若價格戰爭期間為無限 則兩家廠商最後認知應採 合作 策略 (A)Ⅰ (B)Ⅰ Ⅱ (C)Ⅰ Ⅲ (D)Ⅱ Ⅲ (E)Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ 96 北大經研所 解 (E) 此為一 囚犯困境 之賽局形式 且在此形式之下 若為有限賽局 則雙方均採取背叛 以牙還 牙 策略 若為無限賽局 則雙方均採取 合作 策略 以追求雙方利益極大 第十二章 壟斷性競爭市場. In a contestable market, firms produce where (A) price equals marginal cost and long-run average cost. (B) price equals marginal cost above long-run average cost. (C) marginal cost equals marginal revenue and long-run average cost. (D) marginal cost equals marginal revenue below long-run average cost. 95

解 (A) Baumol Panzar 及 Willing 提出 contestable market theory 可視為完全競爭市場理論的一 般化 contestable market theory 認為在廠商進出產業沒有 sunk cost 使得市場可以 free entry & exit 下 廠商將會採取打帶跑 hit & run 的策略 此時縱然市場上只有一家獨占廠商在經營 但在面臨潛在 競爭者可以隨時進出的壓力下 將使廠商生產在 P LMC min LAC 之處 而達到與完全競爭市場相同的 長期均衡境界.One of the main similarities of perfect competition and monopolistic competition is : (A) The amount of product differentiation. (B) The point on the long-run average cost curve at which firms maximize profits. (C) That in the long run, price equals average total cost and marginal revenue equals marginal cost. (D) All of the above. 交大科管所 解 C 完全競爭廠商之長期均衡條件為 P=LAC min =LMC=MR 獨占性競爭廠商之長期均衡條 件為 P=LAC 超額利潤=0 MR=LMC. In a contestable market, (A) barriers to entry must exist (B) economic profits are positive. (C) entry and exit is costless.(d) all firms are price takers. 95 解 (C) 可競爭市場理論強調只要進出市場沒有障礙 free entry 且沒有沈沒成本 sunk cost 下 縱 使市場上只有一家廠商在生產 其行為會類似完全競爭廠商而非獨占廠商 亦即該廠商在可 自由進出 的壓力下 隨時受到潛在競爭者的威脅 致使其最適決策會與完全競爭廠商的行為相同 4.When a monopolistically competitive firm raises its price, quantity demanded falls to zero. 95 解 獨占性競爭廠商具有定價能力 面對一條負斜率的市場需求線 因此當廠商提高價格時 會使消費 Price and costs (dollars per unit) 者的購買數量減少 5. A B MC C D E G H F K I 0 J L D MR Quantity (thousands of units per year).in the above figure, if the market was a single-price monopoly rather than perfectly competitive, which area shows the transfer from consumers to producers?(a) A B (B) C D (C) C D E (D) E H.In the above figure, which area is the deadweight loss from a single-price monopoly? (A) E (B) E H (C) E H K (D).Within a monopolistically competitive industry,(a) firms can freely enter and exit and economic profits are zero in the long run.(b) firms can freely enter and exit and economic profits are greater than zero in the long run.(c) there are some barriers to entry and exit but economic profits are zero in the long run.(d) there are some barriers to entry and exit and economic profits are greater than zero in the long run. 4.Excess capacity and high advertising expenditures are encountered in(a) perfect competition.(b) monopolistic competition.(c) monopoly.(d)non-profit competition. 96 成大財金所 解 (B) 完全競爭下 CS A B C D E PS F G H

~ A B 獨占下 CS ~ PS C D F G DL E H H 無謂損失 ~ PS PS PS C D H C D 獨佔廠商剝削的C.S. ~ ~ ) ( E H). (B) DWL (CS PS) (CS PS. (A) 獨占性競爭市場的特徵 ()產品異質 ()長期下廠商可自由進出市場 長期均衡下 只獲取正常利潤 沒有經濟利潤 4. (B) 獨占性競爭市場特徵 ()產品異質 具有超額產能 ()廠商之間以 非價格競爭 提高市佔率 例如 廣告 改善品質 等 6.在長期 獨占性競爭廠商 (A) 獲取經濟利潤 (B) 獲取税前利潤 (C) 獲取正常利潤 (D) 在平均成本 最低點生產 (E) 所定創格高於平均成本(F) (A)及(D) (G) (C)及(E) 95 解 (C) 獨佔性競爭廠商的長期均衡為 P LAC 且 0 7.In the long run, all firms in a monopolistically competitive industry earn (A) an economic profit.(b) zero economic profit. (C) negative accounting profit. (D) zero accounting profit. 95 解 (B) 獨占性競爭廠商的長期均衡利潤 π 0 8.In the short run, a firm in a monopolistic competition will produce a level of output where its marginal revenue equals marginal cost and will set its price according to the demand for that output level 95 解 獨占性競爭廠商的短期均衡利用 MR MC 決定最適產量 在依據其所面對的比例市場需求線來訂 定價格 9.A market structure in which many firms compete by making similar but slightly different products is called (A) monopolistic competition. (B) monopoly. (C) perfect competition. (D) oligopoly. 95 解 (A) 進行異質產品競爭的市場型態為獨占性競爭市場 0.A monopolistically competitive firm in the long run. (A) is inefficient because it makes zero economic profit. (B) produces a profit-maximizing output that is less : capacity output.(c) sets its price equal to its marginal cost. (D) is efficient because it makes zero economic profit. 解 (B) (A)獨占性競爭廠商在長期均衡下 雖然缺乏經濟效率 但並不是 π= 0 所造成的 而是由於 P > MC 所導致 (B)獨占性競爭廠商會產生超額能量定理 95.如果長期下處於獨佔性競爭(monopolistic competition) 則公司的廣告費用將無法獲得正的經濟利潤 (positive economic profit) 95 暨南國企所 解 當廠商利用廣告來進行異質性競爭時 短時間即使有超額利潤 長期間透過自由進出的競爭 將使 經濟利潤等於零.Adkins Air is the only seller offering service directly from Milwauckee to Greensboro. The market is contestable. Thus the Nash Equilibrium for a game between Adkins Air and potential entrant is when (A) the potential entrant enters and Adkins earns an economic profit. (B) the potential entrant enters and Adkins earns a normal profit. (C) the potential entrant does not enter and Adkins earns an economic profit. (D) the potential entrant does not enter and Adkins earns a normal profit. 95 解 (D) 在可競爭市場(contestable market)中 潛在競爭者可以採取 hit & run 的策略來自由進出市場時

獨占者將選擇 π= 0 只賺取正常利潤來生產, 使潛在競爭者無法進入.In the long-run, firms in a monopolistically competitive industry will (A) earn substantial economic profits (B) tend to just cover costs, including normal profits (C) seek to increase the scale of operations (D) seek to decrease the scale of operations 95 解 :(B); 獨占性競爭市場的長期均衡利潤為 π= 0 4. 假設有一獨立性競爭廠商現在處於長期均衡狀態, 則他會生產在 (A) P = LAC 且 P = LMC (B) P = LAC 且 P > LMC (C) LAC = MR (D) AFC = MR 95 解 :(B) 5. 考慮下圖中的獨占性競爭廠商, 其利潤極大之產出水準和價格分別為 $ MC 65 55 50 AC 5 MR 45 50 AR Q (A) 50 和 $50 (B) 5 和 $50 (C) 45 和 $55 (D) 5 和 $65 95 解 :(D) 6.Which of the following conditions distinguishes monopolistic competition from perfect competition? (A) Number of sellers. (B) Freedom of entry and exit. (C) Small size firms. (D) Differentiation of product. 95 解 :(D); 7. 一獨占性競爭產業, 處於長期均衡 若經濟資源之價格突然下降, 則 : (A) 某些廠商中將離開產業 (B) 新廠商將漸漸加入產業 (C) 需求曲線及平均收益曲線向右移 (D) 需求曲線及平均收益曲線向左移 (E) 廠商之成本結構將上移 (F) 以上皆非 95 解 :(B); 在獨占性競爭市場之長期均衡下, 當要素價格下跌使 LAC 與 LMC 線皆往下移後, 會使廠商產生超額利潤, 因此會吸引新廠商進入, 使得廠商所面對的比例市場需求曲線往左移 ( 但市場需求曲線沒變 ), 直到利潤等於零時重獲新均衡 8. 下列關於獨占性競爭廠商的敘述何者正確? (A) 其短期供給線即為短期邊際成本線在平均變動成本最低點以上的部份 (B) 若根據 MC=MR 所訂出來的價格其價格彈性大於, 則採用降價策略 ( 即薄利多銷 ) 可以獲取更大的利潤 (C) 有可能將其價格訂在需求彈性絕對值小於 的範圍內 (D) 在均衡時必有超額產能 (excess capacity) 95 解 :(D); (A) 供給曲線不存在 (B) 再 MR = MC 達到利潤最大境界時, 即不可能再透過降價策略來提高利潤水準 (C) 當獨占性競爭廠商在 MR = MC 達到最適決策時, 其價格必不可能訂在 E d d < 之處 MR MC 0 P 0 E d E

9.Although a monopolistically competitive firm in long-run equilibrium is producing output at an average total cost higher than the minimum, economists are not greatly concerned about this inefficiency because: (A) additional firms may enter the industry (B) consumers gain satisfaction from having a wide variety of products available (C) consumes would unquestionably benefit from having fewer products produced more cheaply (D) advertising may allow a firm to expand output. 96 政大經研所 解 :(B); 獨占性競爭市場的特性 () 廠商家數眾多 () 不同廠商所銷售的商品之間略有差異, 但彼此具有 很強的替代性, 使廠商面對負斜率需求線 產品差異的來源 : 品牌忠誠度 區位 服務 產品異質 : 廠商具有訂價能力 (price maker) () 長期下廠商可自由進出該產業 0. In a monopolistically competitive industry, price is (A) above marginal cost since each firm is a price setter. (B) equal to marginal cost since each firm is a price taker. (C) below marginal cost since each firm is price setter. (D) always a fraction of marginal cost since each firm is a price setter. 95 解 :(A); 獨占競爭廠商為價格設定者, 故均衡時 P > MR = MC.One way in which monopolistic competition differs from oligopoly is (A) there are no barriers to entry in oligopolies. (B) all oligopoly firms eventually earn zero economic profits. (C) strategic interactions between firms are rarely evident in oligopolies. (D) in oligopoly markets there are only a few sellers. 95 解 :(D); 寡占下廠商家數少, 而獨占競爭廠商家數多.The competition in monopolistically competitive markets is most likely a resultof (A) free entry. (B) product differentiation. (C) strategic interactions. (D) facing a downward sloping demand curve. 95 解 :(A); 獨占性競爭之所以有 競爭 二字, 在於廠商可以自由進出.The monopoly in monopolistically competitive markets is most likely a result of (A) strategic interactions among sellers. (B) many sellers (C) sellers are price makers rather than price takers. (D) homogeneous products. 95 解 :(C); 獨占性競爭之所以會有 獨占 二字, 在於廠商生產的是異質產品 ( 但替代性高 ), 故為價格決定者 4.In the short run, a firm in a monopolistically competitive market operates much like a (A) monopolist. (B) oligopolist. (C) perfect competitor. (D) all of the above. 95 解 :(A); 獨占性競爭在短期下, 圖形的分析與獨占相同 5.If firms in a monopolistically competitive industry are making profits, (A) firm will likely be subject to regulation. (B) barriers to entry will be strengthened. (C) new firms will enter the market. (D) some firms must exit the market. 95 解 :(C); 獨占性競爭廠商若有超額利潤, 將引起新廠商加入 6.Which of the following markets is more likely to be perfectly competitive? (A)cosmetics(B) number pencils (C) shampoo(d) bottled water. 96 中正企研所 解 :(B); (A)(C)(D) 強調品牌的差異性, 屬於獨占性競爭市場 而 號鉛筆屬於標準化商品, 品質齊一, 較接近完全競爭市場 7. 開放中國大陸人民來台灣觀光旅遊, 必然會增加台灣觀光旅館的需求, 導致台灣旅館的住宿價格上升

96 台大國發所 解 : ; 在台灣旅館原處於住房率不高, 有過多超額產能, 旅館需求增加, 在還沒有達到充分運用前, 不會 造成住宿價格上漲 8. Which of the following statements is correct? (A)A negatively-sloped price-consumption curve (PCC) indicates that the corresponding demand curve is inelastic. (B) In the long run, a firm in a monopolistically competitive industry produces at the quantity that would minimize long-run average cost. (C) In the long run, a firm in a monopolistically competitive industry produces at the quantity where the firm has excess capacity. (D) If an income-consumption curve (ICC) is negatively-sloped, then the two goods of concern are both normal goods. 96 中正企研所 解 :(C); 在獨占性競爭市場的長期均衡下, 廠商會生產在 LAC 遞減階段, 故具有超額能量定理 9.In the short run, a firm in a monopolistic competition will produce a level of output where its marginal revenue equals marginal cost and will set its price according to the demand for that output level. 95 中央企研所 解 : ; 獨佔性競爭廠商短期均衡條件是利用 MR=MC 決定最適數量, 再依據其面對的比例市場需求曲線 來制訂價格 第十三章 要素市場.In the market for office workers (A) there are no substitutes because each human is unique. (B) computers and desks are complements. (C)an increase in wages will increase the number of workers demanded. (D) changes in wages cannot affect the number of workers because each one is necessary. (E)a decrease in wages will shift the demand for workers to the left. 96 彰師企研所 解 :(B);(A) 在個體經濟學中, 一般將勞工視為同質 (C)(D) 工資提高會減少勞動的需求量 (E) 工資減少 會導致勞動需求線上點的向下移動.Differences in marginal revenue products among workers can help explain the presence of wage differentials. 95 銘傳管研所 解 : 對.Which group is hurt most by a minimum wage law?(a)high-wage, highly skilled workers.(b) Older workers across wage levels.(c)low-wage, unskilled workers.(d)middle-aged workers across wage levels. 94 成大企研所 解 :(C); 在最低工資的實施下, 廠商只會雇用勞動邊際生產力高於最低工資的勞工, 使得非技術性勞工反而受害 4.The demand for labor is a derived demand because: (A) the demand for labor in a market is determined by the demand for the final product that the labor produces (B) the demand for labor is derived form the wage rate paid for labor's services (C) the demand for labor is derived from the producer's overall cost of production (D) the demand for labor is a function of the supply of labor's services 96 政大經研所 解 :(A); 廠商對要素的需求, 是為了生產最終產品, 再拿到商品市場出售, 而非對此要素的直接需求 ; 故 稱為 引申性需求 5. 若一個廠商在勞動市場是屬於價格接受者, 則在均衡情形下, 每位勞工的邊際生產價值 (VMP), 會等於勞 工的邊際產出乘上工資率 95 暨南國企所

解 在產品市場與勞動市場皆為完全競爭市場下 廠商最適勞動雇用條件為 MRPL PL P MPL PL 在產品市場為獨賣且勞動市場為完全競爭市場下 廠商最適勞動雇用條件為 MRPL PL MR MPL PL 6.行政院勞委會將提高最低工資 這項新政策將會提高資方生產成本 也提高勞工收入 解 最低工資可能使勞工在還沒提高收入前 已變成失業勞工 96 台大國發所 7.If a firm could hire all the workers it wanted at a zero wage (i.e. the workers are volunteers), the firm should hire: (A) Enough workers to produce the output where diminishing returns begin. (B) Enough workers to produce the output where worker productivity is the highest. (C) Enough workers to produce where the MPP = zero. (D) All the workers that can fit into the factory. 交大科管所 解 C 若僱用勞動的實質工資為 0 依據勞動邊際生產力條件 將使勞動雇用量 0 為止 8.The elasticity of the demand for labor measures the responsiveness of the (A)quantity of labor demanded to the price of the good being produced. (B)wage rate to the quantity of labor demanded. (C)quantity of labor demanded to the wage rate. (D)good being produced to the quantity of labor demanded. 96 嘉大管研所 勞動需求量變動百分比 工資變動百分比 解 C 勞動需求彈性= 9.Derived demand is A the demand for consumption products. B the demand for inputs used in production. C the demand for products other than raw materials. D the first derivative of the demand function. 94 彰師企研所 解.(B) 引申需求是指廠商為生產滿足消費者所需要產品 而引申對要素的雇用需求 0. If the labor market is in equilibrium and then the labor supply curve shifts rightward, (A) there will be a shortage of labor at the original equilibrium wage rate. (B) there will be a surplus of jobs at the new equilibrium. (C) the equilibrium wage rate will rise. (D) there will be a surplus of labor at the original equilibrium wage rate. 96 嘉大管研所 解 (D) 當勞動供給線往右移後 在原均衡工資水準下 勞動市場會產生 ES 或 surplus.下列敘述何者為正確 (A)邊際效用遞減與邊際替代率遞減無關 (B)MR = MC 與 MRP = MFC 無關 (C)第一福利定理與第二福利定理無關 (D) 針對某特定產品 需求彈性大小與消費者消費該財貨的支出無 關 (E)需求曲線上某一點的斜率大小與該點點彈性大小完全無關 96 北大經研所 解 (A) dmu X dmrs XY 0與 0 無關 dx dx (B) MRP MR MP (A) MFC MC MP MR MC 與 MRP MFC 有關 福利經濟學第一定理 C.E (競爭均衡) P.E (柏拉圖效率) 福利經濟學第二定理 P.E (柏拉圖效率)並一定透過C.E (競爭均衡)來達成 (C) (D) 消費者對該財貨支出佔所得比例愈大 則彈性越大 反之彈性越小 (E) 彈性 點的位置 斜率大小與彈性大小有關 斜率

