专业英语八级辅导 第八讲改错 主讲教师 : 王安娜
题型 序号 题号 题名 题数 计分 比重 考试时间 I (A1 ) (A10) 1 10 听力 A 讲座 B 会话 C 新闻 10 5 5 10 5 5 10% 5% 5% 25 MINS II 11 30 阅读 20 20 20% 30 MINS III 31 40 人文知识 10 10 10% 10 MINS IV (B1) (B10) 改错 10 10 10% 15 MINS V 翻译 A 汉译英 B 英译汉 1 1 10 10 10% 10% 60 MINS VI 写作 1 20 20% 45 MINS 合计 40 + 23 100 100% 185 MINS
一. 注意事项 1) 如果文章中未划出删除和增添记号, 即使答案正确, 仍不得分 2) 如果只标出错处和错误类型, 但不知如何改正, 得 0.5 分 1. 三改 : 添词 减词 / 改词 2. 三不改 : 不改两词不改词序不改拼写 3. 三个要 : 左右都要看字迹要工整符号要标准
二. 文章分析 1. 内容 : 人文类学术书籍或期刊杂志 ( 历史政治语言教育 ), 特别是语言类为主 2. 篇幅 : 最多 283 词, 最少 182 词 3. 结构 : 总分结构 1) 总 : 文章主题一般在首句 2) 分 : 两条线索 对立和顺承一句话, 两条线
三. 答案统计 1. 从错词词类上看, 分布比较均匀, 英语八大词类中均有涉及, 具体来说 : 每年涉及至少 5 种词类的修改 ; 动词每年都有, 至少一个 ; 形容词副词每年至少有一个 ; 冠词代词每年至少有一个 (01 年除外 ) 介词 ( 搭配 ) 每年至少一个 2. 从修改方法上看, 每年 10 道改错题呈 6,7---1,2---1,2 的分值分布, 即, 修改单词 6-7 个, 增加单词 1-2 个, 删除单词 1-2 个 (2005 年除外 )
四. 答题方法 1. 通读 : 主旨结构 --- 首句, 两线 2. 细读 : 修改 --- 常见错误类型 3. 重读 : 复查 --- 文意是否通畅修改方法和词类是否符合统计规律 : 修改方法 : 67-21-21 修改词类 ( 5 ): 冠代 - 形副 - 介连 - 动
十大错误总会出现 错误 1: 介词冠词问题 ( 错误, 多余, 遗漏 ) 错误 2: 形容词与副词问题 ( 混淆, 级 ) 错误 3: 时态语态语气问题 ( 上下文时态不一, 语态混淆, 虚拟中动词用错 ) 错误 4: 非谓语动词问题 ( 尤其是 V-ing 与 V-ed 混淆 ) 错误 5: 搭配错误 ( 尤其是动词 名词短语搭配 ) 错误 6: 易混词与反义词问题 ( 同形词, 近义词误用, 根据上下文用了反义词 ) 错误 7: 一致问题 ( 人称和数错误, 代词替代错误, 可数不可数的修饰词混淆 ) 错误 8: 定语问题错误 9: 衔接错误 ( 句际之间的逻辑关系连接词 ) 错误 10: 赘述省略平行问题
猜 - 有方向的猜 第一步 : 通读全文了解大意同时改正明显错误 ; 有的错误很明显, 比如短语搭配 on some occasions 不是 in some occasions 第二步 : 逐句分析个个击破没有把握暂时不做 ; 没有把握的不要乱做, 为最后整体把握做准备 第三步 : 整体把握平均用力十大错误助你高分 最后整体把握看看十大错误还有哪些没有用上, 尽量从没有用过的错误角度考虑
五. 常见错误
词类 虚词 冠词 代词 介词 常见错误 : 从词类看 - 语法词 典型错误 1. 基本用法 : 定冠词特指, 不定冠词泛指 2. 定冠词 + 形容词表示一类人或物 3. 形容词最高级和冠词搭配 4. 固定搭配中的冠词 5. 零冠词表抽象, 定冠词表具体 1. 指示代词 this, that, these, those 的混淆, 缺失, 误用 2. 关系代词的缺失或误用 1. 介词短语 2. 动词, 形容词和名词形成的固定搭配错误 连词 5 误用 ( 因果, 转折, 让步, 并列, 选择连词的误用 )
常见错误 : 从词类看 - 语法词 词类 实词动词形容词副词名词 常见错误 1. 时态错误, 主谓不一致 2. 现在分词和过去分词的混淆 3. 动词短语中成分的缺失 4. 动词词义误用 1. 比较级和原级的误用 1. 副词的冗余 2. 副词短语 1. 近义, 多义名词的误用
冠词
冠词错误类型 冠词误用 2010 年 10 the part 应为 a part 2009 年 1 the 应为 a 冠词冗余 : 2007 年 3 去掉 the,language, 冠词误用 2005 年 5 去掉 in the school 中的 the, 冠词误用 2003 年 2 去掉 a steady decline, 冠词误用 冠词缺失 : 2007 年 9 加上 a,to a large extent, 介词短语 2004 年 7 加 the public, 缺冠词 1999 年 10 for 后加 a, 冠词缺失 a healthier diet 固定短语搭配中的冠词 : 2007 年 9 加上 a,to a large extent, 介词短语 2005 年 5 去掉 in the school 中的 the, 冠词误用
