小風英文教室 小風編輯
版權聲明 本投影片唯能用在非營利教學用途之上 本投影片歡迎轉載, 但不得修改後轉載 轉載請註明出處 有任何錯誤, 建議, 請聯絡作者 小風英文教室 by Scott Deeann Chen is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. 作者信箱 :awea.ther.star.craft ( 小老鼠 ) gmail ( 點 ) com Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/aweathersenglishclub
介係詞
介係詞的用途 介係詞用以表達一事物與主要子句中另一事物之間的關係 介係詞與其補語 ( 亦稱介係詞受詞 ) 構成介係詞片語 The book is on the table. Tom is at home.
介係詞片語的構成 介係詞片語之補語可為 : 名詞片語 wh 名詞子句 現在分詞名詞子句 介係詞片語之補語不可為 : that 名詞子句 不定詞子句 代名詞受格
介係詞片語的用途 介係詞片語可做以下用途 : 後置修飾名詞 狀語 動詞補語 The apples on the table are red. The meeting was held in this room. The meeting was held in the morning. The meeting was in this room. 形容詞補語 I m happy for you.
介係詞的種類 單字介係詞 at, in, on, by, for, of, out, to, etc. 雙字介係詞 ( 副詞 / 形容詞 / 連接詞 + 介係詞 ) as for, away from, as of, because of, outside of, due to, contrary to, thanks to, owing to, prior to, together with, etc. 三字介係詞 ( 介係詞 + 名詞 + 介係詞 ) in case of, in place of, in need of, etc. in contact with, in comparison with, in line with, etc. by means of, by way of, etc. on behalf of, on top of, etc. as far as, at the expense of, in return for, in addition to, etc. 多字介係詞被視為一整體, 可視為慣用用法, 宜做一字記憶
介係詞的意思 介係詞表達的概念包含 : 空間關係 時間關係 理由原因 方法工具 伴隨擁有 支持反對 讓步 例外 條件 著眼點等等 介係詞的用途族繁不及備舉, 本講義僅列出常見用法與用途, 若遇到未涵蓋的介係詞或用法時, 雖可以已知之意推敲, 但仍請查閱字典以求詳確
表示時間的介係詞 表示時間的介係詞主要有以下用法 : 表示事件的時間 表示事件的長度 表示事件的起始與結束時間 表示事件與其他時間之先後關係
表示事件時間 當介係詞片語表示主要子句之事件時間時, 依據事件時間的本質, 分以下用法 : 時間點或抽象概念之時間 :at 時間區間 :on, in, during 例句 : Let s meet at noon. Let s meet on Monday. Let s meet in the evening. Let s meet during spring break.
表示事件時間 at 表示單點時間或一抽象概念之時間 at noon, at 10:00 p.m. at Christmas, at that time, at night, at the same time 例句 : Our class starts at 10:00 p.m. What do people do at Christmas? Nobody knows what was going on at that time. People usually sleep at night.
表示事件時間 on 表示日期或日子 on Monday(s) on Christmas Day on Monday evening on the following morning 例句 : He is leaving on Monday. He is leaving on Monday morning.
表示事件時間 in 表示月份 季節 年份 世紀等較長時間, 或表示一日內之時間區間 in March, in summer, in 2013, in the twentieth century in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in the night 例句 : I was sick in the morning. It is not a good idea to travel in winter. 注意 : 若表示明定日子之時間, 則使用 on (O)on Monday afternoon (O)in the afternoon (X)in Monday afternoon
表示事件時間 during 亦表示月份 季節 年份 世紀等較長時間, 或表示一日內之時間區間 during 強調過程與長度, 而 in 強調發生的時間 例句 : We were traveling during July. We were traveling in July. The restaurant is closed during summer vacation. The restaurant is closed in summer vacation. 若與一些字詞搭配, 可表示該事件含括整段時間 He was sleeping during the whole meeting.
表示事件時間 若要以現在為基準點表示事件時間, 過去事件使用副詞 ago 於時間長度後表示, 未來事件使用 in + 時間長度表示 We met five weeks ago. We will meet in five weeks.
表示事件時間長度 當介係詞表示事件時間長度時, 使用以下介係詞 : for over, through, throughout for 單表事件之長度, 而其餘三者皆強調事件涵蓋整段時間 例句 : I was out of town for the summer. He was playing video games over the weekend.
表示事件時間長度 for 表示事件時間長度 for the summer, for a month for three days, for five hours 例句 : I have been studying for the summer. She has been waiting here for a month. He worked on it for five hours.
表示事件時間長度 over, through, throughout 強調事件涵蓋整段時間 而 over 較 through, throughout 常用在較短的事件, 或較特殊的時間的事件 throughout 較 through 更強調涵蓋之意, 但兩字意義相同 over the weekend, over the holiday season through/throughout the year 例句 : He was very happy throughout the year. I finished the project over the weekend.