. 請問下述選項何者為正確? (A) 個人勞動供給曲線向後彎部份, 表示當時之高工資的所得效果低於替代效果之故 (B) 航空公司對飛機燃料之短期需求 MRP 曲線的彈性, 相較於長期需求 MRP 曲線彈性, 是較無彈性 (C) 當土地供給為完全彈性時, 土地交易量決定於與需求曲線的交點, 而土地所有的價值為經濟租 (D) 當勞動因素市場的買賣雙方皆為獨占者時, 最後均衡工資率決定於邊際生產收益曲線與邊際支出曲線的交點 (E) 若勞動因素市場為完全競爭, 則廠商面對的勞動邊際支出曲線與勞動平均支出曲線皆為完全無彈性 96 北大經研所 解 :(B); (A), 個人勞動供給曲線向後彎部份, 表示當時之高工資的所得效果高於替代效果之故 (B) ; 短期 MRP 之彈性相較長期而言, 較缺乏彈性 L (C) ; 當土地供給為完全彈性時, 土地交易量決定於與需求曲線的交點, 而土地所有的價值為零 (D) ; 均衡工資決定於要素買賣雙方之議價能力大小而定 (E), 如下圖所示, 若勞動因素市場為完全競爭, 則廠商面對的勞動邊際支出曲線與勞動平均支出曲線皆為完全彈性 W P AFC MFC C L L 0 Q' L.Suppose that a firm s demand curve for its product is as follows: Output Price of the Good 5 9 40 8 54 7 67 6 79 5 90 4 Also suppose that labor is the only variable input of production, and that the total product of labor is: Amount of Labor Total Output 5 40 4 54 5 67 6 79 7 90 Given these data, how much labor should the firm employ if labor costs $0 a unit? (a) units of labor (b)4 units of labor (c)5 units of labor (d)6 units of labor (e)7 units of labor 解 (e) Output price Labor MPP L MRPL P MPP 5 9 5 5 40 8 5 0 54 7 4 4 98 67 6 5 78 79 5 6 60 L 政大經研所

90 4 7 44 廠商追求利潤極大化決策 以 MRPL MFCL 決定最適勞動雇用量 然而 MFCL W 0 而上表資料中 MRPL MFCL 表示多僱用一單位勞動所帶來收益增加幅度大於廠商必需支付工資 因此 廠商會僱用 L* 7 勞動量 4.John s firm is a competitor in your product market and a monopsonist in the labor market. The current market price of the product that your firms produce is $. The total product and marginal product of labor are given as: TP 40L 0.L, MP 40 0.L where L is the amount of labor employed. The supply curve for labor and the marginal expenditure curve for labor are given as follows: L PL, MEL L Suppose that a tax is imposed on each unit of the product that John produces, the price of labor: (a)will increase.(b)will decrease.(c)will not change.(d)will change in an indeterminate fashion. 政 大經研所 解 (b) <step >稅前均衡 產品市場 完全競爭市場 要素市場 獨買市場 廠商利潤極大化決策 Max (40L 0.L ) L * L d L 0 480 0.4L L 0 dl L* 00 W* L* 00 d.4 0 S.O.C dl F.O.C <step >稅後均衡 設廠商被課每單位 t 元從量稅 稅後廠商利潤極大化決策過程如下 Max t ( t )(40L 0.L ) L * L (40L 0.L ) t (40L 0.L ) L d t 0 480 0.4L t (40 0.L) L 0 F.O.C dl 480.4L 40t 0.tL 0 480 40t 400 00t L.4 0.t t 400 00t 而稅後勞動僱用量會減少 L 00 t 400 00t 400 00t 將 L 代回勞動供給線( PL L )可求出稅後工資為 W W* 00 稅前工 t t 資 最後比較稅前工資與稅後工資 可知 課稅之後 市場工資降低了 5.競爭市場的廠商利用 7000 元的資本 配合勞動量 L 從事 X 物的生產 其勞動投入量 L 與產出量 X 的對 應關係如下表之所示 L 0 4 5 6

X 0 0 7 5 6 70 75 當每單位產品價格為 00 元 每單位勞動的工資率是 500 元時 以追求最大利潤為目的的廠商 將有多 少的資本報酬率 (a)0% (b).5% (c)7.5% (d)5% 解 台大商研所 (a) L X MPPL MRPL 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 5 4 4 6 5 70 8 0 000 700 400 00 800 6 75 5 500 完全競爭廠商 廠商追求利潤極大化 依據 MRPL MFCL 決定勞動雇用量 已知 MFCL PL 500 L*, X * 7 若雇用 L 則 MRPL 400 MFCL 資本所得 PX X PL L 00 7 500 700 資本報酬率 資本所得 700 00% 00% 0% 資本 7000 6.Cool Jazz Cafe has a monopoly in Taipei. Its production function is q 0L where L is the amount of labor it uses and q is the number of meals produced. In order to hire l, units of labor, Cool Jazz Cafe must pay a wage of 0 0. L per unit of labor. The demand curve for meals at Cool Jazz Cafe is given by P 4 q /,000. The profit maximizing output for Cool Jazz Cafe is (a)0,000 (b)0,000 (c)5,000 (d)0 (e),500 台大財金所 q 4 L 500 50 MRPL MR MPPL 4 L (0) 40 L 50 5 PL 0 0.L MFCL 0 0.L TFCL 0L 0.L 解 (a) MPPL 0 MR 4 廠商追求利潤極大化 依 MRPL MFCL 決定最適勞動僱用量 40 L 0 0.L 5 L*,000 q* 0L* 0,000 7.A competitive firm produces output using three fixed factors and one variable factor. The firm s short run production function is q 400x x, where x is the amount of variable factor used. The price of output is $ per unit and the price of the variable factor is $40 per unit. In the short run, how many units of x should the firm use? (a).66 (b)80 (c)00 (d)95 (e)none of the above. 中正財金所 解 (d) q 400x x MPPx 400 4x MRPx P MPPx 800 8x 廠商依據 MRPx Px 決定要素雇用量 800 8x 40 x * 95 8.The marginal productivity theory of distribution encompasses all of the following concepts except:(a)the price of a factor is equal to the value of its marginal revenue product.(b)the marginal revenue product is unaffected by a change in demand for the product.(c)marginal revenue product is the change in revenue resulting from the sale of the product contributed by an additional unit of input.(d)demand curves for factors are downward sloping. 中央人管所 解 (b)根據邊際生產力理論 已知 MPPL L MPPK K Q (b)描述錯誤 9.You are given the following information with respect to a firm s present output position:

MPP A, MPP B 5, P A, P B 0, MR To reach a best profit output the firm should employ:(a)more of both A and B.(b)less of both A and B.(c)more of A, less of B.(d)more of B, less of A.(e)the amount of A and B that its is presently employing. 解 (c) MRPA 6 PA ; MRPB 5 0 PB 多用 A 要素 ; 少用 B 要素 政大企研所 0.Compared with a competitive labor market, under monopsony, labor employment:(a)and the wage rate are lower.(b)and the wage rate are higher.(c)is higher and the wage rate is lower.(d)is lower and the wage rate is higher. 中正財金所 解 (a); 獨買勞動市場比完全競爭勞動市場有較少勞動僱用量與較低工資率. 以下有關勞動市場的敘述, 何者正確?(a) 完全競爭的勞動供給者, 均衡的工時是在工資率等於休閒的邊 際效益 (marginal benefit) 時 (b) 當休閒是正常品時, 勞動供給線絕不會 後彎 (backward bending)(c) 廠商 對勞動的需求是引申需求 (derived demand), 表現在要素需求線包含產品的邊際收益 (d) 勞動的 邊際生產 收益 (MRP) 下降, 表示勞動素質不一 (e) 台灣現在的基本工資是在二萬至二萬五之間 台大經研所 w 解.. (a)(c); (a) 正確 勞動供給者的均衡工時依據工資率等於休閒的邊際替代率 MRS 時, 決定最適 p ( 休閒 v.s. 工作 ) 時間之決策 (b) 錯誤 在休閒為正常財且 IE SE 之下, 會出現勞動供給曲線後彎 (c) 正確 廠商之勞動需求曲線為 MRP 曲線, 而 MRP 收益 (d) 錯誤 MRP $5,800 L L MRMPPL, 而 L L MRMPP, 因此要素需求曲線包含產品的邊際 L MRP 下降, 是因 MPP 遞減所致 (e) 錯誤 目前基本工資為 L. 有一廠商有兩種生產要素 (L), 生產一種產品 (Q); 其生產函數為 Q L, 在整個市場中共有 56 家這 樣的廠商, 產品的價格 P Q 是產品市場決定的, P Q 8 整個要素市場的平均成本函數 (AFC) 為 AFC L, 8 若該要素市場也是完全競爭 :(a) 個別廠商的 MRP (b) 令 L 的要素價格為 W, 則個別廠商的要素需求 L 8 8 函數為 W (c) 整個市場的要素需求為 W 56 (d) 每個廠商的最適僱用量為 6(e) 每個廠商的短期 L L 利潤都是 解.. (a)(b)(e) dq (a) Q L MPPL L dl 8 MRPL MRMPPL 8 L (a) 正確 L 台大經研所 (b) 個別廠商要素需求函數為 : 8 MRP L W W (b) 正確 L 8 64 (c) 市場要素需求函數 : L Li W W d 64 8 L 56 Li 56 W 6 (c) 錯誤 W L d S (d) 要素市場短期均衡 : L L 8 L L * 6, W *, 代回勞動需求函數 L

8 Li L*i 0.065 (e)廠商短期利潤 P Q WL 8 0.5 0.065.If labor productivity increases, then I. the demand for labor increases. II. the real wage rate increases.(a)only I is correct.(b)only II correct.(c)both I and II are correct. (d)neither I not II is correct. 政大財管所 (c) 若勞動邊際生產力提昇( MPPL ) 則勞動需求增加 導致實質工資上漲 追求利潤極大化廠商依 解 據 P MPPL W MPPL W 決定均衡勞動僱用量 若 MPPL 提昇 則實質工資亦會提昇 P 4.若要素與產品市場均為完全競爭 廠商的生產函數為 X Y Y 0 X 為投入要素 Y 及 Y 分別為 第一種及第二種產品之產出 求在利潤最大化下 廠商對投入要素之需求 政大經研所 解 令 PX 為要素價格 Max PY P Y PX (Y Y ) * * Y, Y F.O.C 0 P PX Y 0 Y 0 P PX Y 0 Y * Y P P *, Y PX Px 將 Y* 及 Y* 代入生產函數 可得 * * P PX P X Y Y PX P P 故要素需求函數為 X * 4PX * P P 4PX 5.若設定如籃球明星麥克喬登般的飛昇上籃技巧與成就為單位勞動定義 則其勞動市場應符合下述特質(a) 短期供給曲線的斜率為正值(b)短期勞動工資率僅由勞動需求曲線決定(c)會有準地租的產生(d)麥克喬登個 別勞動供給曲線的斜率先為正值 後來會向回彎 而斜率改為負值(e)長期供給曲線的斜率為正值 北 大經研所 解 (b)(c)(d)(e) (a)錯誤 麥克喬登的能力與特殊籃球技巧為 特殊要素 (specific factor) 短期 勞動供給無法被取代 故勞動供給曲線為垂直線 (b)(c)正確 此時工資水準決定於勞動需求曲線 且全部勞動所得皆為準租 SL W a W0 地租 (準租) (d)正確 DL L L0 (e)正確 長期間 由於不斷會有特殊籃球技巧的勞動進入市場 而使勞動供給曲線為正斜率 6.The derived demand and, consequently, the demand curve for labor are de- termined by(a)labor s wage.(b)labor s marginal revenue.(c)the marginal cost of the input labor.(d)labor s marginal revenue product. 交大科管所

解 (d) 追求利潤極大化廠商, 依據 MRP L W 決定勞動僱用量, 因此勞動需求曲線為 MRP L 曲線 7.The major cause of rising wages in service industries is(a)growth in efficiency in service industries.(b)technological improvements in service industries.(c)growth in efficiency in manufacturing industries.(d)growth in unionization in service industries.(e)increased productivity of workers in service industries. 解 (e); 若勞動邊際生產力提昇, 則勞動需求增加, 此時工資上漲 交大科管所 下列敘述何者為真?(a) 當休閒為正常品時, 提高工資率必定為造成勞動供給減少 (b) 若勞動市場為一完全競 爭市場, 則廠商的勞動需求必須滿足 工資等於商品價格乘以勞動的邊際產量 (c) 若廠商 A 在勞動市場為一專買廠商, 則欲獲得最大利潤, 邊際收益產量與工資之關係必須滿足 MRP, 為勞動供給彈性 (d) 以 上皆是 (e) 以上皆非 解.. (b) (a) 錯誤 若休閒為正常財, 中央企研所 if IE SE 勞動供給曲線為後彎 W, 勞動供給減少 if IE SE 勞動供給曲線為前彎 W, 勞動供給增加 if IE SE 勞動供給曲線為垂直線 W, 勞動供給不變 dpl (c) 錯誤 對獨買廠商而言, MFCL PL L dl dp L L MFCL PL P L dl PL 而廠商追求利潤極大化, 採取 MRPL MFCL 僱用原則, MRPL PL 8.As the amount of labor used increases, the marginal revenue product of labor(a)falls more slowly for a monopoly than for a competitive firm.(b)falls more rapidly for a monopoly than for a competitive firm.(c)rises more slowly for a monopoly than for a competitive firm.(d)rises more rapidly for a monopoly than for a competitive firm. 解.. (b) 完全競爭廠商 MRP P. MPP 獨占廠商 MRP MR. MPP L L L L 成大交管所 若產品市場為完全競爭時, P AR MR為固定數, 當 L 增加時, MRP L 下降速度較慢 ; 反之, 若產品市 場為獨占時, P MR為負斜率, 當 L 增加時, MRP L 下降速度較快 MRP L P. MPP L VMP L MR. MPP L MRP L L 9.If the price of an input rises, the factor substitution effect says(a)more of all factors will be demanded.(b)more of the factor whose price increased will be demanded.(c)less of the factor whose price increased will be demanded.(d)the output of the firm will fall.(e)the price f the output good

must increase. 交大科管所 維持原產出水準不變解 (c) 當要素價格上漲時 廠商會減少要素僱用量 替代效果 0.When the marginal revenue product of an input is less than its price,(a)the producer should expand use of that input.(b)the price of the input will automatically rise in a free market.(c)the producer should reduce use of that input.(d)the marginal physical product of that input must be below its average physical product. 交大科管所 解 (c) 當 MRPL PL 時, 表示 L 使用太多, 若減少勞動僱用量, 此時, 廠商利潤會增加. 下列敘述何者為正確?(a) 在完全競爭的產品市場與因素市場中, 一般均衡之結果, 一定同時滿足 Pareto 最適效率與公平之要求 (b) 追求最大利潤的廠商, 其最適產量的決定原則為 MR MC, 而最適勞動量的 雇用原則為 MRP MFC, 此二原則存在 若且為若 (if and only if) 的關係(c) 第一福利定理與第二福利 L L 定理為相互獨立的關係 (d) 凡是有 Edgeworth Box 內的 Contract Curve, 則一定可以找出兩個消費者間的 交易結果 (e) 以上皆非 解 (b) 北大企研所 經研所 (a) 在完競要素市場及產品市場下, 會滿足 Pareto 最適效率, 但是否滿足公平之分配, 需額外考慮社會無異 曲線與 GUPF 是否相切 (b) Max TRP L L * TFC d dtrp F.O.C L dtfcl 0 0 dl dl dl * 即 MRP MFC, 決定僱用 L, 利潤會最大 L L 已知 MRP L MR. MPPL MFC L MC. MPP L 同乘 MPPL 若 MR MC MRP 同除 MPP L 二者之間有 if and only if 關係 ( 若且唯若,iff) L L MFC L. 若設定如中研院李遠哲院長般的學術能力成就與智慧為單位勞動定義, 則其勞動市場應符合下述特質 (a) 短期供給曲線的斜率為正值 (b) 短期勞動工資率僅由勞動需求曲線決定 (c) 會有準地租的產生 (d) 李遠哲個別勞動供給曲線的斜率為正值 (e) 長期供給曲線的斜率為正值 北大企研所 解 (b)(c)(e) (a) 錯誤 李遠哲院長的學術能力與智慧為 特殊要素 (specific factor), 短期, 勞動供給無法被取代, 因此勞動供給曲線為垂直線 (b) 正確 此時工資水準完全由勞動需求決定 (c) 正確 全部勞動所得為準租 W S L a 地租 D L L

(d) 錯誤 勞動供給曲線為垂直線 (e) 正確 長期間由於不斷會有特殊勞動進入市場, 而使長期勞動供給曲線為正斜率. 若消費者對商品之需求的價格彈性越小, 則生產該商品的產業對使用之生產因素的需求的價格彈性會越大 元智企研所 解..錯誤 若財貨需求彈性愈大, 當財貨價格下跌時, 引起財貨銷售量增加幅度較大, 因此, 會引起廠商對該生產要素使用量明顯增加 即財貨需求彈性愈大, 生產要素的需求彈性亦愈大 4. 為達到利潤最大, 一個具有獨買力的廠商 (Monopsonist) 決定其勞動雇用量的條件為 (a) 工資等於平均要 素成本 (b) 邊際要素成本等於工資 (c) 工資等於勞動的邊際生產收益 (d) 邊際要素成本等於勞動的邊際生產收 益 解.. (d) 元智企研所 5.When economists say that demand for labor is a derived demand, they mean that the demand for labor is:(a)dependent upon government expenditures for public goods and services.(b)related to the demand for the product labor is producing.(c)based on the desire of businesses to exploit labor by paying below equilibrium wage rates.(d)based on the assumption that workers are trying to maximize their money incomes. 交大科管所 解.. (b); 勞動需求為引申需求 : 是因勞動需求為引申自消費者對財貨之需求 6. 有關生產因素之需求彈性, 下列何者正確?(a) 因素之替代能力越小其彈性越大 (b) 最終產品需求彈性越大其彈性越大 (c) 與最終產品無關 (d) 與其他生產因素無關 (e) 因素支出占總成本比例越大其彈性越小 銘傳管科所 解 (b); (a) 錯誤 生產要素之間替代能力愈小, 要素需求彈性亦愈小 (b) 正確 最終財貨需求彈性愈大, 要素需求彈性亦愈大 (c) 錯誤 (d) 錯誤 (e) 錯誤 若要素成本占生產總成本比例愈大, 要素需求彈性亦愈大 7. 以下那一例符合引申需求 (derived demand) 的意義 :(a) 相機與底片為互補品, 對相機的需求引起對底片 的需求 (b) 蔗板是蔗糖的副產品, 對蔗糖的需求引起對蔗板的需求 (c) 股指期貨是股票交易的衍生商品, 對股 票的需求引起對股指期貨的需求 (d) 廢水是養豬戶的污染物, 對豬肉的需求引起對淨水設備的需求 (e) 電腦軟 體是電腦的配件, 對電腦的需求引起對軟體設計師的需求 台大商研所 解.. (e) 引申需求 (derived demand) 定義 : 生產者對生產要素之需求, 乃是引申自消費者對最終財貨之需求, 例如 : 生產者對生產要素之需求即是引申需求 8. 假定勞動為一獨買市場 (Monopsony), 則實施最低工資率後 :(a) 若最低工資率低於勞動的邊際生產收益, 勞動雇用量會增加 (b) 若最低工資率介於勞動邊際生產收益和獨買價格之間, 勞動雇用量會增加 (c) 若最 低工資率低低於獨買價格, 勞動雇用量會增加 (d) 造成失業現象 逢甲財金所