可数名词 泛指 基本用法 a/an + 可数名词单数举例 :a book, an apple 零冠词 + 可数名词复数举例 : books, apples 特指 the+ 可数名词单数 / 复数举例 : the book(s) the apple(s) 不可数名词 零冠词 + 不可数名词举例 : water, sugar the + 不可数名词 the water, the sugar 定冠词 + 形容词表示一类人或事物 (2004 年 7 题 )
在一些搭配中用冠词和不用冠词的意义区别 不用冠词表示抽象意义 go to school 去上学 in school 在校念书 in class 在上课 go to college 上大学 at desk 在读书 ; 做作业 用冠词表示具体含义 go to the school 因事去学校 in the school 因事在学校 in the class 在这个班级 go to the college 因事去大学 at the desk 在课桌边 上学学习类
真题 2010 10:Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo language could be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufacture or cricket if these topics formed the part of the Eskimos life.
代词
只能用 that 的定语从句 1. everything, nothing, something, anything 等不定代词做先行词 : I do not buy anything that is too expensive. There is something that you don t know. 2. 人和物一起做先行词 The farmer has a clever son and a large farm that make him have a sense of pride. 3. 先行词被序数词, 形容词最高级或 any, only, all, every, no, some, much, few, little 等成分修饰时 : He is the only man that can speak four foreign languages in our company. Tell us all things that you know. It is the largest map that I ever saw.
只能用 which 的定语从句 1. 非限定性定语从句中, 先行词表物 : Beijing, which has been China s capital for 800 years, is rich culture. 2. 出现在介词后面, 先行词表物 : This is the question about which we have had so much discussion. The tool with which he is working is called a wrench. 3. 非限定性定语从句中指代前面一句话
真题 2010 2: Every language appears to be as well equipped as any other to say the things their speakers want to say.
as as 指代的是整句话 as 可放在位置灵活, 可放在句首, 句中和句尾 e.g. As is often pointed out, knowledge is two edged sword. There is, as has been mentioned, a growing body of research into swine flu. She was married again, as was expected.
as as 指代一个先行词 用于 such as, the same as, as as 的固定搭配中的固定位置 例句 : He will repeat such points as are discussed in the book. He tried to make as few mistakes as he could avoid. He is not the same playboy as we knew.
特别注意 it 能做形式主语, 相比中文, 是个异常的语言现象! 真题 2010 3:There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive peoples or cultures, but that is another matter.
