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1 (Introduction) Chapter 1-1 Exercise Physiology

Exercise e Physiology (Hamelt 2.2.315~319) What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason! How infinite in faculty! In form and moving, how express and admirable! In action how like an angel! In apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world! The paragon of animals! (Shakespeare) (1) -(Discus Thrower) 450 (Myron) (http://www.mediasphere.com.tw/bb/) (2) (3) 2

Chapter 1 1-1 Exer cise Phys ysio iolo logy (exercise physiology) (homeostasis) Wilmore et al., 2009 (exercise) (maximal exercise) (submaximal exercise) Brooks et al., 1991; McArdle et al., 2005 1871 Kenneth Cooper(Aerobic, 1968) 3

Exercise e Physiology (anatomy) (anatomize) (physiology) ( ) (acupuncture) 19291940 19511953 1970 1997 ( ) (Herodicus) (Hippocrates)(Galen) 4

Chapter 1 3400Menes (Herodicus) 460~377(Hippocrates) 384~322 (Aristotle) (Herophilus) (Erasistratus) 776~ 393(sports nutritionists) 30 ~ 1453 (Dark Ages) 131~201 Claudius Galenus (Galen) De Fascius 16 500 (aerobic fitness) 5

Exercise e Physiology (1450~1600) (Johannes Gutenberg, 1400~1468) (Fabrica Human Corporis, Structure of the Human Body)(Andreas Vesalius) (Robert Hooke, 1635~1703) (Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, 1632~1723) 1888 1. (1) A. V. Hill 1886~1977 1922 (Haldane) (2) Otto Meyerhof 1884~1951 1922 6

Chapter 1 (3) August Krogh 1874~1949 1920 (gas analyzer) (4) J. S. Haldane 1860~1936 (respiratory gas analyzer) The Haldane effect (5) C. G. Douglas 1892~1944(gas collection bag) (6) Christian Bohr 1855~1911 (oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve) (7) (Johannes Lindberg) (HFL) (Erik Hohwü-Christensen) (Gymnastik-och Idrottshögskolan, GIH) (8) (Jonas Bergstrome) (Karolineska Institute) (muscle biopsy needle) GIH 2. (1) 1800 1800 (Medical Society)39 Medical Repository 1797 7

Exercise e Physiology (2) A. (Austin Flint, Jr., 1836~1915) 1877 The Principle and Practice of Medicine B. (Edward Hitchcock, 1793~1864)(Edward Hitchcock, Jr., 1828~1911)(sport) C. (George Wells Fitz, 1860~1934) 1891 1892 1927~1947 (Harvard fatigue laboratory, HFL)20 15 HFL HFL(Lawrence J. Henderson, 1878~1942) (Karl A. Hasselbalch) (Henderson-Hasselbalch equation) (Stanford University)(David Bruce Dill) HFL 8

Chapter 1 (F. A. Bainbridge) (The Physiology of Muscular Exercise) (A. V. Hill)(D. B. Dill)(A. V. Bock) 1900~1930(Johns Hopkins University) (physical fitness)(health promotion) (Anthropometry) (Thomas K. Cureton) 1941 (University of Illinois) (physical fitness programs) 1950(Henry L. Taylor) (Elsworth R. Buskirk) 1960 (radiotelemetry) 1960 (Phil Gollnick) (Reggie Edgerton) 1960 (physical fitness) (Kenned) (1) (2)(3) 9

Exercise e Physiology (http://www.epsport.idv.tw) (http://zh.wikipedia.org/) Brooks, G. A., Fahey, T. D., & Baldwin, K. M. (1991) Exercise Physiology: Human Bioenergetics and Its Applications (4th ed), 2004 McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I., & Katch, V. L. (2005). Essential of Exercise Physiology (3th ed). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Van De Graaff, K. M. (2002). Human Anatomy (6th ed). NY: McGraw-Hill. Wilmore, J. H., Costill, D. L., & Kenney, W. L. (2009) Physiology of Sport and Exercise (4th ed), 2008 10

Chapter 1 Exercise A 1. C 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. A 6. (A)(B)(C) (D) (A) (J. S. Haldane) (B) (Christian Bohr) (C) (A. V. Hill) (D) (C. G. Douglas) (A)(Edward Hitchcock, Jr.) (B) (George Wells Fitz) (C) (J. S. Haldane) (D) (F. A. Bainbridge) (HFL) (A) (A. V. Bock) (B)(L. J. Henderson) (C) (D. B. Dill) (D) (A. V. Hill) (A)(B) (C)(D) 30 (A)(Johns Hopkins University) (B) (Harvard University) (C) (Yale University) (D) (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) 1. 2. 3. 11

Exercise e Physiology 12

2 Chapter (Energy for Physical Activity) 2-1 2-2 ATP-PC 2-3 2-4 Exercise Physiology

Exercise e Physiology (adenosine triphosphate, ATP)ATP200 20 2-1 Exer cise Phys iolo logy (photosynthesis) 2-1 (Carbohydrates) 2 1 (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) (1) (monosaccharides) (2) (disaccharides) (3) (polysaccharides)4 14