解 (b) MFCL PL d AFCL SL W c W* MRPL VMPL L* L L 獨買廠商以 W * 工資僱用 L* 單位的勞動 (b)正確 若將最低工資訂於 MRPL 與獨買價格( W * )之間 AFC L 如訂在 W 水準 此時 AFCL 為 W MFC L MFCL 為 d 廠商依據 MRP L W c MFCL c 原則 相交在 C 點 決定最適勞動僱用量 L 此時勞動僱用量增加 ( L L* ) 9.Minimum wage laws dictate(a)the average price employers must pay for labor.(b)the highest price employers may pay for labor.(c)the lowest price employers may pay for labor.(d)the quality of labor which must be supplied. 銘傳金融所 管科所 解 (c)設立最低工資 廠商會依據最低工資水準支付給勞動 為價格下限應用 40.Assuming that flour is the main input in the production of bread, the imposition of a minimum price for flour (i.e., a price above the competitive equilibrium level) is likely to result in which of the following change in the markets?(a)the demand for flour increases.(b)the supply for bread increases.(c)the demand for bread decreases.(d)the demand of flour remains the same. 成大財 金所 解 (c) 對麵粉設立價格低限時 會使生產麵包成本增加 導致麵包供給減少 會使麵包價格上升 間接 導致麵包需求減少 而麵包與麵粉為生產上互補品 則麵粉需求會減少 4.A minimum wage law will tend to produce(a)higher unemployment among young and inexperienced workers.(b)higher unemployment among all workers.(c)lower unemployment among young and inexperienced workers.(d)increased hiring of young and inexperienced workers. 交 大科管所 解 (a) 4.Minimum wage laws often result in:(a)unemployment among entry level and unskilled workers.(b)greater profits for employers.(c)labor shortages, since people do not want to work for minimum wages.(d)keeping wage rates below their equilibrium level.(e)excess demand for labor. 交大科管所 解 (a)在勞動市場為完競市場

W W W SL ES失業 W* b A a W* MRPL 失業 DL L 勞動市場 W * AFC MFC * 廠 商 設立最低工資容易造成低技術勞工的失業 4.下列關於 不完全競爭要素市場 的敘述 何者正確 (a)利潤大的要素雇用量需滿足 MRP MFC之必 要條件(b)在要素獨買市場中 雇主對勞動者存在有剝削的可能(c)在要素獨賣市場中 工會可以與雇主協議 工資來為其會員謀福利(d)在要素獨賣市場中 工會為其會員謀福利必可增進對社會資源的配置效果(e)工會 在爭取提高工資時 可能需以就業量的減少為代價 成大企研所 解 (a)(b)(c)(e) 44.Which of the following world be an expected outcome of a minimum wage law?(a)employers would receive accurate information about the relative opportunity costs of using skilled versus unskilled labor.(b)the distribution of income between skilled and unskilled would be altered.(c)workers whose skills are worth less than the minimum wage will be hired.(d)all of the above.(e)none of the above. 中央企研所 解 (b)最低工資設定 將造成技術勞工與非技術勞工的所得重分配 第十四章 福利經濟學. Both labor input, L, and capital input, K, are used in production of two goods X and Y. A competitive equilibrium is reached and is efficient in both production and exchange when: (A) MRSXY = MRTLK (B) MRTLK = MRSLK (C) MRSXY = MRTXY (D) MCX / MCY = PX / PY (E) none of the above 95 解 (C) 全面效率 生產與交易效率同時滿足 之條件 MRS XY MRT XY.One of the major results of the specialization and division of labor is that: (A) as labor becomes more specialized, the overall output of the economic system declines (B) as labor becomes more specialized, there is a greater need for the economic system to expand trade (C) as labor becomes more specialized, there is an increased need for government to intervene in the market place (D) as labor becomes more specialized, the circular flow of income contracts 96 政大經研所 解 (B) 透過專業化分工 生產效率提升 將使得整個經濟體系能生產比分工前更多產量 而經濟體系中 的經濟個體 則透過交換(exchange)以消費更多數量的多種商品.In free exchange among two individuals the position on the contract curve finally arrived at will, among other things, depend on: I. The bargaining strength of each individual. II. The initial endowments of the individuals. III. The individuals preferences. Which of these correctly completes the statement? (A) Only III. (B) Only II. (C) I and III, but not II. (D) II and III, but not I. (E) I, II,

and III. 95 政大企研所 解 (E) 兩人交易的最終配置將落於契約線上 其實際位置決定於二人的原始稟賦 偏好型態與議價能力 前二因素決定了交易的互惠區 而最終的交易結果必位於交易核心上 但其確定的位置決定於二人討價還 價的議價能力 4.An efficient allocation of resources occurs when we (A) produce the goods and services that people need. (B) cannot produce more of a good or service without giving up some other good or service that we value more highly. (C) cannot produce more of a good or service without giving up some other good or service that we need. (D) produce the goods and services that people want. 95 解 (B) 柏瑞圖最適境界的效率分配 指已經達到無法在不損害到其他產出下 而能使另些產出增加的境 界 5.If all individuals marginal rates of substitution are equal to nine and the technical rate of substitution is equal to fifteen then which of the following is true? (A) The economy is at a Pareto optimal allocation. (B) Society should increase the production of good one at the expense of good two. (C) Society should increase the production of good two at the expense of good one. (D) The price ratio is equal to six. 95 解 (C) MRS X X MRT X X 時 應該 X 且 X 6.A tradeoff is (A) a constraint that requires giving up one thing to get another. (B) a transaction at a price either above or below the equilibrium price. (C) represented by a point outside a PPE. (D) represented by a point outside a PPE. 95 解 (A) 7.In general, resources are used efficiently when the (A) marginal benefit from a good exceeds its marginal cost by as much as possible. (B) goods produced are those valued most highly. (C) opportunity cost of the goods being produced is as low possible. (D) none of the above. 95 解 (B) 當資源流向價值最高的商品來進行生產 保證達到柏拉圖最適境界 而使資源的使用具有效率 8.假設某國只能生產鮮花與電腦 當電腦的價格是鮮花的 00 倍時 這個國家決定生產 50 單位的電腦 0 單位的鮮花 這個組合顯然沒有達到生產效率的標準 95 解 不管電腦(X)價格是鮮花(Y)的多少倍 只要生產在 MRT PX 即具有生產效率 PY 9.下列何者為是? (A) 最小總成本意指最大總收益 (B) 最大總收益意指最高經濟效率 (C) 柏瑞圖最適境界 (Pareto Optimal)意指最小總成本 (D) 經濟效率意指柏瑞圖最適境界 95 解 (D) 0.魯賓遜和 Friday 在荒島上發現了 80 根香蕉及一個瀑布 若令魯賓遜食用香蕉數量為 B R, 效用函數為 U R = log( BR ) Friday 食用香蕉量為 BF 效用函數為 U F (BF ) 同時瀑布對兩者的邊際效用同為 則符合 Pareto optimal 的香蕉分配方法為 (A) B R = 0 B F = 60 (B) B R = 64 B F = 6 (C) B R = 60 B F = 0 (D) B R = 6 B F = 64 95 解 (D) MRS R BR MRS F BF MRS R MRS F BR BF

.下列圖形描述二人社會中之效用可能曲線 則圖中何點為柏瑞圖最適(Pareto optimal)? Ub d b c a Ua (A) c (B) d (C) b (D) d 95 A B 解 (B) 效用可能線上任一效用組合皆滿足 MRS XY MRS XY.In free exchange among two individuals the position on the contract curve finally arrived at will, among other things, depend on: I. The bargaining strength of each individual. II. The initial endowments of the individuals. III. The individuals preferences. Which of these correctly completes the statement? (A) Only III. (B) Only II. (C) I and III, but not II. (D) II and III, but not I. (E) I, II and III. 95 政大企研所 解 (E) 二人交易的最終配置若於契約線上的實際位置決定於二人的原始稟賦 二人的偏好型態與議價能 力 前二因素決定了互惠區的區間 而最後交易的結果(核心的位置)則決定雙方的議價能力.A situation is said to be Pareto efficient if (A) marginal cost is equalized across all productive units. (B) the total value of the benefits exceeds the total value of the costs. (C) the marginal value of the benefits exceeds the marginal value of the costs. (D) no change is possible that will help some people without harming others. 96 中央工管所 解 (D) 當經濟體系已經達到無法在不損害到其他人的情況下 而能有益於另些人的狀態時 稱為 Pareto efficient 4.Economic efficiency requires that Pareto improvements still be possible. 95 銘傳管研所 解 錯 市場達到經濟效率 表示無法再進行柏拉圖改善 5.下述何項為目前市場經濟的特質 (A)追求公平與效率同時滿足的社會福利極大化 品的供需均衡 (C)追求國家經濟成長率極大化 與國民生產毛額極大化 (B)追求各種產 (D)追求每一個國民生活 水準提升的極大化 (E)追求所有社會資源配置效率的極大化 96 北大經研所 解 (E) (A) 市場經濟的特質不一定符合公平 (B) 供需均衡只是市場經濟的運作過程 (C) 不一定符合追求國家經濟成長率極大化 與國民生產毛額極大化的目標 (D) 不一定符合追求每一個 國民生活水準提升的極大化的目標 (E) 完全競爭下 透過價格機能之運作 可達到交易效率 生產效 率與全面效率等社會資源配置效率的極大化 6.The slope of the budget line (A)is always -. (B)represents the opportunity cost of consuming one more unit of the good measured on the horizontal axis. (C)increase as more of one good is consumed. (D)decrease an more of one good is consumed. (E)is negative because of the law of demand. 95 銘傳 管研所 解 (B) dy dx 預算線 PX X 的機會成本 PY

7.If you discover that the opportunity cost f raising your economics grade is zero, you (A) are studying too hard and receiving a higher grade than is optimal for you. (B) must be in the production possibilities frontier that describes your trade-offs between producing high grades and producing other goods. (C) must be inside the production possibilities frontier that describes your trade-offs between producing high grades and producing other goods. (D) must be producing more of other goods than is optimal for you. 交大科管所 解 :(C); 當經濟體系處於生產可能曲線內產出組合時, 經濟分數增加不需要以增加其他商品 Y 財的減少做 為代價, 因為在生產可能曲線內產出組合表示資源尚未妥善利用, 故此時增加經濟分數的機會成本零 8. Suppose two goods (X and Y) are being produced efficiently and that the production of X is always more labor intensive than the production of Y. Production depends only on two factors (capital and labor); these may be smoothly substituted for each other. The total quantities of these inputs are fixed. An increase in the production of X and a decrease in the production of Y will(a) increase the capital-labor ratio in each firm. (B) decrease the capital-labor ratio in each firm.(c) leave the capital-labor ratio for each firm unchanged. (D) increase the capital-labor ratio in Y production and decrease the capital-labor ratio in X production. 95 政大企研所 解 :(A); 0 B A X 0 Y 0 X Y 當 X 財為 labor intensive goods 且 Y 為 capital intensive goods 時, 如上圖所示, 生產契約線將為位於對 角線右下方的平滑曲線, 此時隨著 X,Y, 使產出組合由 A 點移動到 B 點時, 會使 X 財的資本密集度提 0 0 高 k tan k tan 且 Y 財的資本密集度亦提高 k tan k tan Y 0 X 0 9. 由於人的慾望無窮, 所以經濟體系無法生產出生產可能邊界以外的產品組合 解 : ; 由於受到生產技術與資源有限的限制, 使得經濟體系無法生產出生產可能線以外的產品組合 0.If a society is operating at a point inside its production possibilities frontier, then this society s(a) resources are being inefficiently utilized. (B) economy will grow too fast. (C) production possibilities frontier will shift rightward. (D) resources are being used in the most efficient manner. 解 :(A); PCC 內的商品組合表示資源未達充分利用 95 Y 0 Y

.Refer to the production possibilities frontier in the figure above. More of good X must be given up per unit of good Y gained when moving from point b to point a than when moving from point c to point b. This fact (A)indicates that good Y is more capital intensive than good X. (B)indicates that good X is more capital intensive than good Y. (C)illustrates decreasing opportunity cost.(d)illustrates increasing opportunity cost. 96 年嘉大管研所 解 (D) 當 PPC 為弓形時 表示具有機會成本遞增法則.Which of the following is held constant when constructing a production possibilities curve for the economy? (A) The combination of goods produced. (B) The price level. (C) The opportunity cost. (D) The amount of resources. (E) The amount of goods produced. 96 輔大管研所 解 (D) 生產可能線是假設生產技術與要素秉賦不變下的最大產出組合的軌跡.At one point along a PPF, 50 tons of coffee and 00 tons of bananas are produced. At another point along the same PPF, 0 tons of coffee and 40 tons of bananas are produced. The opportunity cost of a ton of coffee between these points is (A) / of a ton of bananas. (B)7/5 of a ton of bananas. (C) tons of bananas. (D)5/7 of a ton of bananas. 96 嘉大管研所 解 C 咖啡的機會成本= 4. The production possibilities frontier shows the boundary between (A) those combinations of goods and services that can be produced and those that cannot. (B) real GDP and the quantity of labor employed. (C) those combinations of goods and services that can be consumed and those that cannot. (D) leisure and work. 95 解 (A) PPC 表達一國所有商品最大產出組合的軌跡 5.The production-possibilities curve illustrates: (A) The limitations that exist because of scarce resources. (B) That there is no limit to what an economy can produce. (C) That there is no limit to the level of output. (D) The existence of unlimited wants and resources. 交大科管所 解 (A 生產可能曲線的形狀顯示出資源的稀少性 說明在既定的生產技術與資源稟賦的限制下 一國所 能生產出最大組合的軌跡 6.If an Edgeworth box lies wholly inside of a society s production possibility frontier, which of the following is true? (A) The two goods are perfect substitutes. (B) There is no competitive equilibrium. (C) The economy is underutilizing its resources. (D) The technology is not linear. 95 解 (C) 位在生產可能線內的商品組合表示資源未達充分運用之境界 7.The slope of a production possibility frontier that displays increasing opportunity cost is A positive and constant. B negative and constant. C steeper near the horizontal intercept than near the vertical intercept. D steeper near the vertical intercept than near the horizontal intercept. 94 成大企研所 解 (C) 生產可能線具有成本遞增法則時 表示其為弓型 此時靠近橫軸的斜率必較靠近縱軸的斜率為陡 直 8.If individuals have different preferences but society s preferences are consistent with the aggregation of individual preferences, which of the following is true? (A) All endowments are equal. (B) There are only two individuals in the society (C) Society s preferences are determined by a single individual. (D) The social welfare function is Rawlsian. 95

解 (C) 9.If individuals have different preferences but society s preferences are consistent with the aggregation of individual preferences, which of the following is true? (A) All endowments are equal (B) There are only two individuals in the society. (C) Society s preferences are determined by a single individual. (D) The social welfare function is Rawlsian. 95 解 (C) 0.For a given production possibilities frontier, which points are attainable? (A)Points inside the frontier. (B) Points outside the frontier. (C) Points on or outside the frontier. (D) Points on the frontier only. (E) Points on or inside the frontier. 交大科管所 解 (E) 生產可能曲線上或線內產出組合 皆為在目前技術水準不變及要素稟賦下所能獲得產出組合.In the above table, if the price of labor is $0 per hour and price of capital is $0 per unit, which method of producing 50 space crafts is economically efficient? 95 Production information for Scully s Splendid Spacecrafts Technique to Units of capital (thousands) Hours of labor (thousands) W 4 8 X 4 6 Y 8 4 Z 0 produce 50 space crafts (A) Technique W (B) Technique X 解 (C) TCW 4 0 8 0 60 TCY 8 0 4 0 00 (C) Technique Y (D) Technique Z TCX 4 0 6 0 40 TCZ 0 0 0 0 達到成本最小的生產境界 具有技術效率.In the case of two individuals, if one individual is allowed to set the prices in the market then which of the following is true? (A) The individual achieves a higher level of satisfaction than under pricetaking conditions. (B) The resulting allocation will be efficient. (C) The other individual will not engage in trade. (D) The individual will choose the competitive equilibrium price. 95 解 (A).If individuals have different preferences but society s preferences are consistent with the aggregation of individual preferences, which of the following is true? (A) All endowments are equal (B) There are only two individuals in the society. (C) Society s preferences are determined by a single individual. (D) The social welfare function is Rawlsian. 95 解 (C) 4

Techniques that produce 00 sweaters Technique Labor (hours) Capital (machines) A B C D 0 5 0 0 5 5 60 0 Using the data in the above table, if the price of an hour of labor is $0 and the price of a unit of capital is $0, then the most economically efficient technique for producing 00 sweaters is (A) A.. (B) B. (C) C. (D) D. 95 解 (A) TCA 0 0 0 5 550 TCC 0 0 0 60 800 TCB 0 5 0 5 750 TCD 0 0 0 0 800 針對 Q = 00 的產出 在 A = (0, 5)的要素組合下達到總成本的最小化 最具技術效率 5.The decision to not acquire information because the cost of doing so expected benefit is called(a) social interest theory. (B) public choice theory. (C) rational ignorance. (D) principle of minimum differentiation. 95 解 (C) 6.Public choice theory explains that politicians (A) maximize their campaign contributions. (B) maximize the size of the deadweight loss. (C) eliminate waste and allocate resources in the social interest. (D) are the entrepreneurs in a political marketplace. 95 解 (D) 7.生產可能曲線(production possibilities frontier)的斜率取決於 (A)是否採用最具效率的方式來生產 (B) 市場上各種財貨的價格 (C)多生產一單位橫軸財貨的機會成本 (D)該經濟體系的所得分配狀況 95 解 (C) MRT Y MC X MC X p X X財的機會成本 在完全競爭均衡下 MRT X MCY MCY py 唯有在完全競爭之生產均衡下 生產可能線斜率才會與市場上的相對價格一致 8.Equity means that (A) all members of society have the same income (B) society is getting the most it can from its scarce resources. (C) society s goods and services are distributed according to need. (D) the benefits of society s resources are distributed fairly among society s members. 95 解 (D) 均等代表著社會利益能公平的分配給社會中的成員 9.A production possibilities frontier will be linear and not bowed out if (A) no tradeoffs exist. (B) the tradeoff between the two goods is always at a constant rate. (C) unemployment is zero.(d) resources are allocated efficiently. 95 解 (B) 生產可能線直線 表機會成本固定 40.Adam Smith 所提出的 invisible hand 係指政府在實施價格機能的管制後 可促使經濟體系的公私利 益互相調合與資源的最適分配 95 解 invisible hand 指透過價格機能的指導 會使經濟體系的私利與公益自動調和而達到資源最適配

