Feb. 2007, Volume 4, No.2 (Serial No.27) US-China Education Review, ISSN1548-6613, USA * 32001 839 44 41 self cultural dichotomies/individualism/collectivism cultural syndromes [1-3] [4] Markus Kitayama [5] / independent/interdependent self construals / [6] / [7] / * NSC93-2752-H-030-001-PAE NSC94-2752-H-008-002-PAE 1
meta-theoretical analysis/ 1 [8,9] 2 [10,11] Markus Kitayama [12] What is a person? / independent/interdependent views of human nature [12](70) ways of being [12](71) self ways [12](71) [12](71) self views Markus Kitayama [12] [6,7] / culture-specific idea of the self bicultural self Bakan [13] Geertz [14] [14](48) Markus Kitayama [5] [4] true self [6] [6](23) self-determination mastery uniqueness [15] relational being [15](233) [16,17] 1 2
2 3 4 [5] [4] [6] [6](18) [18] [19] [20] composite self uniquenessrelatedness [4] bicultural self [19] [6,19] Markus Kitayama [5] [5](225) [21] psychometric approach [19] 3
[22,23] / [24] [3] mutually constitutive [25] / [7] [4] [6] // / [6] Markus Kitayama [5] self-other relation / [20] self-concept basic nature unique qualitiestypical behavior [26] self-knowledge Sedikedes Brewer [27] individual self relational self collective self who I am Twenty Statement Test TST I am 4
I am a member of a happy family family self Markus Kitayama [12] incremental value Triandis [3,28] [29,30] Oyserman Coon Kemmelmeier [24] / [6] Markus Kitayama [5] [20] Triandis [3,28] [29,30] Oyserman Coon Kemmelmeier [24] [6] Markus Kitayama [5] [20] / [4-6] 5
24 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2. 2.1 Self-other relation 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.2 Self-group relation 6
2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.3 Self-society relation, including self-environment relation 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.6 consistencyintegration 7
1.2 1.3 1.2 Rogers [31] On Becoming A Person the true self [32] coherent and consistent [33] [34] [33] 烺 [10] 1.3 [16,17] [35] [36] [37] [38] [19] [20] [6,20] [39] 8
15 992 874 88.10 760 86.96 654 90 16 1 1 N=760 % 484 63.7 268 35.3 8 1.1 35 4.6 513 67.5 204 26.8 8 1.1 434 57.1 / 316 41.6 10 1.3 621 81.7 121 15.9 1.1 17 2.2 27.6 18~57 7.02 1. 2. 9
[21] [40] 3. 120 130 4. 5 125 6 124 5. 1 125 124 2 [41] Markus Kitayama [5] Triandis [3] 1 3 Gudykunst [42] Markus Kitayama [5] 12 4 [43] 7 5 286 1 3 Likert 1=6= 2 Likert 1= 7= 4 Likert 1= 5= 2 3 4 6. 7. exploratory factor analysis 8. 9. Cronbach α 10
1 5 3 2 13.40 11 114 15 109 30 79 760 principal-component method Kaiser promax 3 6 oblique factor eigen value 1 independence 19.38% 2self-determination 10.49% 3competition 6.80%4consistency 4.84% 41.16% 2.24 2 5 p<.001.16.50 2 1..799 2..726 3..711 4..686 5..669 6..663 7..663 8..654 9..637 10..608 11..554 12..547 13..523 14..522 Cronbach α=.895 11
3 1..759 2..742 3..726 4..687 5..635 6..623 7..572 8..544 9..507 10..488 Cronbach α=.868 4 1..725 2..630 3..560 4..558 5..555 6..530 7..519 8..491 9..490 10..472 Cronbach α=.777 5 1..800 2..755 3..676 4..659 5..629 6..578 7..506 Cronbach α=.827 12
1contextual self 20.08% 2interpersonal relatedness 7.13% 3self-cultivation 4.29%4social sensitivity 3.52% 35.02% eigen value 1.97 6 9 p<.001.28.50 6 1..751 2..715 3..690 4..680 5..675 6..656 7..564 8..542 9..485 10..410 11..381 Cronbach α=.844 7 1..825 2..788 3..746 4..745 5..715 6..693 7..627 8..614 9..504 10..464 11..384 12..366 Cronbach α=.858 13
8 1..623 2..611 3..596 4..582 5..580 6..574 7..565 8..550 9..438 10..421 11..367 12..361 Cronbach α=.810 9 1..623 2..515 3..515 4..512 5..487 6..486 7..482 8..435 9..362 Cronbach α=.703 [21] 2 9 [40] 884 14