介词
介词 - 固定搭配 2011 1,8: grow (up); face in difficulty 2008 7,8,9: stick on to; at the end; carry on with 2007 6,8: in the grounds; emphasize on 2006 3: in one s disposal 2005 2,7,9: irrespective (of); ways (in) which; give discount on sb. 2004 1,3,4,5: set (up); in occasions; rely (on); make (out)
介词与其他词类的搭配 2.1 与名词搭配 belief in, influence on/upon, confidence in, attitude to/toward, solution to, glance at, need for, limit to, aid to, objection to, indifference to/toward, key to, answer to, hindrance to, at sb's request, in all probability, to sb' delight 2.2 与形容词搭配 different from, dependent on/upon, independent of, rich in, intent on, adjacent to, averse to, deaf to, loyal to, preferable to, similar to, superior to, sensitive to 2.3 动词短语 add to, be accustomed to, blow up, break out, bring up, build up, call off, carry on, come up, come out, lay off, make fun of, pass away, take advantage of, take apart, take effect, take pity on
复杂介词 according to for the sake of in addition to along with in return for on the point of in spite of
形容词和副词
比较结构 1.1 As+ 形 副词原级 +as Lily is as smart as Lisa. Not so/as...as... 此结构前可以加上倍数词 twice, three times... As many/much + 名词 +as... As + 形容词原级 + 名词词组 +as... Tom is as industrious a worker as Jesse. 1.2 more... than... 形 副词比较级 +than... This apple is bigger than that one. 变体 :Tom is the smarter of the two students. 注意 : 只能是比较两者, 并且定冠词不能省
比较结构 1.3 最高级三者或以上比较时, 通常有一个比较范围 比较范围可以是个介词词组, 关系分句或者是非限定分句, 有的从语境中可以看出来 需要注意的是并非所有的最高级前都要用 the, 当表示很, 非常等意思是就不用 1.4 另一个常考结构是 the more... the more (less, fewer)...
非谓语动词
非谓语动词主要包括三类 : 不定式, 动名词和分词 考试中容易出现的考点 : 一句话中出现两个动词, 其中一个只能用成非谓语动词 ; 动词后不定式与动名词的混淆 ; 现在分词与过去分词的误用
后接不定式做宾语的词 : agree, advise, care, choose, consent, decide, determine, desire, expect, fail, happen, hesitate, hope, learn, manage, offer, prepare, pretend, promise, propose, refuse, resolve, want, wish 等 后接动名词的词 : admit, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, deny, detest, dislike, endure, envy, escape, excuse, fancy, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, go on, (can't) help, imagine, insist on, involve, keep, keep on, leave off, mention, mind, miss, postpone, praise, practice, put off, quit, recollect, report, resent, resist, risk, can't stand, stop, suggest, think 等
现在分词跟过去分词的区别主要看它们与修饰语, 或者逻辑主语的关系来确定 动宾关系用过去分词, 主谓关系用现在分词 ; 进行和伴随, 主动用现在分词, 过去和完成, 被动用过去分词
不定式 to 和介词 to 介词 to + 名词 ( 动名词也是一种名词 ) Stick to/adhere to Get used to 不定式只能接动作 省略的不定式 to, 被动语态中要还原!
真题 2007 2:There is no material in any language today and in the earliest records of ancient languages show us language in a new and emerging state. ( 有两个错误 )
词的固定搭配 ( 词组 )
真题 2011 3: soon or later 2011 8: face in difficulty 2010 6: come to light 2009 10:, to let alone 2008 1: in result 2007 6: in the grounds that 2006 8: take it for granted the two most common forms of transmission
句子结构错误 句子结构 常见错误 定语结构 1. 在用分词做定语时, 混淆现在分词和过去分词 ; 2. 在用从句做定语时, 定语从句的先行词和关系代词使用不当, 主谓不一致 比较结构 1. 比较级 +than 结构中 : 形容词的级别, 比较事物的前后一致表比较的动词, 形容词形成的比较结构中的固定搭配, 前后比较事物的一致 as as 并列结构 and 前后动词形式的一致, 连词的选择
定语结构 1. 前置定语 --- 单个形容词, 分词 2. 后置定语 --- 分词短语, 定语从句
All interesting parties are invited to attend the meeting. All interested parties are invited to attend the meeting. interested: 有利害关系的
看句意选介词填空 : Egypt enjoys a long history which it is known. Hang Zhou is a human paradise which it is known. Our life is like a wheel with six spokes: family, financial, mental, social and spiritual. The physical spoke is our health, which nothing makes sense.