置的境界 4.In the case of two individuals, if one individual is allowed to set the prices in the market then which of the following is true? (A) The individual achieves a higher level of satisfaction than under price taking conditions. (B) The resulting allocation will be efficient. (C) The other individual will not engage in trade. (D) The individual will choose the competitive equilibrium prices. 95 解 :(A) 4.Walras Law 表示 (A) 如果經濟體系中有 n 個市場, 當其中 n- 個市場達到供需均衡時, 第 n 個市場也 達供需均衡 (B) 如果經濟體系中有 n 個市場, 則 n 個市場均會達到供需平衡 (C)n 個市場的超額需求的總和 不等於 0 (D)n 個市場的超額供給的總和不等於 0 95 解 :(A) 4.Person and both consume the same goods in a pure exchange economy. Person is originally endowed with 9 units of good x and 6 units of good y. Person is originally endowed with 8 units of good x and 9 units of good y. They both have the same utility function u(x,y) x y. Let the price of good x be $.(A)The equilibrium price of good y is less or equal to $.(B)The equilibrium price of good y is greater than $.(C)Person sells good y to person under the equilibrium condition.(d)person sells good x to person under the equilibrium condition..robinson Crusoe has exactly hours per day to spend catching fish or picking coconuts. He can catch 4 fish per hour or he can pick coconuts per hour. His utility function is u(x,y) x y, where x is his consumption of fish and y is his consumption of coconuts. If he allocates his time in the best possible way between gathering coconuts of catching fish, his consumption will be the same as it would be if he could buy fish and coconuts in a competitive market where the price of coconuts is $.(A)His income is less than $0 and the price of fish is $.(B)His income is less than $40 and the price of fish is $.(C)His income is more than $0 and the price of fish is $.(D)His income is more than $40 and the price of fish is $. 解 :.(B)(C) 96 台大經研所 Person : Max u( x, y) x y x Py y 9Px 6Py MRS xy x x y y P P x y P y P x 9 6Py x Py, y 4 y y 6 P x Person : Max u( x, y) x y x Py y 8Px 9Py MRS xy x x y y P P x y P y P x 8 9Py x 6 Py, y 6 競爭均衡時市場必結清 : y y y x P x x 7 Py 6 Py 7 Py 8 5 6 y y 5 4 6 5 Py 8 5 P P y 5 7 84 8 x 9, y 6, x 8, y 9 5 5 y y

(A)錯 Py 8 5 (B)對 Py 8 5 7 8 6, y 9 故 Person 應賣 y 給 Person 5 84 (D)錯 因為 x 9, x 8 故 Person 應賣 x 給 Person 5 5 (C)對 因為 y. (A)(C) 由題目可知 x 4L x, y L y, L x LC Lx x 4, L y y, ( x 4) ( y ) dx 4 dy 0, MRT dy dx PPC x y M Ux y M RS M Uy x x y y y x 代入 ( x 4) ( y ) 為達全面效率 MRS MRT, x x * 4, y * 7, U * 4 7 P 若現可以 x Px 之價格進入交易 Py y y x 故不論所得為何 Px 恆等於 則 MRS Px, Px, y Px x x (A)對 (B)錯 (C)對 (D)錯 44.An externality will (A) usually be characterized as a form of market failure. (B) cause markets to allocate resources efficiently. (C) strengthen the role of the invisible hand in the marketplace. (D) always require the producer to compensate society. 95 解 (A) 外部性造成市場失靈 45. The idea that governments make choices that are inefficient in a political system in which voters are rationally ignorant is called (A)public choice theory. (B)principle of minimum differentiation. (C)social interest theory. (D)None of the above answers is correct. 96 嘉大管研所 解 (A) 46. If a tax was instituted such that every dollar collected in taxes from high income households resulted in a distribution of $.80 to low income households (A)efficiency would increase but equality of incomes would decrease. (B)efficiency and equality of incomes would both increase. (C)efficiency and equality of incomes would both decrease. (D)equality of incomes would increase but efficiency would decrease. 解 (D) 透過租稅來平抑貧富不均 可使所得分配趨於公平 但卻會產生政府失靈 導致效率的扭曲 47.If market signals result in pollution beyond the optimal level than: (A) The economy experiences government failure. (B) A laissez-faire approach will reduce the level of pollution. (C) The market mechanism has hailed. (D) The government is allocating resources inefficiently. 交大科管所 解 (C 當市場出現污染數量超過最適境界的訊號時 表示市場失靈 價格機能失敗 48.公平與效率兩者可兼得嗎 請舉例說明 96 高雄大學經研所 解 在進行經濟分析時 最常出現的意見衝突是 我們要追求經濟效率 還是要追求經濟公平 而經濟公

平的定義又該如何界定? 是齊頭式的平等, 還是起跑點上的平等? 根據 Arthur M. Okun 在其著作 Equality and Efficiency: The big Trade off 中所提及的 我們的民主制度強調人人平等, 然而在經濟制度上, 我們的所得卻是由市場所決定, 於是政治的民主原則和經濟的資本主義原則產生了衝突 市場中的贏家, 很容易用金錢取得更多優勢, 產生更多的機會不均 ; 而市場上的輸家, 卻時常落入貧窮深淵, 與 人性尊嚴 的民主價值互矛盾 然而, 為降低不平等的政策措施, 極可能會傷及經濟效率, 因此, 平等與效率之間的衝突, 是政策執行者不可避免的問題 但是在某些特殊情況下, 公平與效率兩者是可以兼得的, 例如加強對壟斷市場獨占廠商的監督和管理 對壟斷行業的進行改革, 放寬市場准入條件 ; 強化壟斷收益分配管理, 調整壟斷行業的利潤分配製度, 並將壟斷的超額利潤收歸國家所有, 並將其作社會福利支出, 以提升資源分配的公平性 49. 下列敘述何項為正確?(A) 當授課老師宣佈學期成績係以分組報告成績為主, 且該組成員的學期成績皆相同 ; 此時該組學生成員相互間必然存在外部性利益 (B) 汽車製造業者為強化汽車製造品質優良的形象, 將提供長達七年的免費維修保固服務 ; 此項策略一定會造成道德危機問題 (C) 一般認為高學位 者必然享受高工資, 係因為其具有較高的生產力 ; 這樣的看法符合訊息不對稱理論 (D) 沿近海漁業 為公共財, 所以形成漁民盡其所能, 強力補魚, 以爭取漁獲品的生產者剩餘 ; 這是財產權不明確的實例 (E) 課徵固定稅率的空污防治法從量稅, 可以解決空氣污染的外部成本問題 ; 這是成功的解決外部性成本之實例 96 北大經研 解 :(A)(B)(E) (A), 當授課老師宣佈學期成績係以分組報告成績為主, 且該組成員的學期成績皆相同 ; 此時該組學生成員相互間必然存在有外部利益亦有外部成本, 也會有所謂 free rider 的情況發生 (B), 由於保固期間長, 故很可能有道德危機的情況發生, 但也可解決逆選擇的問題 (C), 根據訊息不對稱理論, 高生產力與高學歷無必然關係 (D), 此敘述並非為外部性議題, 故與財產權之界定並不相干 (E, 課徵固定稅率的空污防治法從量稅(Pigou tax), 可以解決空氣污染的外部成本問題 ; 這是成功的解決外部性成本之實例 50.Free riding (A) is possible if the consumption of a good is characterized by excludability. (B) is possible if the consumption of a good is characterized by non-excludability. (C) is characteristic of private goods (D) occurs when consumers pay too much for services provided by government. 95 解 :(B); 當商品不具有排他性時, 將具有 free rider( 免費使用 ) 的特性 5.Free riders are not a problem in the market for a private good because (A) the good can be produced only at a positive marginal cost. (B the free rider will not get caught. (C) non-payers can be excluded-from consuming the good. (D) the good is a rival good. 95 解 :(C); 由於私有財具有排他性, 因此不會產生 free rider 的問題 5.Suppose two individuals, Pooh and Piglet, desire protection (provided by Tigger) of their community, The Hundred Acre Wood, from heffalumps. Protection is a public good. The marginal cost of protection as well as Piglet s and Pooh s marginal benefits from protection are in the table below. What is the quantity of protection that achieves the maximum net benefit?

Quantity (hour per day) Marginal cost (dollars per hour) Marginal benefit (dollars per hour) Marginal benefit for Piglet 0 6 0 0 8 6 8 6 4 4 4 8 5 0 4 (A) hour per day (B) hours per day (C) hours per day (D) 4 hours per day 95 解 :(C); 公共財的最適數量決定於社會邊際利益等於社會邊際成本 5. The table above gives the total benefit and total cost of producing missiles, a public good. What is the efficient number of missiles to be produced? (A) missile. (B) missiles. (C) missiles.(d) 4 missiles. 95 解 :(C); Q Marginal benefit(mb) Marginal cost(mc) 0 - - 90 40 80 50 70 60 4 0 80 在 Q = 時, 滿足社會邊際利益 >= 社會邊際成本, 而保證達到公共財的最適產量 54.If the consumption of Good A by one person does not decrease the consumption of Good A by another person, then the good is said to be (A) excludable. (B) nonrival. (C) nonexcludable. (D) rival. 95 解 :(B); 不具有敵對性指具有共同消費的特性 55.Suppose that Bill, George, and A constitute the entire market for consumers of national defense. Each man has an identical demand curve for national defense, which can be expressed as P=50-Q. Suppose that the marginal cost for national defense can be expressed as MC=$0. What is the optimal quantity of national defense? (A) 50 units. (B) 60 units. (C) 40 units. (D) 0 units. 95 解 :(C); 公共財之最適數量的決定 : i P MC 50 Q 0 Q* 40 i 56.An example of good that is nonexclusive but rival is (A) hunting in a public game area. (B) national defense. (C) public radio. (D) a pay-tv channel. 95 解 :(A) 57. 所謂的 free-rider problem 指的是 (A) 人們會傾向過度使用免付費的財貨或勞務 (B) 政府應提供免付費的道路給騎乘腳踏車者來使用 (C) 公共財在市場機能下的均衡數量會低於社會的最適當數量 (D) 政府提供的公共服務不可以向民眾收費 95 解 :(A)(C); 由於公共財具有 free rider, 將使消費者隱藏其需求意願, 使市場需求偏低, 導致市場機能下的均衡數量會低於社會的最適數量

58.Perfectly competitive markets will tend to underallocate resources to nonexclusive public goods because (A) these goods are produced under conditions of increasing returns to sale. (B) no single individual can appropriate the total benefits provided by the purchase of such goods. (C) these goods are best produced under conditions of monopoly. (D) no private producer can provide the capital necessary to produce such goods. 95 解 (B) 在完全競爭市場下 公共財的數量會偏低 是由於公共財具有 free rider 使其消費利益無法由 購買者獨享 以致於市場需求偏低而導致均衡數量不足 59.A good is excludable if (A) one person s use of the good diminishes another person s enjoyment of it. (B) the government regulates its availability. (C) it is not a normal good. (D) people can be prevented from using it. 95 解 (D) 排他性 代表可將某些人(未付費)排除在外 60. The market tends to under produce public goods because: (A) The consumption of a public good by one person prevents the consumption of the same good by another person. (B) The free-rider dilemma results in exclusive consumption of a good. (C) It is difficult to measure the benefit of a public good such as national defense. (D) Joint consumption allows those who do not pay for the good to still benefit from the good. 交大科管所 解 D 由於公共財不具有敵對性與不具有排他性 造成市場有免費使用者 free-rider 出現 以至於私 人來生產時有嚴重不足現象 產生市場失靈現象 因此大部分公共財皆由政府來提供 以解決公共財市場 失靈的問題 6.最符合經濟效率的打擊犯罪方式就是增加警力以及對罪犯判處重刑 96 北大財政 解 ( ) 增加警力及對罪犯判處重刑或許可能降低犯罪率 達到打擊犯罪的效果 但並不是一個符合經濟 效率的方式 增加警力及對罪犯判處重刑接需付出龐大社會成本 因此 較具經濟效率的方式為提高國民 教育水準 因為教育具外部性 以及降低失業情況才能有效抑制犯罪發生 6.A sales tax of 0 percent is placed on half the firms (the polluters) in a competitive industry. The revenue is paid to the remaining firms (the nonpolluters) as a 0 percent subsidy on the value of output sold. ()Assuming that all firms have identical constant long-run average costs before the sales tax-subsidy policy, what do you expect to happen (in both the short run and the long run), to the price of the product, the output of firms, and industry output? ()Can such a policy always be achieved with a balanced budget in which tax revenues are equal to subsidy payments? Why or why not? Explain 96 中山經濟 解 () 令 P 與 P 分別為污染者與非污染者的商品價格 Q 與 Q 分別為代表性污染者與代表性非污染者的商品 銷售數量 社會總銷售量 Q Q Q C 為所有廠商的平均成本 課稅及補貼前 Max P (Q ) Q c Q F.O.C : 0 MR (Q ) c Q* Q Max P (Q ) Q c Q F.O.C : 0 MR (Q ) c Q* Q 對污染者課稅及補貼非污染者後

Max ( 0%)P (Q ) Q c Q F.O.C : 0 ( 0%)MR (Q ) c Q Q* Q Max ( 0%) P (Q ) Q c Q F.O.C : 0 ( 0%)MR (Q ) c Q Q* Q 對污染者課稅及補貼非污染者後 污染者商品價格上揚與非污染者的商品價格下跌 污染者銷售量減少與 非污染者的銷售量增加 若二產品所面對需求型態相同下 面對相同的需求價格彈性 產業總產量不變 ()在面對需求型態相同下 面對相同的需求價格彈性 此時對污染者課稅收益會等於對非污染者的補貼支 出 平衡預算 6.When,000 hamburgers per day are produced, the marginal benefit is $.50 and the marginal cost is $.00. And when 7,500 hamburgers per day are produced, marginal benefit is $.00 and marginal cost is $.50. The efficient production quantity of hamburgers is a day. (A)between,000 and 7,500 (B)7,500 (C)more than 7,500 (D),000 96 嘉大管研所 解 (A) 當 Q=000 時 marginal benefit > marginal cost Q 當 Q=7500 時 marginal benefit < marginal cost Q 64. Internalizing an externality means (A) the good becomes a public good. (B) movement regulations or taxes are sufficient to eliminate the externality completely. (C) government imposes regulations that eliminate the externality completely. (D) incentives are altered so that people take account of the external effects of their actions. 96 中央工管所 解 (D) 外部性內部化是指使創造外部性的人必須負擔外部性的損害 或利益 因而改變其最適決策 65.Externalities between two firms can be internalized if: I. The two firms merge. II. Bargaining costs are zero. III. The externalities affect each firm equally. IV. Marginal costs for both firms are constant. Which statement(s) correctly complete(s) the sentence? (A) Only II. (B) All except III. (C I and II, but not III and IV. (D) I and IV, but not II and III. (E) Only I. 95 解 (C) 在交易成本等於零下 可透過合併等手段將外部性內部化 而達到效率配置 66.Internalizing an externality means (A) the good becomes a public good. (B) government regulations or taxes are sufficient to eliminate the externality completely. (C) government imposes regulations that eliminate the externality completely. (D) incentives are altered so that people tale account of the external effects of their actions. 95 解 (D) 使產生外部性的廠商必需負擔其外部效果 以致於改變其決策行為的作法 稱為 外部性內部化 67.If the last unit of output produced at a paper mill has a value to society of $0 and a social cost of $5, but the private cost to the company is $0, and the current price is $0, then the (A) market is in equilibrium, but a lower output would make society better off. (B) market is in equilibrium, but a higher output would makes society better off. (C) output and price are too low for equilibrium. (D) output is too low, and price is too high, for equilibrium. (E) output is to high, and price is too low, for equilibrium. 96 台大國企所 解 (A) 依據題目資料所述 表示目前處於完全競爭均衡 但在考慮外部性下 目前產量應該減少 才能 使社會福利達到最大 68.