表示事件起始與結束時間 使用以下介係詞表示事件起始與結束時間 : from to/till (from) through 使用以下介係詞表示事件結束時間 : until, till, up to 使用以下介係詞表示事件開始時間 : since
表示事件起始與結束時間 表示持續性的事件之明確起始與結束時間時使用 from to/till 或 (from) through from April to October from April through October Monday through Friday 例句 : We are open Monday through Friday. Our sales is from 12 a.m. to 12 p.m. on Black Friday. from to/till 不一定包含 to 後之時間, 美式英文為避免誤會有時選擇會使用 (from) through
表示事件結束時間 until, till, up to, through( 美 ) 表示持續性的事件之結束時間 until dawn, till 12 p.m., up to November, through 2012 例句 : A lot of Taiwanese people don t go to bed until/till midnight. Students can register through the third week of class. until, till, up to 不一定包含結束之時間, 而 through 則包含結束時間 注意 :up to 在表示數量時, 通常包含其補語表示之數量 You can buy up to three items per visit.
表示事件開始時間 since 表示持續性的事件之開始時間 I have been looking for a job since graduation. The store has been open since 1969. Tom has been working in the fields since dawn. (?)I have been eating since 1969.
表示事件與其他時間之關係 表示一事件與其他時間之關係使用 : before, after between and by upon
表示事件與其他時間之關係 before, after 表示於另一時間或事件之前後, 其意義與做從屬連接詞時一樣 You should go to bed before 12 a.m. Let s go fishing after class.
表示事件與其他時間之先後關係 between and 表示事件時間的區間, 但不同於 from to 表示確切的起始時間與結束時間, 事件不必然從頭到尾都一直發生 between and 可用於暫時性的事件, 而 from to 通常用於持續性的事件 I ll visit Tom between 6 p.m. and 9 p.m. I ll be visiting Tom from 6 p.m. to 9 p.m. between 亦可單獨使用表示重複性事件之間的間隔 I usually take a nap between classes.
表示事件與其他時間之關係 by 表示一事件已然發生之時間, 用於暫時性的事件 I ll finish the homework by next Monday. He had already left by the time we knocked on his door. upon 表示兩事件同時發生, 有時間副詞子句使用 when 的意思 upon 有時亦做 on Upon reaching Taipei, I caught a cold. On reaching Taipei, I caught a cold.
表示事件時間而不用介係詞之場合 當時間已經 last, next, this, that 或 some, every 修飾時, 或時間名詞本身帶有以上意思時, 不使用介係詞 at, on, in, 而直接以副詞之形式修飾主要子句 (O)I met him last Thursday/week/year/summer. (O)I ll go to school today/tomorrow. (X)I ll go to school on today/tomorrow. 注意 : 僅有不使用 at, in, on 時不會改變意思, 其他介係詞則會造成語意被曲解 I will see you on Monday. I will see you Monday. I will see you before Monday. I will see you after Monday.
表示事件時間而不用介係詞之場合 當時間明確表明頻率時, 不使用介係詞, 而將時間與其頻率直接做一頻率副詞修飾主要子句 (X)I teach English on every Monday. (O)I teach English every Monday. (O)I teach English on Mondays. (X)I play computer games in three times a week. (O)I play computer games three times a week.
表示事件時間長度而不用介係詞之場合 當時間被 all 修飾時, 不可使用介係詞 for, 而直接以副詞之形式修飾該句 (O)I stayed up all the night. (X)I stayed up for all the night. (O)I stayed up for the whole night.
表示空間的介係詞 表示空間的介係詞主要有以下用法 : 表示位置的介係詞 表示方向的介係詞 表示終點的介係詞 表示相對位置的介係詞 表示移動路徑的介係詞
表示位置的介係詞 表示位置的介係詞有 : at, on, in away from, off, out of 空間概念 肯定 否定 點 抽象 at away from 線 面 on off 空間 區域 in out of 表示位置的介係詞之選用取決於其位置之空間概念
表示位置的介係詞 位置為點 抽象概念時使用 at 中文有時做 在 解讀 The explorers are now at the South Pole. The train is at Taichung Station. Can we meet at your office later? Tom is not at home. He is at school.
表示位置的介係詞 位置為線 面時使用 on 中文有時做 上 解讀 The convenience store is on Green Street. Tamsui is located on the northern coast of Taiwan. I saw a car accident on my way to school. The book is on the table. Please show your results on your screen. Posting advertisements on this wall is prohibited. Mary is sitting on the chair.