关系代词 as: 既可引导限定性定语从句也可引导非限定性定语从句 : as 引导非限定性定语从句 as 指代的是整句话用单数 as 引导限定性定语从句 as 指代一个先行词 as 可放在位置灵活, 可放在句首, 句中和句尾 例句 : 例句 : 用于 such as, the same as, as as 的固定搭配中的固定位置 As is often pointed out, knowledge is twoedged sword. There is, as has been mentioned, a growing body of research into swine flu. She was married again, as was expected. He will repeat such points as are discussed in the book. He tried to make as few mistakes as he could avoid. He is not the same playboy as we knew.
as 与 which as 做关系代词指代一句话 as 位置灵活, 可放在句首, 句中, 句末 as 是 就像, 表示只能顺承 which 做关系代词指代一句话 which 只能放在句末 which 本身没有含义, 既可表顺承, 也发对, 排斥, 否定前面的那句话
常见关系副词 : when, where, why, that 关系副词 when 的先行词是表时间的名词,where 的先行词是表地点的名词,why 的先行词是表原因的名词 reason 先行词是表时间或地点的名词, 不一定都用 when 和 where 引导 : I ll never forget the day which I spent on campus. I ll never forget the day when we first met on campus. This is the place which bred many famous scientists. This is the place where many famous scientists often get together.
比较结构 比较结构 : 为了避免重复, 从句中常出现省略和替代, 注意保持句子前后比较对象的一致, 特别要注意代词是否使用正确 常用比较结构 : 用形容词 / 副词原级 as as 用比较级和最高级 more than the more, the more more and more
more than : 在有 than 的比较结构中, 主句中必须有比较级形式出现 On the whole, ambitious students are much likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.
为了保持句子平衡,than 后从句可能出现倒装和替代 Foreign born Asians and Hispanics have higher rates of intermarriage than did U.S. born whites and blacks. 从句的助动词 : 时态看主句, 单复数看从句主语
表示倍数的结构 倍数 + 比较级 +than 倍数 +as+ 原级 +as 倍数 +the+ 名词倍数 +that/those of 倍数 +what 引导的从句 Beijing is three times bigger than Chengdu Beijing is three times as big as Chengdu. Beijing is three times the size of Chengdu. The production of 2007 was two thirds that of 2008. Output is now six times what it was 10 years ago.
比较结构中常出现的单词和搭配 differ/different/distinct from, distinguish from as opposed to, bear resemblance to, vary from, like, unlike, alike, contrast, contrary, compare, comparison, liken, match, same, similar, identical, equal, equivalent, the same as, prefer to,
思考 : 连词 - 语篇和逻辑 1. 常在什么地方设置连词错误? 2. 常考什么样的逻辑错误? 3. 注意几个由动词演变而成的连词
1. 常在什么地方设置连词错误 --- 两条线索的衔接或比较处
2. 常考什么样的逻辑错误?
转, but, nevertheless, however, 并, and, or, 因,since 果,therefore, so 让, although 最常考的因果关系和转折关系的混淆
连词 - 语篇 逻辑错误 : 由动词转化而来的连词 / 起连接作用的介词特别注意 : given, granted, provided, providing, considering, judging from, seeing, in that,
Judging by his jovial manner he must have enjoyed his meal. There's no annual fee provided/providing that you use the credit card at least six times a year. John did quite well in his exams, considering how little he studied. Given that the patients have some disabilities, we still try to enable them to be as independent as possible. Seeing that he's been ill all week, he's unlikely to come.
其他固定搭配 2011 3: sooner or later 2010 6: come/bring to light 2010 9: make as important 2009 2: not until (when) 2009 10: to let alone 2008 1: in result (consequence) 2006 1: agreeing convention 2006 8: take for granted
七. 复习建议 返璞归真, 小词搭配 have, do, make, take, let, set, go, come, get, give, ask, put, play, pay, pass, push, pull, come, throw, work, cut, call, care, carry, see, raise, run, speak, stand, raise, rise, turn, return, use, stay, show, say, talk, fail, live, keep, hold, break, bring, catch, lead, gain, help, lose, stick