The figure above shows the costs associated with producing paper. When paper is produced, there is some pollution runoff into a lake. According to the Coase Theorem, if the transactions costs are low and there are only a few people involved, the output will equal tons of paper if the lake. (A); only the lakeside residents own (B)4; either the firm or lakeside residents own (C); either the firm or lakeside residents own (D)4; the firm owns 96 嘉大管研所 解 (C) 在 Coase theorem 成立下 不管財產權如何歸屬 將不影響最終的效率配置 X. Since the output of that chemistry 6 firm would pollute the farm nearby, the profit function of the farm is Y 0Y Y X. 6 69.The profit function of a chemistry firm is X 60 X Notation X and Y are output level of chemistry firm and farm, respectively. If no negotiation is made, then (A)optimal X is 80. (B)optimal Y is 80. (C)optimal X is 5400. (D)optimal Y is 5400. (E)The aggregate profit is 0800, and it reaches the Pareto optimal. 96元智財金所 解 (A), (B), (C), (D) max X 60 X f.o.c X 6 X 0 60 X 0 X * 80, *X 5400 X max Y 0Y Y 5400 Y f.o.c 0 0 Y 0 Y * 80, Y* 5400 Y *X Y* 0800 不具有P.E 70. Follow question 上題, if the chemistry firm negotiates with the farm owner, then (A)the output level would be Pareto only if the farm owns the pollution right. (B)the output level would be Pareto only if the chemistry firm owns the pollution right. (C)no matter who owns the pollution right, the final equilibrium would be Pareto based on Coase theory. (D)the optimal output level of X would be 00 if the negotiation is successfully made. (E)the optimal output level of X would be 60 if the negotiation is successfully made. 96 元智財金所 解 (C)

max X Y 60X X 0Y Y f.. o c X Y * 0 60 X 0 X 90 * 0 0 Y 0 Y 80 由 Coase 定理知 : 無論產權如何劃分皆不影響最終分配的效率性, 透過協商與市場機制下的交易, 最終符合 Pareto 效率之產量為 90 7Flu shots are associated with a positive externality. (Those who come in contact with people who are inoculated are helped as well.) Given perfect competition with no government intervention in the vaccination market, which of the following holds? (A) At he current output level, the marginal social benefit exceeds the marginal private benefit. (B) The current output level is inefficiently low. (C) A per-shot subsidy could turn an inefficient situation into an efficient one. (D) All of the above are correct. 交大科管所 解 :(D): 預防注射具有正面外部利益, 因此在完全競爭市場下, 任由市場機制決定, 將具有社會邊際利益 大於私人邊際利益現象, 而使得目前實際產量小於滿足柏拉圖效率最置產量, 政府可利用 補貼 政策使 得外部利益內部化 7.Why can t private individual always internalize an externality without the help of government? (A)Legal restrictions prevent side payments between individuals. (B) Transactions costs may be too high. (C) Side payments between individuals are inefficient. (D) Side payments between individuals violate equity standards. 交大科管所 解 :(B): 由於交易成本太高阻礙, 使得私人之間無法藉由產權交易將外部性內部化, 來解決外部性問題 7.The commercial value of ivory is a threat to the elephant, but the commercial value of beef is a guardian of the cow. This is because (A) the cow is raised in developed economies while the elephant lives primarily in less-developed nations. (B) cows are private goods while elephants tend to roam without owners. (C) ivory is non-rival and nonexclusive but beef is rival and exclusive. 解 :(B): 由於荒野中大象為共同財產, 沒有所有權, 因此象牙的商業價值將形成大象的致命來源, 稱為 草 原的悲劇 (tragedy of commons) 74.A firm producing a smoke externality us producing (A) more than the socially optimal quantity of output. (B) less than the socially optimal quantity of output. (C) exactly the socially optimal quantity of output. (D) There is insufficient information to answer. 交大科管所 解 :(A); 生產上具有外部性不經濟廠商, 實際產量將會大於社會福利最大產量 75.Which of the following statements is false? (A) In a competitive market, the price mechanism encourages conservation of a depletable resource. (B) As the price of a depletable resource rises, its known reserves often increase. (C) Prices of depletable exercised monopoly or oligopoly power. (D) Shortages of depletable resources occur primarily when governments or others interfere with the price mechanism. 交大科管所 解 :(A); 在完全競爭市場中, 拓過價格機能來決定耗竭性資源的配置, 會產生 草原的悲劇, 造成價格 機能失敗 76.Considering when more people subscribe to the ADSL will reduce the web serving speed. If the price of subscribing ADSL falls, the network externality will induce a effect on the quantity

demand for the ADSL subscription in addition to the price effect. Hence, reducing price to promote market sales will become effective. 95 台科大企研所 解 :negative externality,less; 當有更多人參加 ADSL 時, 將會使連線速度變慢 因此當 ADSL 採取降 價策略時, 會吸引更多人參加使連線速度變得更慢, 此種網路外部性會產生 negative externality, 抵銷 ADSL 的降價效果, 使其促銷效果變小 77.Both firm A and firm B emit 00 tons of pollution. Suppose both firm A and B have marketable permits that allow each to emit 00 tons of pollution. If it costs $5,000 for firm A to eliminate 00 tons of pollution and it costs firm B $6,000 to eliminate 00 tons of pollution, then (A) firm B will sell its permits to firm A for a price above $6,000. (B) firm A will sell its permits to firm B for a price below $6,000. (C) firm A will sell its permits to firm B for a price above $6,000. (D) firm B will sell its permits to firm A for a price below $6,000. 95 解 :(B) 78.Vaccinations provide both private benefits and external benefits. The table above provides information on the marginal private benefit and marginal external benefit associated with vaccination against varicella (chicken pox). If the marginal cost of a varicella vaccination is $0, to achieve an efficient quantity of vaccination, the government should provide a subsidy of Marginal private Marginal external Quantity benefit benefit 6 5 0 4 4 9 5 8 6 7 (A) $4 per vaccination.(b) $ per vaccination (C) $ per vaccination.(d) $ per vaccination. 95 解 :(C); 在 Q = 5 時, 社會邊際利益 = 社會邊際成本 = 0, 此時政府每單位應依據外部邊際利益補貼 $, 使外部性產量達到柏瑞圖最適境界 79. 寇斯定理主張政府只需設定財產權, 無須介入, 即可使外部效果內部化, 但現實上執行不易, 其原因為 (A) 邊際外部成本太高 (B) 邊際社會成本太高 (C) 協商之交易成本太高 (D) 邊際私人生產成本太高 95 解 :(C) 80. 下列何者是政府採行直接管制的污染防治措施時, 所產生的缺點? (A) 缺乏經濟理論基礎 (B) 政府介入 市場 (C) 違反世界潮流 (D) 總污染防治成本較高, 不合經濟效率 95 解 :(B) 8.Which of the following leads to possible government failure? (A) Market power.(b) Antitrust laws. (C) Externalities. (D) Inequities form the market mechanism. 交大科管所 解 :(B);( A)( C) 會造成市場失靈 而反托拉斯法管制可能會產生政府失靈 8.Suppose the production of a good generates external benefits. In this case: (A) In the absence of government regulation, the good will be overproduced. (B) There is no need for government regulation because there are no costs to society. (C) The government regulation can improve outcomes by subsidizing the firms that produce the good. (D) The government can improve market

outcomes by setting a ceiling price on the good. 交大科管所 解 :(C) 對於具有外部利益的產品, 任由市場機能決定下, 實際產量往往低於柏拉圖境界下之最適產量, 解決之道可利用政府補貼政策使產量回復到最適產量, 糾正外部性 8.Suppose that a smoker and a non-smoker are seated next to each other in a restaurant. This restaurant does not offer a non-smoking section. The smoker is indifferent between () smoking and () not smoking and consuming a $6 dessert. The non-smoker values being able to eat in a smoke-free environment at $0. According to Coase s Theorem, and assuming no bargaining costs, what will happen? (A) The smoker will continue to smoke because that is his right. (B) The smoker will stop smoking, just to be a nice guy. (C) The non-smoker will offer to pay the smoker between $6 and $0 to stop smoking, but the smoker will refuse because he has the right to smoke. (D) The non-smoker will offer to pay the smoker between $6 and $0 to stop smoking, and the smoker will accept the money and refrain from smoking. 95 解 :(D); 依據 Coase theorem, 在交易成本等於零下, 外部性的數量可透過外部性產權的交易而回復柏瑞 圖最適境界 84.A positive production externality will cause a market to (A) produce more than is socially desirable. (B) produce more than is market optimal. (C) produce less than is socially desirable. (D) produce less than is market optimal. 95 解 :(D); 正的外部性 ( 外部收益 ) 造成實際的量少於社會最適的量 85.A society can sometimes alleviate problems caused by externalities by (A) using government expenditures to penalize the firm causing the positive externality. (B) Externalizing the externality.(c) Having the government product the good or service. (D) Using tax revenue to subsidize the firm causing a negative externality. (E) Prohibiting the production of externalities. 96 輔大管研所 解 :(E) 86.The Girls Sixth Dorm in National Taiwan University has two rooms and each room can accommodate students. This year, there are 4 incoming students that needs to be assigned to these two rooms with students in each room. Students a, b and c only care about with whom they live with. Student a prefer living with b to c to d. Student b prefer living with c to a to d. Student c prefer living with a to b to d. Student d cares about nothing.(a)if we pair a with b and c with d, then it is Pareto optimal.(b)if we pair a with c and b with d, then it is Pareto optimal.(c)if we pair a with d and b with c, then it is Pare to optimal.(d)none of the above is true. 台大經研所 解 (a)(b)(c) 偏好 學生 a b c d b c a d c a b d 若達到 Pareto Optimal 時, 任何組合之改變, 會降低某人之效用水準 (a)(a, b) 與 (c, d) 學生 a 最喜歡和 b 住同一個房間, 若 (a, b) 組合改變成 (a, c),c 為學生 a 第二個偏好 ( 喜愛 ) 程度, 若從 (a, b) 組合變成 (a, c) 組合, 則 a 效用必下降, 因此 (a, b) 與 (c, d) 為 Pareto Optimal (b)(a, c) 與 (b, d) 學生 c 最喜歡和 a 同住一個房間, 若 (a, c) 組合改變了, 會降低 c 效用水準, 因此 (a, c) 與 (b, d) 為 Pareto

Optimal (c)(a, d) 與 (b, c) 學生 b 最喜歡和 c 同住一個房間, 若 (b, c) 組合改變了, 會降低 b 效用水準, 因此 (a, d) 與 (b, c) 為 Pareto Optimal 87.In any economy in which all markets are perfectly competitive, the allocation of consumption goods is efficient(i.e., Pareto optimal) because (a)in such an economy production is efficient.(b)all consumers will be maximizing their satisfaction relative to the same set of commodity prices, and, consequently, they will all have identical rates of commodity substitution between any pair of consumption goods.(c)the social welfare function is defined in such a way that any point of general equilibrium in a competitive economy maximizes social welfare; i.e., corresponds to a point of constrained bliss.(d)perfect competition permits the economy to consume at a point beyond (i.e., above ) the production possibility frontier. 中山財管所 解.. (b); 完全競爭均衡必滿足交易效率, 即 MRS A XY MRS B XY P P 所有消費者面對客觀相同市場價格, 且恰好等於個人主觀上之邊際替代率 88.Economic tradeoffs which result from limited resources are measured by(a)slope of the production possibilities curve.(b)the most desired forgone alternative use of resources.(c)opportunity cost. (d)all of the above. X Y * 交大科管所 解.. (d); 表達資源有限之經濟觀念, 可透過以下幾種方法表達 : () 生產可能曲線 () 生產機會成本 () 財貨間進行選擇 89.The fact that the utility possibilities curve is downward sloping implies that (a)one person s gain is always another person s loss;(b)moving from one Pareto efficient allocation to another must make someone worse off;(c)many distributions of income are possible when the economy is efficient;(d)(a) and (c);(e)(b) and (c). 中山財管所 解.. (b); 雖然 (a) 選項亦可表達 Pareto 交易效率之境界 ; 但 (b) 選項定義更嚴謹, 完整 90.The allocation of food and clothes between John and Mary is currently on the contract curve. Any reallocation(a)makes both of them better off.(b)makes both of them worse off.(c)makes one, and only one of them better off.(d)makes at least on of them, but possibly both of them, worse off.(e)none of the above. 中山財管所 解.. (c); 消費契約線, 線上每一點保證必達成 Pareto 交易效率, 當均衡達成時, 若欲提高某人效用水準, 會以減少他人效用為代價 9.Which of the following is not necessarily true when the economy is in full, general equilibrium?(a)the supply of labor equals the demand.(b)the supply of products equals the demand.(c)the supply of capital equals the demand.(d)the distribution of income is fair.(e)all of the above are true when the economy is in equilibrium. 解 中山財管所 (d); 當經濟體系達到一般均衡分析時, 無法判斷所得分配是否公平, 需再考慮社會福利函數 9.Consider a two-person (denoted by the first subscripts and ), two-commodity (denoted by the second subscripts and ), pure-exchange economy with U qq q q and U qq 8q 9q. Suppose the endowments of these two consumers are (8, 0) for the first consumer and (0, 0) for the second, respectively. Then the equilibrium price ratio of this economy

is:(a)not existed, because some more information is needed.(b) P / P 中央人管所 above. 解 (b)()符合配置效率的條件 MRS MRS (c) P / P (d)none of the MU MU P MU MU P q q 8 P q q 9 P ()原先 q 8, q 0, q 0, q 0 稟賦之 q q q 8, q q q 40 將 q 40 q, q 8 q q 48 q q q 6 q 7 q q 6 (q ) P q q P P P 則 代入 q P q P 9.In any economy in which all markets are perfectly competitive, the allocation of consumption goods is efficient (i.e., Pareto optimal) because:(a)in such an economy production is efficient.(b)all consumers will be maximizing their satisfaction relative to the same set of commodity prices, and, consequently, they will all have identical rates of commodity substitution between any pair of consumption goods.(c)the social welfare function is defined in such a way that any point of general equilibrium in a competitive economy maximizes social welfare; i.e., corresponds to a point of constrained bliss.(d)perfect competition permits the economy to consume at a point beyond (i.e., above) the production possibility frontier. 中山財管所 解 (b) 根據福利經濟學的第一定理 完全競爭的一般均衡 必為 Pareto 最適境界 94.To move in a two-good, two-person economy form the contract curve in the Edgeworth box to the utility-possibility frontier, we need to know:(a)the initial endowments possessed by both consumers of both goods.(b)the competitive structure of the market in which the two goods are traded.(c)the point on the contract curve the two consumers reach through trading.(d)the level of utility that corresponds to each one of both consumers indifference curves. 中山財管所 解 (d) 因為由 Edgeworth box 轉換至 utility-possibility frontier 效用可能曲線 是由量的座標轉成效 用的座標 所以需知道效用水準的確實大小 95.Please provide an intuitive justification for the statement stated below: As long as producers and consumers act as perfect competitors, then under certain conditions a Pareto efficient allocation of resources emerges. 逢甲財金所 解 不一定 在沒有市場失靈因素下 完全競爭均衡保證滿足 Pareto Optimum 下之經濟效率 但是如果 出現外部性 公共財等因素 則完全競爭均衡不一定滿足 Pareto 經濟效率 96.When the invisible hand is at work,(a)the price system will sometimes give incorrect cost signals to consumers.(b)the price system will allocate resources based only on consumer need.(c)all prices will be set equal to marginal costs.(d)there will be some shortages and surpluses that cannot be avoided. 交大科管所 解 (b) 當市場價格機能充分運作時 會使資源配置有效率 一隻看不見之手

97. 在一個經濟體系中, 如果有任何一個市場為不完全競爭, 則 Walras Law 不成立 政大金融所 解..錯誤 ;Walras Law 指各個市場超額需求總和為零, 與市場型態無關 98.Under perfect competition the market mechanism, without any government regulation, is capable of(a)allocating resources efficiently.(b)solving equity problems.(c)making the average cost of labor equal to the average cost of all commodities.(d)making more income available to the poor. 交大科 管所 解.. (a); 在政府未介入之完全競爭市場下, 當 Adam Smith 所提之 市場價格機能充分運作下, 會使市 場機能自動調整至資源配置有效率之處! 99. 完全競爭市場下的均衡分配 (competitive equilibrium allocation) 也是巴瑞圖最適分配 (Pareto optimal allocation) 東吳企研所 解..正確 ; 福利經濟學第一基本定理 :Warlas 均衡 ( 競爭均衡 ) 必滿足 Pareto Efficient Allocation! 00.According to the First Theorem of Welfare Economics:(a)Every competitive equilibrium is fair.(b)a competitive equilibrium always exists.(c)at a Pareto optimum, all consumers must be equally wealthy.(d)none of the above. 成大財金所 解.. (d) 福利經濟學第一基本定理 : 競爭均衡必滿足 Pareto Efficient Allocation, 但未保證此時所得分配狀 態是否公平, 未必表達此時社會福利極大化 0.According to the Economics of Welfare, perfect competition is a necessary condition for the Pareto-optimality. 中山公事所 解..錯誤 根據福利經濟學第一定理,Competive equilibrium 必為 Pareto efficiency allocation, 反之, 滿足 Pareto efficiency allocation, 此時不一定要完競均衡才可達成 例如獨占廠商採取完全差別取價時, 亦可達成經濟效率 故 Competive equilibrium 為達成 Pareto-optimality 之充分條件 選出下列正確的敘述 I 市場經濟中的那隻看不見的手可以保證資源配置的公平與效率性 II 市場經濟中的 0. 那隻看不見的手可以調節市場供需, 達到均衡 III 市場經濟中的那隻看不見的手可以讓有效率的人擁 有更多資源的分配權 (a)i 和 II (b)i 和 III(c)II 和 III (d)i,ii 和 III 台大國企所 解 (c); (I) 錯誤 在沒有外部性, 公共財下, 市場價格機能充分運作下, 保證經濟社會能達到 Pareto 最 適境界, 保證資源配置有效率, 但所得分配是否公平, 必需再配合社會福利函數加以判斷 0.An economically efficient court decision about an injury suffered by someone using a product(a)makes the producer pay compensation equal to the damage suffered by the user.(b)makes the producer pay no compensation, but warns the producer to make the product safer.(c)makes the producer pay compensation to maximize the consumer surplus.(d)provides incentives such that the marginal social cost of additional precautions taken by the users equals the marginal social benefits of those precautions in reducing accidents. 清大科管所 解.. (d); 當社會存在市場失靈, 外部性問題時, 政府應致力於追求使社會邊際成本等於社會邊際效益之社 會福利極大狀態 04. 凡符合 Pareto Efficiency 的資源配置組合必定使社會福利達到最大 北大財政所 解..若社會福利函數存在之下, 符合 Pareto Efficient Allocation 不一定使社會福利最大, 但社會福利最大 之資源配置, 必需滿足 Pareto efficiency 下之經濟效率

因此 Pareto Efficient Allocation 只是達到社會福利極大化之下之必要條件而已! 05.A government project should be expanded to the point where (a)social benefits exceed social costs.(b)private and social benefits exceed social costs.(c)marginal social benefits exceed marginal social costs.(d)marginal social benefits equal marginal social cost.(e)average social benefits equal average social costs. 成大財金所 解.. (d); 政府決策 : 追求社會淨福利最大 (Max TSB-TSC), 即需符合 MSB MSC 條件 06.If a two-input, two-output economy is operating at a point along its production possibility curve, which of the following is not true:(a)production is Pareto optimal.(b)consumption is Pareto optimal. (c)all producers in both industries have identical rates of technical substitution between bothinputs.(d)the output of one good could not be increased without decreasing the output of the other good. 中山財管所 X Y 解.. (b); 生產可能曲線上每一點, 表示具有生產效率, 符合 MRTS MRTS 條件, 但不一定具有交易 效率 07.The production possibilities curve illustrates the basic principle that(a)an economy s capacity to produce increases in proportion to its population.(b)if all resources of an economy are in use, more of one good can be produced only if less of another is produced.(c)an economy will automatically seek that output at which all of its resources are employed.(d)no opportunity cost exists in production. LK LK 交大科管所 解.. (b); 生產可能曲線 : 在生產技術, 要素稟賦固定條件之下, 兩種產品最大數量之軌跡, 即會符合生產 技術效率, 因此當生產者增加其中一種財貨生產時, 必須以另一財貨產出減少為代價, 因此生產可能曲線 斜率可以表達生產 X 財之機會成本 08.A 的生產可能線為 : X Y 0 ;B 的生產可能線為 : X Y 0 (a)a 有 X 的比較利益 (c)b 有 X 的比較利益 (e) 以上皆非 解.. (a)(d) A 生產可能曲線 : X Y 0 (b)a 有 Y 的比較利益 (d)b 有 Y 的比較利益 MRT A XY B 生產可能曲線 : X Y 0 MRT B XY A 生產 X 財機會成本為小於 B 生產 X 財機會成本 故 A 生產 X,B 生產 Y 財具有比較利益 台大經研所 09. 承續上題 A B 攜手合作, 下列何點會在兩人的生產可能線上? (a) X 5, Y. 5 (b) X 7, Y. 5 (c) X 0, Y 5 (d) X. 5, Y 5 (e) 以上皆非 台大經研所 解.. (a)(b)(d) 若兩人將全部資源全用於生產 Y 財, 共可得到 5 單位的 Y 財與 5 單位 X 財 若一開始兩人先全部生產 Y 財 5 單位, 因 A 生產 X 財機會成本只有, 比 B 生產 X 財機會成本 較低, 因此由 A 先開始生產 X 財, 當 A 將全部資源用於生產 X 財時, 可生產 0 單位 X 財, 然後再由 B 開始生產, 直到 X 5 為止 生產可能曲線方程式,(0, 0) 為拗折點