.77~.89.75~.89.60~.82.43~.74 CFA GFI.99 CFI.96.98 2 5 6 9 1. 41 1independence 2self-determination 3competition 4consistency 14 10 10 7 2. 44 1contextual self 2interpersonal relatedness 3self-cultivation 4social sensitivity 11 12 12 9 41 44 Cronbach α.78.90 Cronbach α.71.86 Cronbach α.90.91 convergent and divergent validity 10 / 15
10 / 1 1 2 2.38 ***.08.43 *** -.02.44 *** -.08.34 *** -.23 ***.28 *** -.15 ***.19 *** -.05.25 ***.13 **.29 *** -.05.09 *.27 ***.03.20 *** -.22 ***.32 *** -.09 *.49 *** -.17 ***.30 *** -.09 *.28 *** -.13 **.30 *** -.19 ***.33 *** *p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001 1 [42] 2 [41] incremental effect Type I error Gudykurst [42] 24% β=.45 p<.001 4% β=.20 p<.001f=129.60 p<.001 Gudykurst [42] 36% β=.60 p<.001 0 β=.03 ns. F=192.45 p<.001 t 11 11 Paired t 4.03 4.43-21.71 *** 4.02 4.42-18.32 *** 4.03 4.43-11.87 *** 4.00 4.41-20.57 *** 4.19 4.57-6.32 *** ***p<.001 16
1. William James [44] I-selfMe-self James self-cognition self-process Markus Kitayama [5] / / Tu [15] 烺 [10] Jen/ Sedikides Brewer [27] / / individual self relational self collective self 2 17
1 2 3 4 5 7 烺 [10] Ptolemian Oyserman [24] valuing personal independence freedom, self-sufficiency, and control over one s life 3 1 5 7 self-determination Oyserman [24] goals striving for one s own goals, desires, and achievements 4 Oyserman [24] compete personal competition and winning 5 Markus Kitayama [5] Suh [33] consistency 6 1 4 5 2 3 烺 [10] Suh [33] Oyserman [24] context self changes according to context or situation [34] 7 Oyserman [24] duty related duties and sacrifices being a group member entails considering close others as integral part of the self 18
[10] 8 [16,17] [35] Markus Kitayama [5] Oyserman [24] Kim [27] 9 [6] [15] harmony [24] 2. [45] [1,30] [46] [18] [47] Markus Kitayama [5] [41,48] [49] / / Pearson 4 4 13 81.25% p<.01.01.63 canonical correlation 12 19
.76 p<.001 27% 24% 12 1.376.405.302 66.038 19.425 14.470.761 ***.537 ***.481 ***.579.288.232 η 1 η 2 η 3 1..990.002 -.048 2..179 -.234 -.443 3..101.686.298 4..212.410 -.872 26.693 17.341 26.207 15.460 4.997 6.072 χ 1 χ 2 χ 3 1..923.040.355 2..390.661 -.463 3..737.226 -.502 4..335.858.262 24.031 8.829 3.827 41.491 30.637 16.516 ***p<.001 [10] [33] 20
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Individual- and Social-oriented Self Views: Conceptual Analysis and Empirical Assessment LU Luo Abstract: A cultural analysis of diverse conceptualization of the self was attempted. Two comprehensive conceptual frameworks pertaining to the individual-oriented and social-oriented self views were produced and used as the basis for subsequent scale development. The item pools were then written and revised. Large scale data collection (N=839) from college students and community adults were conducted. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that both the individual-oriented and social-oriented self views were composed of four meaningful psychological factors. Basing upon these results, the final scale construction was accomplished, producing a 41-item Individual-oriented Self Views Scale and a 44-item Social-oriented Self Views Scale. Lastly, the psychometric properties of these newly constructed self scales were examined, demonstrating good reliability, acceptable convergent and divergent validity. Key words: individual-oriented self views; social-oriented self views; culture & self; conceptual analysis; empirical assessment 24