表示位置的介係詞 位置為空間 區域時使用 in 中文有時做 裡 解讀 Tom is playing in the playground. There are many unbelievable things in the world. The criminal is hiding in this house. I store cookies in cookie jars. Can you put some salt in the soup? I was traveling in Asia during winter. I lived in Taipei for a long time. I held the bird in my hands.
否定位置的介係詞 away from 表 not at 之意 Tom is not at home. Tom is away from home. 空間概念 肯定 否定 點 抽象 at away from 線 面 on off 空間 區域 in out of off 表示 not on 之意 The book is not on the table. The book is off the table. out of 表示 not in 之意 Tom is not in town. Tom is out of town.
表示位置的介係詞 空間概念肯定否定 點 抽象 at away from 線 面 on off 空間 區域 in out of 參考位置 描述之位置
表示位置的介係詞 upon 表示位置時, 與 on 意義相同而可替換, 特別在表示高處物體時 There is a bird on the roof. There is a bird upon the roof. inside, outside 表示位置時, 與 in, out of 意義相同, 而可替換 She is in the car. She is inside the car. She is out of the car. She is outside the car.
表示位置的介係詞 within 在有些情況與 in 意義相同而可替換, 但若其後所接不為地點而為一尺度所劃出的空間, 則不可替換為 in (O) The ball is within the box. (O) The ball is in the box. (O)There are two robberies within three blocks. (X)There are two robberies in three blocks.
AT, ON, IN 用法比較 There are apples on the tree. There are birds in the tree. She is at school. 表示她在學校 She is in school. 表示她有在上學 She is in the school. 表示她在學校的建築裡 The basketball is on the grass. The coin is in the grass. The plane arrived at Taipei yesterday. I arrived in Taipei yesterday.
AT, ON, IN 用法比較 Farmers are working in the fields. Soccer players are practicing on the fields. Let s get in the car. Let s get out of the car. Let s get on/in the plane/train/boat. Let s get off/out of the plane/train/boat.
表示終點的介係詞 表示方向的介係詞有 : to, on(to), in(to) (away) from, off, out of 空間概念 肯定 否定 點 抽象 to (away) from 線 面 on(to) off 空間區域 in(to) out of 表示終點的介係詞之選用取決於其位置之空間概念
表示終點的介係詞 終點為點 抽象概念時使用 to Tom goes to school everyday. She went to Taipei in 2012. Did you go to class yesterday?
表示終點的介係詞 終點為面 線時使用 on, onto The computer fell onto the ground. The bird flew onto the roof. 終點為空間 區域時使用 in, into She ran into the house. Bob jumped into the pool.
表示終點的介係詞 (away) from 之方向與 to 相反 She ran away from the building. She came from school. 空間概念 肯定 否定 點 抽象 to (away) from 線 面 onto off 空間區域 into out of onto 之方向與 off 相反 The book fell off the table. into 之方向與 out of 相反 The ball was taken out of the box. The ball was put into the box. The camera fell out of my hands.
表示終點的介係詞 空間概念肯定否定 點 抽象 to (away) from 線 面 onto off 空間 區域 into out of 參考位置 描述之物體 行進之方向
表示終點與位置之介係詞之區別 表示目的地之介係詞通常與表示 動態 之動詞使用, 表示位置之介係詞雖無此限, 但通常與表示 狀態 之動詞使用 I went to Taipei. I am at Taipei. The computer fell onto the ground. The computer is on the ground. Bob jumped into the pool. Bob is in the pool. 口語除特別強調 onto 與 into 之方向性以外,onto 與 into 之概念時常僅以 on 與 in 表示
表示位置與終點的介係詞 參考位置 描述之物體 行進之方向 點 抽象 肯定 否定 位置 終點 位置 終點 at to away from (away) from on on(to) off off 線 面 in in(to) out of out of 空間區域
表示方向或目的地的介係詞 towards 為表示方向的介係詞, 但並不表示必然抵達 for 表示目的地 He left towards the north. He drove towards New York. He left for New York three weeks ago. to 與現在進行一起使用時, 語意亦表此意 He is driving to New York now.
表示相對位置的介係詞 表示相對位置的介係詞有以下意思 : 表示上下 表示前後 表示近旁 表示面對面 表示被包夾或包圍 表示包夾或包圍
表示相對位置的介係詞 表示上下的介係詞 : 上 :above, over, on top of 下 :below, under, beneath, underneath above 與 below 分別表示一物較另外一物的高度高與低 兩物之間不必近鄰 Our plane is flying above the clouds. The clouds are below our plane. The observatory of Taipei 101 is above the shopping mall. The shopping mall of Taipei 101 is below the observatory.