X 0 Y X 5 0 X 5 Y X 0 5 Y MRT XY 0 MRT XY 0 0 5 X (a)(5,.5) 在 Y X 5 線上 (b)(7,.5) 在 Y X 5 線上 (c)(0, 0) 才是生產可能曲線拗折點 (d)(.5, 5) 在 Y X 0 線上 0. 假設世界僅有張三與李四兩人, 並且兩人皆以生產雞隻與種植白菜維生, 每日工作時數皆以 小時為 限, 若獨自生產, 張三每小時可以分別生產 0 公斤的雞隻與 40 公斤的白菜, 李四則每小時可以分別生產 40 公斤的雞隻與 0 公斤的白菜, 在有限的世界資源下, 若兩人可以經由比較利益原則, 共同合作生產, 則聯合生產可能曲線 (joint production possibilities frontier) 具有下述何項特質?(a) 白菜最大生產可能量 為 70 公斤 (b) 雞隻最大可能生產量為 480 公斤 (c) 雞隻最大可能生產量為 70 公斤 (d) 聯合生產可能曲線為 有拗折點的直線 (e) 拗折點的白菜生產量為 480 公斤 解.. (a)(c)(d)(e) 張三 李四 雞肉 0 40 張三生產 白菜 具有比較利益 白菜 40 0 李四生產 雞 具有比較利益 北大經研所 二人合作時, 若將所有資源用於生產白菜, 可得 70kg ( 60 70 kg ) 用於生產雞肉, 可得 70kg ( 60 70 kg ) 現在由雞肉 70 kg 開始生產白菜, 因張三生產 白菜 具有比較利益, 所以由張三 先開始生產白菜, 至白菜 480kg 時, 張三已將所有資源用於生產 白菜, 然而李四才開始生產白菜, 直 到白菜 70 kg 為止, 聯合生產可能曲線如下圖 :

雞肉 70kg MRT XY 480kg MRT XY 480kg 70kg 白菜.A B 消費 X Y 兩物,A 之邊際替代率為 : MRS A ( dy / dx ) Y/ X,B 的為 : MRS B Y / X A B 各有 0 單位的 X 與 0 單位的 Y 考慮 X Y 可無限細分, 下列那些交易會促成 Pareto 改善 (Pareto improvement)?(a)a 給 B 單位 X,B 給 A0.5 單位 Y(b)A 給 B0.5 單位 Y,B 給 A 單位 X(c)A 給 B.5 單位 Y,B 給 A 單位 X(d)A 給 B 單位 X,B 給 A.5 單位 Y(e) 以上皆非 台大經研所 YA 0 YB 0 解.. (e); 已知 MRSA MRSB X 0 X 0 MRS A A B MRS, 因此不滿足 Pareto Optimum 下的交易效率, 故二人依下列原則進行交換之後, 可提昇二人效用水準 消費者 A 將用 X 財和 B 交換 Y 財 B 消費者 B 將用 Y 財和 A 交換 X 財 dy 然而 X 與 Y 財交換比例應介於 之間, 才能提昇二人效用水準 dx dy 0.5 (a) 錯誤, 交換比例 0. 5, 交換後, 二人效用均下降 dx dy.5 (b) 錯誤, 交換比例.5 MRSB, 交換後, 只有 A 效用提昇, 而 B 效用卻會下降 dx.a 能生產 X Y 兩產品, 其生產可能線 PPC 如下圖所示 A 消費 (X, Y) 之效用為 : U(X, Y) min{x, Y} X 市價為 $0,Y 為 $ Y 45 0X Y 00 PPC (a)a 買進 X (b)a 買進 Y (c)a 賣 X (d)a 賣 Y (e)a 自給自足 X 台大經研所

解.. (a)(d) Y 45 a ( 生產 ) b ( 消費 ) U 0 PPC 0 X Y 00 ( 等收益線 ) X 利潤極大化點, 發生在生產可能曲線與等收益線相切之處, 故最適生產點 a 點效用最大點, 發生在等收益曲線與無異曲線相切之處, 故最適消費點 b 點故 A 對 X 財貨 : 消費 生產數量 買進 X 財 Y 財貨 : 消費 生產數量 賣出 Y 財. 承續前題 : 若 Y 價格上漲, 請考慮 A 將如何調整生產與消費活動 (a)a 買進之財貨類別仍與漲價前相同 (b)a 買進財貨數量較漲價前增加 (c) 買進財貨數量之變化並無法判斷 (d) 漲價後,A 之效用提升 (e) 漲價後,A 之效用降低 台大經研所 解.. (b)(d) Y ( 消費點 ) 45 a ( 生產 ) a b b U U 0 0X PY Y 00 0X Y 00 X 0 0 P 上漲後, 等收益曲線更平坦 ( 斜率從 ), 當 Y 新之生產點從 a a, 生產更多 Y 財, 新之消費點從 b b, 消費更多 X 財, 消費者效用從 U 0 提昇至 U P Y 4. 下列何者將可使生產可能曲線向外擴張?(a) 勞動人口增加 (b) 更有效地利用現有的自然資源及生產技術 (c) 政府增加貨幣供給量 (d) 社運團體停止各項抗爭 東華國企所 解.. (a); (b) 錯誤 更有效利用現有自然資源及生產技術, 會使生產可能曲線內之點往 PPC 線上移動, 即 a b 點移動, 並非整條 PPC 右移

Y PPC 資本閒置 勞動產生失業 a 未達充分就業 b a X 5.The outward bowed shape of the production possibilities curve is determined by(a)externalities.(b)the law of increasing opportunity costs.(c)the market mechanism.(d)laissez faire. 交大科管所 解 (b) 生產可能曲線凹向原點 表示邊際轉換率( MRTXY )遞增 即生產 X 財之機會成本遞增 6.下列敘述何者為真 (a)生產可能曲線整條向外移動 可能原因之一是原來失業的人找到工作(b)生產可 能曲線整條向外移動 可能原因之一是生產技術進步(c)生產可能曲線向外凸出 是因為在資源和技術不變 的情況下 增加一物的產出 必須減少另一物的產出(d)如果社會是在生產可能曲線上生產 表示資源充份 利用(e)以上皆非 台大國企所 解 (b)(d) (a)錯誤 只會造成 a b 點移動 整條 PPC 不會右移 Y b 會造成 PPC 整條右移之原因 為技術進步或經濟成長 a X (c)錯誤 PPC 凹向原點 表示生產 X 財貨機會成本遞增 7.Economic growth may be represented on a production possibility frontier diagram by a (an):(a)leftward shift of the frontier.(b)outward expansion of the frontier.(c)movement along the frontier.(d)frontier that remain fixed.(e)none of the above. 中央企研所 解 (b) 經濟成長 整條 PPC 往外移 8.If the PPF is linear, i.e. a straight line, which of the following is true?(a)the economy is not at full employment when operating on the PPF.(b)As the production of a good increases, the marginal cost of that good falls.(c)there are no increasing marginal costs.(d)as the production of a good increases, the marginal cost of that good rises. 淡江財金所 解 (c) 生產可能曲線為直線 表示生產 X 財貨機會成本為一固定數 9.The of increasing relative costs, depicted by the concavity of the production opportunities frontier, is most closely related to the(a)downward slope of the demand curve.(b)upward slope of the demand curve.(c)downward slope of the supply curve.(d)upward slope of the supply curve. 交大運 輸管理所 解 (d) 機會成本遞增法則經濟意義 PPC 凹向原點 財貨供給曲線為正斜率 0.The outward bowed shape of the production possibilities curve is determined by: (a) externalities. (b)the law of increasing opportunity costs.(c)the market mechanism.(d)laissez faire. 交大管科所 解 (b) PPC 凹向原點 表示生產 x 財之機會成本遞增

.For a given production possibilities frontier, which points are attaninable?(a)points inside the frontier.(b)points outside the frontier.(c)points on or outside the frontier.(d)points on the frontier only.(e)points on or inside the frontier. 交大運輸管理所 解.. (e); 生產可能曲線上之點或線內之點, 表示在現有生產技術及資源下, 可以達到之生產組合.A perfectly competitive economy would not achieve a Pareto optimal allocation of resources in production in the presence of which of the folloing conditions:(a)the government requires large producers to pay a tax on the labor they employ but exempts small firms from the tax. (b)the government imposes a minimum wage that exceeds the wage that would equate the supply of and demand for unskilled labor.(c)externalities exist in conumption; i.e., the utility of some consumers depends in part on the goods consumed by other individuals.(d)the economy, while it is operating at a point on its production possibility frontier, is not operating at the point necessary for obtaining constrained bliss. 中山財管所 解 (a)(b)(c);(a) 當政府對大小不同的公司課徵不同所得稅時, 會改變休閒與工作之相對價格 ( 工資率 ), 造成替代效果, 形成無謂損失 (b) 政府設立最低工資 ;(c) 消費具有外部性時 ; 以上這些情況皆造成市場失 靈, 而無法達成 Pareto Optimum!.Which of the following is not a reason for government failure? (a)imperfect information.(b)government waste.(c)incentives of public administrators.(d)externalities and public goods.(e)unforeseen responses. 解.. (a)(d); (a)(d) 二項屬於市場失靈之原因, 並非政府失靈主因 中山企研所 4.Which of the following is a valid reason to consider government regulation?(a)seeking some social objective that markets do not achieve.(b)fear that capitalism will prove too productive.(c)desire on the part of government to be useful.(d)requests for protection from an industry.(e)all of the above 解 (a) 交大科管所 05.Suppose that 0 people live on a street and that each of them is willing to pay $ for each extra streetlight, regardless of the number of streetlights provided. If the cost of providing x streetlights us given by c(x) x, what is the Pareto efficient number of streetlights to provide? 朝陽財金 保 研所 解..公共財最適訂價仍採 0 i P i MC訂價法 X 0 X * 0 最適路燈數量為 X * 0 6.An example of a completely nonrivalrous goods is:(a)computer time on the mainframe.(b)freeways.(c)national defense.(d)doughnuts.(e)telephone service. 解.. (c); 不具有敵對性財貨選 (c), 國防, 乃為純粹公共財 成大財金所 7.The optimal provision level for a public good requires a comparison of(a)total benefit with marginal cost.(b)marginal cost with marginal benefit.(c)total cost with marginal benefit.(d)total cost with total benefit. 銘傳金融 管科所 解 (b); 社會福利極大化條件為邊際社會利益 (MSB) 等於邊際社會成本 (MSC) 8.Which of the following statements are correct?(a)knowledge is a public goods.(b)eliminating price supports for agricultural producers will hurt the farmers who cultivate products that have a high price elasticity of demand.(c)if a sell tax is imposed on a commodity, then the burden of the tax

will fall mostly on consumers.(d)governments, at no time, can successfully interfere with competitive markets in order to achieve economic efficiency. 成大工管所 解 (a)(b);(a) 知識具有非排他性及非敵對性, 所以可謂之公共財 (b) 消除對農產品的價格補助, 可能會 使價格提高, 在農民面對需求富有彈性時, 會使需求量減少很多, 反使農民總收入減少 (c) 稅賦負擔的多 寡由需求和供給彈性決定, 若需求彈性趨近於無限大, 則租稅完全由生產者負擔 (d) 若市場沒有失靈的現象, 政府介入完競市場反會破壞效率均衡 9.A crowded toll road is an example of a (a)public good. (b)private good. (c)mixed good. (d)service. 成大交管所 解 (c); 擁擠性的收費道路, 同時具備公共財 ( 非排他性 ) 與私有財 ( 敵對性 ) 的特徵, 稱為混合財 40.Individuals receive public health care by paying:(a)less than the cost of production, and they receive public education by paying less than the cost of production.(b)less than the cost of production, and they receive public education by paying more than the cost of production.(c)more than the cost of production, and they receive public education by paying less than the cost of production.(d)more than the cost of production, and they receive public education by paying more than the cost of production. 中山企研所 解.. (a); 全民健保及公眾教育為公共財, 全民共同支付以分擔龐大的醫療及教育費用, 對個人而言, 其負 擔的費用少於建構成本 4. 若 X 為公共財, 社會上成員 i 的效用為 U (X, Y i ), Yi 為私有財, 其邊際替代率為 MRSi dyi / dx 0, 生產 X 與 Y 的轉換函數為 F(X, Y ) X Y 0 i Sanmelson 最適公共財的提供條件為 : (a) (d) n i n i MRS i n MRS i 解.. (e); 最適公共財提供條件為 i n (b) MRS i i for any I (e) MRS i n i n i n MRT XY 故 MRS i i MRS i MRT i (c) n i MRS i 台大經研所 依據生產可能曲線方程式 X Yi 0 4. 下述何種財貨的市場需求曲線為個別消費者需求曲線的垂直加總 (a) 國家所得分配 (b) 市立圖書館 (c) 消防隊 (d) 牛肉與牛肚 (e) 以上皆是 解.. (a)(b)(c)(d)(e) (a)(b)(c) 皆為公共財 (d) 為生產上聯產品 以上產品之需求曲線為個別消費者需求曲線 垂直加總 北大經研所 4.Which of the following constitutes a collective consumer good?(a)postal services.(b)national defence facilities.(c)the food produced on a collective farm.(d)loss-making rail service.(e)safety devices which manufacturers are legally obliged to incorporate in cars. 中山人管所 解.. (b); 國防設施具有集體消費之特性 皆具有 等量消費 特性 44.A public good is (a)any good produced by a unit of government.(b)priced in the market like

private goods.(c)reflects the free-rider dilemma.(d)characterized by the exclusion principle. 交 大科管所 解.. (c); 公共財易產生 免費使用者 出現 45.The free-rider problem refers to(a)the idea that public transportation always runs large deficits(b)the idea that when people can enjoy a public good without paying for it, they often do not contribute;(c)the idea that markets fail to allocate resources efficiently when there are externalities;(d)the idea that the marginal cost of an additional consumer enjoying a pure public good is zero;(e)(b) and (d). 中山財管所 解.. (b); 免費使用者為人們享受公共財, 卻不願支付任何價格, 有坐享其成心理 而 (d) 選項, 消費的邊際成本為零, 為公共財 非敵對性 並非免費使用者之特性 46. 一個社區裡有居民 00 人, 每人都願意也只願意拿出 $5 來興建一座紀念碑 興建紀念碑邊際成本為 MC 00 0H,H 為其高度 這個社區裡的這座紀念碑的高度應該建為 (a)0 (b)5 (c)40 (d)45 清大經研所 解 (d); 依據 Samuelson 均衡公共財條件 : MRS i MRT n i P i MC 5 00 00 0H 900 0H H * 45 n i 47. 當以下狀況發生時, 外部成本會發生 :(a) 市場需求太低時 (b) 市場供給太低時 (c) 某一產品之市場價格, 高於達到最適資源分配之價格時 (d) 政府不再補貼一具有外部利益之產品時 (e) 廠商使用某些經濟資源, 而不 須付費時 輔大管研所 解.. (e); 當廠商使用某些經濟資源, 而不需付費時, 會產生過度使用資源現象, 此種資源稱為 共有資源 48.A firm producing a smoke externality is producing(a)more than the socially optimal quantity of output.(b)less than the socially optimal quantity of output.(c)exactly the socially optimal quantity of output.(d)there is insufficient information to answer. 交大科管所 解.. (a); 若廠商生產出現外部成本時, 追求利潤極大化決策下之實際產量會大於社會福利極大化之最適產 量 49.Government policies should be used to(a)promote the consumption of goods that produce positive externalities(b)promote the consumption of goods that produce negative externalities(c)ensure that private property rights are assigned to all open-access resources(d)outlaw renewable resources(e)outlaw nonappropriable resources 解 (c)..政府之政策應保障民眾私有財產權不被侵犯之權利 中山財管所 50.A government project should be expanded to the point where (a)social benefits exceed social costs.(b)private and social benefits exceed social costs.(c)marginal social benefits exceed marginal social costs.(d)marginal social benefits equal marginal social costs.(e)average social benefits equal average social costs. 成大財金所 解.. (d); 當邊際社會利益 (MSB) 等於邊際社會成本 (MSC) 時, 此時社會福利已達最大 5. 如果政府出售 定量污染 之許可, 而非設定個別之 污染限制 則 :(a) 更多的資源, 會用在污染清除上 (b) 更少的資源, 會用在生產上 (c) 污染外部化 (d) 此種作法, 將創造一個交易 污染的權利 的市場, 而將外部 性內部化 (e) 邊際社會成本曲線, 以外部成本之幅度上移 輔大管研所

解.. (d); 出售污染特許權 (Pollution Rights): 政府可以設立一個人為市場 ( 公開招標 ), 迫使廠商購買污 染權, 在購買污染權之後, 才能進行污染性活動, 而污染權的價格, 可由廠商們互相競標而建立, 故購買 污染權的價格, 如同對廠商課徵 皮古稅 一樣 這種方法是透過自由市場的運作, 利用市場價格機能, 來促進 外部成本內部化, 此時, 亦可達到 Pareto Optimum 下最適產量 因此, 拍賣, 出售污染特許 權 是糾正外部性最符合經濟效率之方法 5.Which of the following is a barter exchange?(a)joan purchases an Audi for $0000. (b)sylvia purchases a Big Mac in Moscow for 5 rubles.(c)susan tutors Bill for one hour in economics and Bill tutors Susan for one hour in Biology.(d)Gary buys an apartment in Tokyo for 4 million yen.(e)teny pawns her television for $50. 成大財金所 解.. (c); 為物物交換之例子..兩人互相犧牲時間, 教導對方, 為物物交換之例子 5.which of the following always plays a negative role in society?(a)advertising (b)profitable speculation(c)unprofitable speculation(d)intermediaries(e)all of the above 96 雲科財金所 解.. (b); (a) 廣告可促進廠商之間競爭, 對消費者有利 (b) 有利可圖的投機買賣可能導致市場秩序混亂 (d) 中間人 ( 或媒介 ) 可使資訊不對稱的雙方獲得更多之資訊, 有利於交易行為 54.As the price paid to a specific resource increases(a)the supply of this resource will increase in the resource market.(b)the supply of the resource will decrease in the resource market.(c)resources will shift from other resource markets to this one.(d)resources will shift from this resource market to others.(e)resources usage will be unaffected. 解.. (c); 當某些特殊資源有利可圖時, 會使其它資源亦投入此項活動中 中山財管所 55.When consuming a good creates positive externalities,(a)private demand increases.(b)private demand decreases.(c)the private demand curve overstates the marginal social benefit of the good.(d)the private demand curve understates the marginal social benefit of the good.(e)the equilibrium quantity increases without government intervention. 銘傳金融所 管科所 解 (d); 當消費產生外部利益時, 會使社會需求曲上移 ( 右移 ) 此時邊際社會利益 (MSB) 高於私人需求曲 線 ( 邊際私人利益,MPB) P MSC MPC MSB MPB MPB ( 私人需求曲線 ) Q Q * Q 56.The allocation of resources resulting from a regulation that requires all factories to reduce pollution to the same level is:(a)less efficient than that from either emission charges or marketable pollution permits.(b)more efficient than that from either emission charges or marketable pollution permits.(c)less efficient than that from emission charges but more efficient than that from marketable pollution permits.(d)less efficient than that from marketable pollution permits but more efficient than that from emission charges. 中山企研所 MB ( 社會需求曲線 ) 解.. (a); 污染量的管制 即統一訂定污染排放標準 : 此種方法直接透過法律或行政命令規定每家污染性廠 商限制其生產等量的產品, 將導致資源無效率之分配 而課徵排放費或出售污染特許權方法, 是透過市場 n j j