Chapter 2 2-1 (oligosaccharides) (glycogen) (cellulose)(starch) 15

Exercise e Physiology (Fats) 2 1 (1)(fatty acids) (2) (triglycerides) (3) (phospholipids) (4)(steroids) 9 (lipolysis) (Proteins) (amino acid) 209 (essential amino acids) 11 (nonessential amino acids) (alanine) (gluconeogenesis) 16

Chapter 2 (branched-chain amino acids, BCAA) (isoleucine) (valine) (leucine) 4 (adenosine triphosphate, ATP) ATP (adenine)(ribose) ATP(adenosine diphosphate, ADP) (inorganic phosphate, P i ) ATP (ATP ase) ATP ADP P i 2-2 Exer cise Phys ysio iolo logy ATP ATP 2~3 ATP(1) (phosphocreatine, PC) ATP ATP-PC (phosphagen system) (2) (glycolysis) ATP (lactic acid) (lactic acid system) (3) ATP (aerobic system) (anaerobic system) ATP-PC ATP-PC ATP ATP PC (creatine kinase) ATPPC 17

運動生理學 e Physiology Exercise 的能量則主要用來幫助ATP的重新合成 圖2-3 不過因為儲存在肌肉細胞內的ATP 或PC數量並不多 因此透過此系統所產生的ATP主要是提供作為運動剛開始時或是約 10秒內完成的短時間高強度運動的能量來源 例如 棒球的揮棒 擲標槍或短距離衝 刺等 肌肉 ATP 腺苷 P P ADP 腺苷 P P PC P P 腺苷 P C P P P ATP 肌肉收縮 圖2-2 ATP-PC系統 ATP分解成ADP+P i並釋放出能量給肌肉收縮 而PC分解所釋放出的能 量則幫助ADP重新合成ATP 二 乳酸系統 (Lactic Acid System) 當 肌 肉 細 胞 內 的 AT P 及 P C 將 耗 盡且運動仍持續進行時 乳酸系統則 是可以被用來快速產生ATP的另一途 肌肉 肌肉肝醣 醣解作用 徑 所謂的乳酸系統簡要而言指的 乳酸 ATP 是將葡萄糖或是肌肉肝醣在細胞質 經由醣解作用分解成2分子的丙酮酸 (pyruvic acid)或是乳酸(lactic acid) 同時產生ATP 如果受質來源為葡萄 糖時 最終可淨產生2分子ATP 若為 肌肉肝醣時 則為3分子ATP 的能量 供應途徑 圖2-3 血糖 血管 圖2-3 乳酸系統 血液中的葡萄糖進入肌肉或 是肌肉中的肝醣經由醣解作用生成ATP 同時在無 氧的參與下會形成乳酸 當以葡萄糖作為受質來源進行醣解作用時 六碳的葡萄糖先經由六碳糖激酶的催 化 並消耗一個ATP (ATP ADP + P i) 再將此磷酸根(P i)加至葡萄糖上 使其成為葡 18

Chapter 2 6-2-4 (phosphorylation) 6-1,6-1 ATPATP2 ATP~ ~ 1,3-3- 1 ATP 1 ATP 1,6-2 3-4 ATP 2 ATP 2 ATP 3- (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD) 2 NADH ATP NADNADNADH (lactate dehydrogenase)1 NAD ATP-PC ( ) (Krebs Cycle) (pyruvate dehydrogenase)1 CO 2 A(acetyl CoA) 1 NADH A1Hans Kerbs (Kerbs cycle) A(citrate synthase) (oxyloacetate)(citrate) (citrate cycle)(tricarboxylic acid cycle) 2-5 2-5 A3NADH 1FADH 2 2CO 2 (substrate-level phosphorylation) 1(guanosine 19

Exercise e Physiology 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (Hexokinase) (Phosphoglucoisomerase) (Phosphofructokinase) (Aldolase) (Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) (Phosphoglycerate kinase) (Phosphoglycerate mutase) ATP (Glucose) (Glycogen) ADP 6- (Glucose 6-phosphate) 6- (Fructose 6-phosphate) ATP ADP 1,6- (Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate) 3- (3-Phosphoglycerate) (Dihydroxyacetone phosphate) 3- (3-Phosphoglycerate) (Triose-phosphate isomerase) 3- (Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) 3- (Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) NAD NAD 2H 2H NADH NADH 1,3-1,3- (1,3-biphosphoglycerate) (1,3-biphosphoglycerate) ADP+P i ADP+P i ATP ATP 2- (2-Phosphoglycerate) 2- (2-Phosphoglycerate) 8 (Enolase) (Phosphoenolpyruvate) (Phosphoenolpyruvate) 9 (Pyruvate kinase) ADP+P i ATP ADP+P i ATP 10 (Lactate dehydrogenase) (Pyruvate) 2H NADH NAD (Pyruvate) 2H NADH NAD (Lactate) (Lactate) 20 2-4 22 NADH 4 ATP 2 ATP2 ATP 2 NADH 2