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199 Late Ming Dynasty s Wild Chan Wen-fang Mao Abstract The thought of the late Ming always has been looked at as espousing antitraditional sentiments, liberal thinking and individualism. When traditional values are on the verge of collapsing and being reconstructed, uncertainty, lack of order and doubt are bound to occur, forming a necessary part of cultural transition. It was during this period that wild chan appeared, which fully possessed its traditional meaning. Wild chan is a deviant form of Buddhist practice that appeared in the late Ming. It is not only a chan studies categorical noun, but also a special philosophical and cultural reference. This article places wild chan after the Wang Yangming school of thought and looks at it through the Long Xi and Tai Zhou schools of thought. It is my hope to provide a basis of knowledge via an insightful view of this broad, late Ming cultural phenomenon. This article first outlines the gatherings of Buddhist practitioners common at that time and a scholarly background of the Confucian/Buddhist melding. Second, the arguments of religious circles on the accumulated defamation and crisis of chan studies are explored. Third, this article delves into the li studies practitioners acceptance of chan studies, such as Wang Yangming s arguments on Buddhism and Confucianism. It also describes the distinctive playing with circumstances of the Long Xi and Tai Zhou schools of thought and clarifies * Wen-fang Mao is an assistant professor in the Department of Chinese Literature at National Chung Cheng University.
200 19 2 how they further brought about the wild chan craze. Next, the article looks into this trend s effect on the cultural elite and into the literatis writings on the wild. This article greatly appreciates the graceful bearing of those wild persona, including Li Zhi and his lascivious lifestyle, which was spurred on by the wild chan rage. The final section of the article cites Yuan Zhonglang s the chan that fails to be chan and the ru that fails to be ru, in an attempt to depict the historical value of wild chan in the late Ming/early Qing. Keywords: late Ming, wild chan, Records of Ming Scholars (Mingru xue an ), Taizhou school of thought, Li Zhi