價格機能 使外部成本內部化 這二種方法比 統一管制污染排放量 更具有資源效率 57.從經濟的角度來看 最適的污染量為 (a)污染量為零(b)污染量最小(c)污染的邊際社會利益等於污染的 邊際社會成本(d)污染的總社會利益等於污染的總社會成本 解 銘傳管科所 (c) 最適污染量並非為零污染 而最適污染量之決定 依據污染邊際社會效益等於邊際社會成本 此 時社會福利最大 求出最適污染量 58.Allocative efficiency occurs when:(a)marginal revenue equals minimum average variable cost.(b)average revenue equals minimum average fixed cost.(c)marginal social cost equals marginal social benefit.(d)marginal revenue equals marginal social benefit. 銘傳傳管所 解 (c) 符合資源配置效率條件 依據邊際社會效益(MSB)恰好等於邊際社會成本(MSC) P MSC P* 社會福利極大化 MSB Q Q* (最適產量) 59.Let MPC be the marginal private cost per megawatt hour (Mwh) of producing electricity using coal. Let MSC be the marginal social cost per Mwh and T be the tax per Mwh. To achivev allocative efficiency, the tax should be set to that: (a) MPC MSC T (b) MPC MSC T (c) MSC MPC/ T (d) MSC T / MPC 銘傳傳管所 解 (b) 為了達成資源配置效率 則最適污染稅率訂定 恰好等於邊際損害值 即 n T* MDj MSC MPC 故 MPC MSC T j 60.An appropriate government policy toward negative externalities is(a)subsidize the activity which creates the negative externality.(b)impose a tax or fine on the activity which creates the negative externality.(c)pay money to the party which creates the negative externality.(d)impose a tax on recipients of the negative externality. 交大科管所 解 (b) 政府對產生外部成本廠商課稅或開罰單 可使廠商減少生產 達到外部成本內部化之效果 6.In a certain economy, producers of commodity X impose external diseconomies on producers of other outputs. For resource allocation in this economy to be Pareto optimal:(a)production of commodity X must be halted altogether.(b)consumption of commodity X must be discouraged.(c)commodity X must be sold at a price equal to its social marginal costs.(d)commodity X must be made a public good. 中山財管所 解 (c) 當生產 X 財貨有外部不經濟時 追求社會福利極大化之條件為邊際社會效益(MSB)恰好等於邊際 社會成本(MSC) 此時 X財貨最適銷售價格 等於社會邊際成本 社會邊際效益 6.The following are two questions concerning efficiency and equity. ()To reach an economically efficient output level, the size of an excise tax imposed on a firm generating a negative externality should be(a)the firm s marginal cost(b)the social marginal cost(c)the difference between the social marginal cost and the firm s marginal cost(d)the sum of the

social marginal cost and the firm s marginal cost () Any voluntary system of trading will result in an equitable allocation of available resources. True or False? * 解.. ()(c)..最適污染稅稅率訂定, 依據 T MD ( 邊際損害值 ) 而 故 n j T * MD j MSC MPC n j j 清大經研所 MSC MPC 邊際社會成本與邊際私人成本之垂直間距恰好為最適污染稅稅率 () 任何自願性交易制度下, 應是有效率之分配, 但此時分配狀態是否公平, 則無法判斷 6.A 廠商的產量為 Q, 成本函數為 C 0 50Q 0Q ;B 廠商的產量為 Q, 成本函數為 C Q 二廠商的產出都在完全競爭市場銷售, 其價格 P 與 P 分別為 $800 與 $40 (a)a 廠商的生產有外部性 (b)a B 二廠商的產量分別是 Q 8, Q 0 (c)a B 二廠商應分別生產 Q 0, Q 0, 才符合經濟效率 (d) 對 B 廠商每單位產出課 $0 的稅, 可使二廠商的產量都符合經濟效率 (e) 由政府明確界定二廠商的財產權, 可提高經濟效率 解.. (b)(d)(e) C (a) 錯誤 0 0 Q (b) 正確 <step > 先找出兩廠利潤函數 Firm A: 800Q 0 50Q 0Q Firm B: 40Q Q 兩廠商各自追求利潤極大化, Q Q 0 0 B 廠商生產對 A 廠商產生外部成本 800 00Q 0 Q * 8 40 Q 0 Q * 0 (c) 錯誤 符合經濟效率條件 : Max ( ) 800Q 50Q 0Q Q 0 F.O.C 0 800 00Q 0 Q 0 0 Q 0 Q Q * 8, Q* 0 (d) 正確 t 課稅後,B 廠利潤函數 40Q Q tq t 0 40 Q t 0 Q 將符合經濟效率下 Q * 0 代入上式 40 (0) t 0 t * 0 對 B 廠商每單位產出課徵 t * 0 租稅, 可使二廠的產量符合經濟效率 淡江經研所

(e) 正確 透過 Coase Theorem 運作, 只要政府將財產權歸屬明確的界定, 不管將財產權授與何方, 雙方可 以透過協商議價, 最後仍可達成經濟效率 64.According to Coase theorem,(a)government regulation will almost always be necessary to eliminate negative externalities.(b)externality problems can be solved efficiently by the assignment of propertyrights if transaction costs are low.(c)when bargaining costs are high, it is necessary to assign property rights.(d)there really is no externality problem with renewable resources. 銘傳傳管所 解.. (b).. Coase Theorem 內容 : 若協商交易成本極低, 且受污染者與污染者人數不多, 只要環境財產權 歸屬明確, 不管政府將環境財產權授與何方, 只要透過雙方自動交易協商, 則資源配置必達成柏拉圖最適 境界, 廠商生產最適產量, 此時毋需政府介入市場干預 65.The existence of an external economy(a)may make private marginal cost equal to social marginal cost.(b)illustrates the necessity for international trade.(c)causes the pricing system s equilibrium to diverge from the social optimum.(d)provides the resources needed for a larger social dividend.(e)promises a benefit from international trade. 交大科管所 解.. (c); 外部性存在, 市場價格機能運作下之實際產量遠大於社會福利最大化下之最適產量, 偏離柏拉圖 最適境界 66.Pollution is an excellent example of(a)an externality(b)a public good(c)imperfect competition(d)asymmetry information(e)pareto optimality 交大科管所 解.. (a) 67.Dana lives in Wisconsin and loves eating cheese. So many people move to Wisconsin and start eating cheese that the price of cheese goes up. This is an example of a: (a)positive externality.(b)negative externality. (c)public bad. (d)none of the above is correct. 解.. (b) 政大企研所 68.An externality exists when(a)the government intercedes in the operation of private markets.(b)markets are not able to reach equilibrium.(c)a firm sells its product in a foreign market.(d)one person s actions affect the well-being of another person. 銘傳財金所 解.. (d) 69.Because of the spill-over effect that tend to be generated from general R&D resources bought by firms, the equilibrium price of R&D(a)is above the optimal level, and quantity is below the optimal level.(b)is below the optimal level, and quantity is above the optimal level.(c)and quantity of R&D are both below the optimal level.(d)and quantity of R&D are both above the optimal level.(e)must fall in order for the market to reach equilibrium. 台大經研所 解.. (c); 一般而言, 科技發展會出現 正面外部性, 使整個經濟社會受惠, 稱為 科技波及效果 (technology spillover), 若任由市場價格機能充分運作之下, 則生產數量會小於柏拉圖最適效率狀態下最適產量 第十四章主題 : 資訊不對稱. 在力霸集團重整事件下, 旗下關係企業之一的中華銀行爆發異常擠兌人潮 因此學者專家提出 存款保險可以安定存款人的信心, 應強制每一家存款機構加入存款保險, 以使台灣金融體系健全運作 請由逆選擇 (adverse selection) 和道德危機 (moral hazard) 的觀點評論上述說法 96 暨南財金所

解 :() 道德危機..存款機構加入強制的存款保險後, 由於有保險理賠作為後盾, 易致使存款機構不致力於 存款的妥善運用, 易疏於對外在負面衝擊之防範 當發生外部負面衝擊時, 雖有保險金予以理賠, 但仍為 全民買單, 非全民之福 () 逆選擇..就保險機構的立場而言, 由於訊息不對稱, 無法明確區分投保之金融機構的健全度, 只能訂立 一平均保費, 且此一平均保費勢必高於高健全度金融機構之願付保費而低於低健全度金融機構之願付保費 ; 因此, 最終選擇投保的金融機構多數為健全度較差者, 亦即保險市場中出現劣幣趨逐良幣之現象.Sales representatives are often paid on a commission-only basis (they do not have a guaranteed wage or salary, but their pay is a percentage of the sales they make). This method of pay represents an incentive scheme that helps employers avoid(a) beneficial selection. (B) moral hazard.(c) optimal-stopping (D) free-rider problem.(e) adverse selection. (F) None of the above. 96 中正國經 解 :(B); 業務員在公司以外跑業務工作時, 努力程度公司無法完全掌握, 勞資雙方存在訊息不對稱問題, 由於公司已雇用此一員工, 若員工不努力, 是一種事後雇用後的隱藏行動行為, 又稱為 道德危機 解決 之道為不給業務員底薪, 使其薪水完全來自其佣金努力程度愈高, 薪水愈多.The problem leading to the development of the economics of information can be characterized as follows: (A)Variable costs are high but fixed costs are low. (B)Fixed costs equal zero. (C)Marginal costs increase at an increasing rate. (D)Production externalities lead to lower demand. (E)Fixed costs are high but marginal costs are low. 96 政大經濟 解 :(E); 訊息在經濟學中的特色為 : () 研發成本或固定成本極高 () 重製成本或變動成本極小 () 例子 : 電腦軟體產業 4.The deadweight loss associated with moral hazard can be reduced by (A)inducing consumers to take some precautions. (B)charging a lower premium. (C)requiring individuals to be insured for00% of possible loss. (D)it cannot be reduced. (E)all of the above. 96 中正國經 解 :(A); 以保險市場為例, 道德危機的例子是民眾在投保後, 對於投保之標的物便疏於關心, 保險公司若 要避免此情形, 勢必要增加一部分的預防支出成本 5.Due to the problem of adverse selection, lenders (A)may refuse to lend to individuals with high net worth. (B)may lend only to those who do not need the money. (C)may be reluctant to make loans not secured by collateral. (D)Only (B) and (C) of the above. 96 逢甲財金 企研所 解 :(D); 由於 反向選擇 問題, 使得放款對象多為 高倒帳風險 的客群 ; 因此,LENDER 只願借錢 給 不需要借錢的人 或是 有能力提供抵押品的人 6.When bad drives line up to purchase collision insurance, automobile insurers are subject to the(a) moral hazard problem. (B) adverse selection problem. (C) assigned risk problem. (D) ill queue problem. (E) none of the above. 95 解 :(B); 飆車族購買汽車保險是種 adverse selection problem 7.Because of the presence of asymmetric information problems in credit markets an expansionary monetary policy cause a in net worth, which the adverse selection problem, thereby increased lending to finance investment spending. (A) decline; increase; encouraging (B) rise; increase; discouraging (C) rise; reduces; discouraging (D) decline; reduces; discouraging(e) rise; reduce; encouraging 95 台大國企所 解 :(E); 在資訊不對稱情況下, 由於借款人對投資計畫內容較貸款人清楚, 將產生逆選擇問題, 亦即當貸 款人缺乏充分資訊評估特定方案的風險與報酬時, 貸款人將依據反映市場平均風險之利率評估投資計畫,

當利率提高時, 則平均利率相對於低風險 ( 低報酬 ) 之投資方案太高 相對於高風險 ( 高報酬 ) 之投資方案太低, 進而使得低風險借款人退出信用市場, 最後, 信用市場內只剩下高風險借款人 因此, 當央行採行擴張性貨幣政策引導利率降低時, 將有助於減少逆選擇的問題, 同時, 當市場利率低於借款人心中真實利率時, 亦可提升借款人借款意願 8.When an agent lacks an incentive too promote the best interests of the principal, and the principal cannot observe the actions of the agent, there is said to be (A) an optimal contract. (B) monitoring.(c) a separating equilibrium. (D) moral hazard. 95 解 :(D); 在當事人無法有效監督代理人下, 使代理人犧牲當事人的目標來追求自己目標的行為, 是種 moral hazard 9.John borrowed $00,000 from his friend Joe and told Joe that he would use the money to repay his tuition loan. However, after getting the money, John went overseas for having funs and spent all the money on entertainments. (A) Then, we could say that John is a principal and Joe is an agent. (B) Then, we could say that Joe is a principal and John is an agent. (C) Then, we could say that John has a problem of moral hazed. (D) Then, we could say that Joe has a problem of asymmetric information. 95 解 :(D); 此題僅有資訊不對稱的問題 0. 由於資訊是重要的, 強制市場提供資訊會提升消費者的選擇和福利 ; 例如, 要求醫院提供手術的成敗紀 錄, 會有助於消費者進行選擇醫院的決策, 可以提升消費者福利 解 : ; 提供更多的資訊, 可以減少資訊不對稱的市場失靈 96 台大國發所.A country tried to improve the education level of her people but found no evidence of affecting the national average wage. This finding collaborate which theory of education? (A) The signaling theory which states that the education level only reflects a person s capability and has no significant effect on the wage. (B) The human-capital theory which states that accumulation of higher education would probably have effects on the wage. (C) The human-capital theory which states that the education level only reflects a person s capability and has no significant effect on the wage. (D) The signaling theory which states that accumulation of higher education would probably have effects on the wage. 95 解 :(A); 依據 Spence 訊號理論指出, 儘管接受教育無助於提高生產力, 但天資較佳的勞工會利用高文憑 來作為提高生產力的訊號, 以便能使與他人區隔獲得雇主青睞.When bank tellers converse with each other, keeping customers waiting in line, they are (A) out of the labor force. (B) unemployed. (C) working in the best interest of the agent. (D) working in the best interest of the principals. 95 解 :(C); 銀行接線生佔用線路私自通話的行為為 principal-agent problem, 此行為合乎代理人的私利決策.If a life insurance company offers coverage regardless of age, health status, or smoking history, it is likely to suffer (A) adverse selection problem. (B) low demand for its product. (C) moral hazard problems. (D) lower costs. 95 解 :(A); 保險公司擴大納保範圍將會加重 adverse selection 4. 報載中央健保局即將針對感冒藥不予保險給付, 所以從社會福利的觀點, 此舉將有利於降低健保浪費, 提高國民福利水準 ( 必須引用福利經濟學的理論 ) 95 解 : ; 當健保局對感冒藥不予保險給付時, 將會降低 moral hazard, 喚起消費者自我保護的意識, 降低

感冒的機率, 此將有助於降低健保浪費, 使資源達到更有效率的配置而提升社會福利水準 5.Which of the following statements regarding principal-agent relations is correct? (A) Workers are principals for managers. (B) Stockholders are agents. (C) managers are both principals and agents. (D) All of the above answers are correct. 95 解 :(C); 對股東而言,manager 是 agent 對勞工而言,manager 是 principal 6.Which of the following are not approaches to resolving the principal-agent problem: (A) ex ante incentive alignment (B) deferred stock options (C) ex post governance mechanism(d) straight salary contracts (E) monitoring by independent outside directors 95 解 :(D); 全體一致的薪資契約將無法消除當事人 - 代理人的道德危機 7.Moral hazard in auto insurance might refer to (A) an auto owner failing to maintain the car, increasing the likelihood of an accident. (B) an applicant withholding information form the insurance company about the likelihood of having an accident. (C) an applicant lying on their application form. (D) an applicant having more cars than they announce when they complete their application. 95 解 :(A) 8.The lemons model predicts quality deterioration in the used car market because (A) used cars require increasing maintenance. (B) suppliers and demanders have different information about cars quality. (C) used cars are generally of a lower quality than new cars. (D) people will usually buy new cars if they are available. 95 解 :(B); 二手車市場會產生 adverse selection 的問題, 是由於買賣雙方資訊不對稱所使然 9.Brand names are associated with which of the following arguments? I. brand names provide information about quality, when quality cannot be easily judged. II. Firms that promote brand names have strong incentives to monitor product quality. III. Firms that promote brand names face an elastic demand for their product. (A) I only (B) I and II only (C) II and III only (D) I, II and III 解 :(A); 名牌具有提供資訊之作用, 避免廠商發生逆選擇之現象 96 銘傳財金所 0.The fact that someone with a high risk of medical problems is more likely to buy a lot of health insurance is an example of (A) adverse selection. (B) monitoring. (C) moral hazard. (D) irrational behavior. 交大科管所 解 :(A): 高風險者傾向購買更多保險是一種 逆選擇.The problem leading to the development of the economics of information can be characterized as follows: (A) Variable costs are high but fixed costs are low. (B) Fixed costs equal zero. (C) Marginal costs increase at an increasing rate. (D) Production externalities lead to lower demand. (E) Fixed costs are high but marginal costs are low. 96 政大經研所 解 :(E); 訊息在經濟學中的特色為 : () 研發成本或固定成本極高 () 重製成本或變動成本極小 () 例 子 : 電腦軟體產業 第十五章風險與不確定經濟學