表示相對位置的介係詞 表示上下的介係詞 : 上 :above, over, on top of 下 :below, under, beneath, underneath over 與 under 分別表示一物在另外一物之上或下 通常用來表示鄰近的上下關係 The table cloth is over the table. The table is under the table cloth. Gophers live under the ground. There is fog over the fields. There are clouds above the fields.
表示相對位置的介係詞 over, above 與 under, below 之意義非常相似, 有時亦可通用, 但有以下微小區別 : over, under 通常表示較近 正上 正下之事物 under, below 通常表示高度的高低 over 與 above 互為反義字, 而 under 與 below 互為反義字 The table cloth is over the table. The table is under the table cloth. Our plane is flying above the clouds. The clouds are below our plane.
表示相對位置的介係詞 on top of 意思與 over 相似, 但更有緊鄰的概念 They carried a bed frame on top of their car. A bird is standing on top of the flag pole. beneath 與 underneath 與 under 意思相同, 通常有鄰近的意思 又以 beneath 較為正式 The book is under the table. The book is underneath the table. The book is beneath the table.
表示相對位置的介係詞 表示上下的介係詞 : 前 :in front of, before 後 :behind, after in front of 與 behind 有前面與後面之意 其互為反義字 He is standing in front of me. I am standing behind him. Be polite in front of strangers. A squirrel is hiding behind the tree.
表示相對位置的介係詞 表示上下的介係詞 : 前 :in front of, before 後 :behind, after before 與 after 的意義與 in front of 與 behind 相似, 但較為少見, 通常用在有順序上或對象很重大時, 其餘一般情況使用 in front of 與 behind 即可 I am standing before this great painting. The security check point is before the gates.
表示相對位置的介係詞 表示近旁的介係詞 : by, beside, with, near (to), close to, next to by, near (to), close to 表示靠近 附近的意思 He is sitting by the statue. He lives near (to) my house. He lives close to my house. beside, next to 表示正旁邊的意思 The convenience store is beside the drug store. The convenience store is next to the drug store. with 表示一起的意思 I saw Tom sitting with Mary.
表示相對位置的介係詞 表示面對面的介係詞 : opposite (to) opposite 表示面對面或是對面的事物 His is sitting opposite (to) me. His house is opposite (to) mine.
表示相對位置的介係詞 表示被包夾 包圍的介係詞 : between, among, amongst, amid, amidst between 通常表示兩個物體之間的位置 My house is between 4 th Street and 5 th street. I am standing between the host and the audience. between 亦表示多個獨特而特定的物體之間的位置 (O)Taoyuan County is between New Taipei City, Hsinchu County, and Ilan County. (X)Taoyuan County is among New Taipei City, Hsinchu County, and Ilan County.
表示相對位置的介係詞 表示被包夾 包圍的介係詞 : between, among, amongst, amid, amidst among, amongst, amid, amidst 表示非特定的物體之間的空間 The barn is located among corn fields. The thief is among the crowd. amongst 與 among 為通同字 ;amid 與 amidst 為通同字 amid 較 among 更為正式
表示相對位置的介係詞 表示包夾或包圍的介係詞 : around, round around, round 表示圍繞一物的位置或動作 其意義相同 People were sitting (a)round the basketball court. around, round 亦表示 附近 的意思 The convenience store is (a)round the supermarket. There were a couple crime alerts (a)round here last week.
表示移動路徑的介係詞 表示穿過 穿越的介係詞 : across, through over, under, behind 表示順著 跨越某個方向的介係詞 : up, down, along, across
表示移動路徑的介係詞 表示越過 穿越的介係詞 : across, through across 表示越過一線或是一平面 Tom went across the street. Tom drove across the fields. through 表示穿越一立體空間 We went through the woods. The baseball flew through the window.
表示移動路徑的介係詞 表示穿過 穿越的介係詞 : over, under, behind over 表示從上方經過 Our airplane flew over The Pacific Ocean. under 表示從下方經過 The ball rolled under the table. behind 表示從後方經過 A bee flew behind you. under 與 behind 有時意義上易與表示相對位置時混淆, 需依前後文或常理判斷
表示移動路徑的介係詞 表示順著 跨越某個方向的介係詞 : up, down, along up, down 表示延著垂直的方向的物體移動 The thief climbed up the ladder. The thief went down the stairs. along 表示沿著水平方向的物體移動 If you walk along this street, you will see the Hoover Theater on your right.
表示相對終點的介係詞 表示相對終點介係詞 : over, under, behind 其意義與表示相對位置時相同 Please put the table cloth over the table. The ball rolled under the table. The squirrel went behind the tree.
參考資料 Betty Schrampfer Azar, Understanding and using English rammar, Third Edition, 2006, Longman Sidney Greenbaum, The Oxford English Grammar, First Edition, 1996, Oxford University Press Randolph Quirk et al., A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, 1985, Longman Group Limited