.Amos Long s marginal utility of income function is given as : MU ( I ) I.5, where I represents income. From this you would say that he is (A)risk averse. (B)risk loving. (C)risk neutral. (D)none of these. 96 政大企研所 解 (B) d MU.5U 0.5 0 邊際效用遞增 此人為風險愛好者 di.what would best explain why a risk-averse person would bet on Lotto with unusually high prize cumulated up from the past? (A) Risk aversion relates to income choices only, not expenditure choices. (B) Risk-averse people may gamble under some favorable circumstance. (C) The economics of gambling and the economics of income risk are two different things. (D) Risk-averse people attach high subjective probabilities to favorable outcomes, even when objective probabilities are known. (E) People care for the disfavored and are always willing to spend on them. 95 解 (B) 風險逃避者可能會參加有利賭局 因此當樂透彩金累積到異常高變成有利賭局時 風險逃避者就 可能會參與購買.John and Joe have same preferences. If John has a lower income, then the marginal utility of John is higher than Joe once they are maximizing their respective utilities for most goods. 95 解 依據預期效用理論可知 對 risk averter 而言 所得越低邊際效用越高 對 risk lover 而言 所得 越高邊際效用越高 4.Cruise is indifferent between option A, which gives hin $0,000 for sure, and option B, which gives him $5,000 with probability 0.6 or $5,000 with probability 0.4 Cruise (A) is risk averse.(b) is risk neutral. (C) is risk loving. (D) knows he faces uncertainty but not risk. 95 解 (C) 由於 option B 為不利賭局 而在 Cruise 認為 option A 與 option B 一樣好下 表示 Cruise 為 risk lover 5.Regarding the concepts of uncertainty, which statement(s) would be correct? (A)A risk aversion has greater expected utility of income than utility of expected income. (B)Firms could hedge the risk by diversification on products. (C)Normally the insurance premium is the risk premium. (D)The purpose of buying insurance is to converse risk to be certainty. (E)Purchase of lottery behaves as a risk lover. 96 元智財金所 解 (B) (D) A 風險趨避者 EU (Y ) U E (Y ) C 最高保費 風險貼水 E 當有利賭局的有利程度很大時 風險趨避者可能參加 6.Assume Bill has utility function U I 0.5 and wealth $00. The probability of facing loss $75 by fire is 0%. Then (A)the expected utility before buying the insurance is 9. (B)the insurance fee that Bill willing to pay is $9. (C)a fair insurance fee is $5. (D)risk premium is $5. (E)Bill would buy the insurance if it is priced at $5. 96元智財金所 解 (A), (B), (C), (E)

風險事件 0., 0.8; 5,00 EU 0. 5 0.8 00 9 令確定性等值為C C EU 9 C * 8 最高願付保費 00-8 9 公平保費 0. 75 5 風險貼水 數學期望值 - C 0. 5 0.8 00-8 4 7. Suppose the price of one lottery is $00. The probability distribution of this lottery is a probability 0% of wining $,000, 0% probability of having another free lottery, and 80% probability of having nothing. Which type of consumer will buy this lottery? (A)Risk averter. (B)Risk neutral. (C)Risk lover. (D)None of above will possibly buy. (E)All of (A), (B), (C) will possibly buy. 96 逢甲財金 企研 所 解 (E) 參與賭局之數學期望值 E Y 0. 000 0. 00 0 00 有利賭局 風險喜好與風險中立者皆會參加此賭局 8.經濟理論通常假設理性投資人為風險趨避(risk aversion)的 亦即不喜愛有風險的投資 同時又假設理性 投資人為極大化期望報酬 但我們知道期望報酬愈高 承擔風險必然愈大 是故上述二種假設顯然有所衝 突 95 解 當投資者為 risk aversion 時 其不喜愛有風險的投資 同時又追求期望報酬的最大 此為其主觀 上的偏好態度 而當期望報酬月高時 其所需承擔的風險必然越大 則其所面對的客觀條件 即資本市場 線(capital market line) 而理性的投資者將會在客觀的資本市場線的限制下 來追求其主觀上預期效用的 最大 9.As a risk-neutral president and CEO of Rocket Inc., Natasha must decide on some risky alternative investments: Project Profit if Successful Prob. Success Loss if Failure Prob. Failure A $0.5 -$6.5 B $50. -$4.8 C $90. -$0.9 D $0.8 -$50. E $5.4 $0.6 Natasha would choose (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D (E) E 95 解 (B) EA 0 0.5 6 0.5 EC 90 0. 0 0.9 0 EB 50 0. 4 0.8 6.8 ED 0 0.8 50 0. 6 EE 5 0.4 0 0.6 6 0.Natasha (A) is indifferent between projects D and E. (B) prefers project E to project D, but do not necessarily consider E and best (C) prefers project E to all other projects. (D) seeks the highest profit if successful of all the projects. (E) seeks the project with the most even odds. 95

.A farmer lives on flat plain next to a river. In addition to the farm, which is worth $F, the farmer owns financial assets worth $A. The river bursts its banks and floods the plain with probability P, destroying the farm. If the farmer is risk averse, then the willingness to pay for flood insurance unambiguously falls when (A) F is higher and A is lower. (B) P is lower and F is higher (C) F & A is higher.(d)p is lower and A is lower. (E) A is higher and F is lower. 95 解 (E) 洪水事件為 (A,A+F P,-P) 當確定所得 A 越高且預期損失 PF 越小時 risk averse 的投保意願越小 /.假設小王的效用函數為 U = I 其中 I 為所得 現有一張樂透彩券 中獎 000 元的機率為 0. 中 獎 5 元的機率為 0.8 則小王最多願意付出多少錢來買此樂透彩券? (A) 96 (B) 6 (C) 56 (D) 00 95 解 (B) I 0. 000 0.8 5 I 6.假設小吳的效用函數為 U (W ) W 0.5 期初財富 W 00,000 可能損失金額 K 90,000 發生損失的機 率 0.0 () 願意支付最高保費是多少 () 風險貼水(risk premium)是多少 () 小吳對風險的態度如何 (4) 隨財富增加對小吳的風險態度衝擊為何 96 中原國貿所 解 效用函數 U (W ) W 0.5 期初財富 W 00,000 ()可能損失金額 K 90,000 損失的機率 0. 令消費者心中最高願付保費為 A 參加保險 (00,000 90,000 90,000 A, 00,000 A; 0., 0.9) 00,000 A 不參加保險 (00,000 90,000, 00,000; 0., 0.9) E (W ) (0.)0,000 (0.9)00,000 9,000 U(W) U(W)=W0.5 b a 0,000 00,000-A 9,000 00,000 W a 點的預期效用為 EU(w) = 0. U (0,000) 0.9 U (00,000) 0. (0,000) 0.5 0.9 (00,000) 0.5 0. 00 0.9 00 0 0 80 0 b 點的預期效用為 U (00,000 A) (00,000 A) 0.5 求解 A 即為消費者心中最高願付保費 EU(w) U(00,000 A) 0 80 0 (00,000 A) 0.5 0 90 0 (00,000 A) 0.5 U(W) U(W)=W0.5 (0 90 0 ) 00,000 A 00 800 0 800 00,000 A A 00,000 00 800 0 800 W

,08 8,900 800 0 消費者心中最高願付保費為,08 () 風險貼水 (risk premium) 即為 ab 線段 9,000 (00,000,08) 4,08 () U( W) W 0.5 0.5 U '( W) W 0( 正斜率 ) U"(W) 0.5W.5 小吳為風險趨避者 0 ( 遞減 ) U"( W ) 0.5W (4) 風險趨避度 r ( W ) U' ( W ) W r( W) 0.5W 0 W, r( W) W 隨財富上升, 小吳的風險趨避程度會下降 0.5.5 0.5W 4. 張三對於財富的偏好可以函數 U(X) X 來表示, 李四對於財富的偏好可以函數 U(X) X 來表示 ; 其中 X 為財富水準 張三現有工作帶給他的財富水準有 9, 李四現有工作帶給他的財富水準有 張三擬雇用李 四從事養豬工作 當李四不投入任何額外時間照顧豬隻時, 養豬產值確定有 0; 當李四投入額外時間照顧 豬隻時, 養豬產值有 P 的機率增為 5, P 的機率維持 0 李四投入額外時間的成本為 張三與李四約 定固定薪資 W, 另當養豬產值達 5 時, 李四可以獲得績效獎金 B () 為使李四投入額外時間照顧豬隻, 固定薪資 W 與績效獎金 B 應分別定為多少? () 為使張三效用極大化, 固定薪資 W 與績效獎金 B 應分別定為多少? 96 嘉義大學經研所 解 : 假設令 表示為張三額外投入時間照顧豬隻, 0 表示為未投入額外時間照顧豬隻, 將豬隻的產值 以下表表示之 () 由題目之定義可知 U U 李四 李四 機率 :P 0 0 0 5 0 ( 0) W 機率 :-P ( ) [ W P B ( P) 0 ] 要使李四額外投入時間照顧豬隻則須使 U ( 0) U ( ), W W W P B P B B P [ W P B ( P) 0 ] 李四 且須令李四替張三工作所能獲得之效用至少等於其原先工作的效用, 即 U 李四 ( ), W P B ( P) 0 ] W - P B [ 李四

且知 B P P B P B P B W P B 故若為使李四投入額外時間照顧豬隻, 則需使固定薪資 W, 績效獎金 () 若李四投入額外時間照顧豬隻, 則張三之效用會較大, 其效用為 Max U P5 ( P) 0 P B W F. O. C U B 0 5 0 B 0 B 5 須令張三雇用李四工作所能獲得之效用至少等於其原先工作的效用, 即 U P 5 ( P) 0 P B W 9 W 故可知, 為使張三之效用極大化, 固定薪資 W, 績效獎金 B 5 5.Dana s utility of wealth is 65 units at $000, 80 units at $5000, and 95 units at $9000. Starting from zero wealth, he must choose between options A and B. Option A gives him $5000 for sure. Option B give him $000 with probability 0.5 or $9000 with probability 0.5. Dana will (a)choose A (b)choose B (c)be indifferent between A and B(d)none of the above 成大國企所 解 (c) 已知 U(000) 65 U(5000) 80 U(9000) 95 A 方案, 確定獲得 5000 元 EU A (5000) 80 B 方案報酬不確定 (0.5, 0.5;000, 9000) 則 EW B 0.5(000) 0.5(9000) 6000 EU B 0.5(65) 0.5(95) 80 EU EU 80, 在不確定之下, 二個方案得到相同預期效用, 因此對消費者而言, 二個方案無差異 A B 6.Pedro s utility of wealth is 6 units for $0000 and 0 units for $0000. A friend gave him a lottery ticket for his birthday. The ticket won, giving him either $0000 with probability 0.5 or $0000 with probability 0.5. Pedro s expected utility from the lottery ticket is(a)equal to 0 units. (b)equal to 8 units.(c)between 6 and 8 units. (d)between 8 and 0 units. 解 (b) 已知 u(0,000) 6 u(0,000) 0 彩券預期效用 EU(W) 0.5(6) 0.5(0) 8 B 政大經研所 7.Harold is indifferent between $500 for sure and a bet with a 60 percent chance of $400 and a 40 percent chance of $600. Harold is (a)risk averse. (b)risk loving. (c)risk neutral. (d)a profit maximizer. (e)irrational. 政大經研所 解 (b) 預期財富 EW 0.6(400) 0.4(600) 480 P

U U(W) U(600) 0.6U(400) 0.4U(600) U(400) 400 480 600 W 0.6u(400) 0.4u(600) u(500) 為風險喜好者 500 8.A 週二遍了台北市銀行發行的樂透彩券 張, 正等待開獎 (a) 買彩券後,A 之財富期望值增加 (b) 買彩券 後,A 之財富期望值減少 (c)a 為風險中立 (risk-neutral)(d)a 愛風險 (risk-loving)(e)a 討厭風險 (risk-averse) 解 (b)(d) (b) 購買彩券之後, 報酬呈現不確定狀態 ( W 0 x, W 0 00, P, P ) P 而 4 C 6 中獎機率極小 預期財富 EW P(W0 x) ( P)(W0 00) W0 購買彩券預期財富會低於 W 0, 因此財富期望值會減少 (d) 因消費者為風險喜好者, 才會購買彩券 台大經研所 9.Many positions in government carry little risk of job loss. On the other hand, some similar jobs in the private sector offer much less job security. Which of the following is most likely?(a)the government jobs will pay more because government workers have more human capital.(b)private sector jobs will pay more as a compensating differential for the lower job security.(c)each type of job will pay the same.(d)no one will choose to work in the private sector.(e)none of the above. 中山財管 所 解 (b) 在私人公司所必需承擔風險較大, 所以風險貼水會比較高, 也就是薪資水準比其它部門更高 0.Suppose you have invested $00,000 in each of three independent projects. Your total investment is $00,000. Each project has a 50 percent chance of losing $5,000 and a 50 percent chance of making $50,000. Your chance of having a positive return of your investment is: (a)/ (b)5/8 (c)/ (d)5/6 中山企研所 解 的機會失去 $5,000 投資三項獨立的計畫各 $00,000, (A, B, C) 每一項有 的機會創造 $50,000

A B C 成功失敗成功失敗成功失敗 全部成功的機率 可創造 $50,000 8 二次成功, 一次失敗的機率, 可創造 $75,000 8 一次成功, 二次失財的機率 不賺也不賠 三次失敗的機率, 損失 $75,000 8 有正面報酬的機率 8 8 8 4 8.A risk-neutral individual(a)always invests in a wide variety of financial instruments.(b)only care about the expected return, not the risk.(c)only cares about the risk, not the expected return.(d)cares about both the expected return and the risk.(e)none of the above. 中山財管所 解 (b) 風險中立者為不會參加公平賭局 ( 期望值為零 ) 的人, 但若期望值大於零, 不論風險態度為何, 均 會參加賭局.Your current wealth is $600, but there is a 0.5 probability that you will loss $00. You are risk neutral. You have an opportunity to buy insurance that would restore your $00 if you loss it(a)you would be willing to pay a bit more than $5 for this insurance.(b)you would be willing to pay up to $5 for this insurance.(c)since you are risk neutral, you would not be willing to pay anything for this insurance.(d)since your utility function is not specified, you cannot tell how much you would be willing to pay for this insurance.(e)you would not be willing to pay more than 6.66 for this insurance. 解 (b) 令消費者心中願付最高保費為 x U(600 X) EU 600 X 500 (600) ( 若此人為風險中立者 ) 4 4 X * 5 中正財金所. 陳君是風險中立者, 他擁有一部六百萬元的名車 根據統計, 車子在台北街道上擦撞的機率是 0.5 一 旦擦撞, 損失將為一百萬 如果投保, 保險公司會完全賠償擦撞的損失 (a) 陳君是風險中立者, 所以他不 會買保險 (b) 陳君買不買保險需視保費而定 (c) 如果保費小於 5 萬, 陳君會買保險 (d) 陳君的效用函數 滿足 U 0, U 0 條件 淡江經研所 解 (b)(c)

() 投保的期望值 0.5(5,000,000) 0.75(6,000,000 保費 ) () 不投保的期望值 0.50 0.756,000,000 4,500, 000 陳君是否投保視他保費的高低, 若 ( ) () 則會投保 () 若保費為 5 萬, 則 ( ) 5,56,500 () 為有利保險, 則陳君不論其風險偏好為何均會購買 4.You are the owner of a rare bottle of wine valued at $. There are no costs associated with storing or selling the wine. Next year you expect the wine to increase in value to $50. If the interest rate is 0 percent:(a)you should sell the wine today.(b)you should keep the wine for at least one more year.(c)you are indifferent between selling the wine today or holding it for one more year.(d)more information is needed to answer this question. 解 (b) 50 50 期望明年收益的現值 8.8 r. 現在出售較有利 中山公事所 5.Your current wealth is $600, but there is a.5 probability that you will lose $00. You are risk neutral. You have an opportunity to buy insurance that would restore your 400 if you lose it.(a)you would be willing to pay a bit more than $5 for this insurance.(b)you would be willing to pay up to $5 for this insurance.(c)since you are risk neutral, you would not be willing to pay anything for this insurance.(d)since you utility function is not specified, you cannot tell how much you would be willing to pay for this insurance.(e)you would not be willing to pay more than 6.66 for this insurance. 解 (b) (a)(b) 當保險為 $5 時, 保險的預期值 600 5 575 不保險的預期值 0.5500 0.75 600 575 當保費為 $5 時為公平保險, 所以當保費不超過 $5 時, 風險中立者會買保險 中正財金所 6.A risk-free asset is available at 5% interest. Another asset is available with a mean rate of return of 5%, but with a standard deviation of 5%. An investor is considering an investment portfolio consisting of some of each stock. On a graph with standard deviation on the horizontal axis and mean on the vertical axis, the budget line that expresses the alternative combinations of mean return and standard deviation possible with portfolio of these assets is:(a)a straight line with slope (b)a straight line with slope (c)a straight line with increasing slope as you move left(d)a straight line with slope (e)a straight line with slope dtw 5% 5% 0% 解 (a) 斜率 dbtw 5% 5% 中正財金所 7.Suppose you have invested $00,000 in each of three independent projects. Your total investment is $00,000. Each project has a 50 percent chance of losing $5,000 and a 50 percent chance of making $50,000. Your expected return is (a)zero (b).5 percent (c)5.0 percent (d)7.5 percent. 解 (b) 全部成功的機率 賺得 $50,000 8 二次成功, 一次失敗的機率, 賺得 $75,000 8 銘傳傳管所

一次成功, 二次失敗的機率 8 全部失敗的機率, 損失 $75,000 8, 損益平衡 預期報酬 50,000 75,000 75,000 7, 500 8 8 8 7,500 預期報酬率 0.5.5% 00,000 8.A risk-neutral individual(a)always invests in a wide variety of financial instruments.(b)only cares about the expected return, not the risk.(c)only cares about the risk, not the expected return.(d)cares about both the expected return and the risk.(e)none of the above. 銘傳傳管所 解 (e) 高風險的資產通常將風險貼水以降低價格或增加報酬率的方式轉移給購買者 9.The tradeoff between risk and return of an asset suggests that(a)high risk assets are lower priced.(b)high risk assets pay a higher return.(c)low risk assets are higher priced.(d)low risk assets pay a lower return.(e)all of the above are correct. 銘傳管科 國企 金融所 解 (b)(d) 風險與報酬通常有正向關係 0.If a coupon bond issued by the federal government is 7% and the state of Massachusetts issues a $000 face value coupon bond with a coupon payment of $50, the risk premium is: (a)5% (b)8% (c)7% (d)% 淡江財金所 解.. (b) 50 永久債券的利率 0.5 5% 000 風險貼水 5% 7% 8%