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拥厄世
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1 小風英文教室小風編輯

2 版權聲明本投影片唯能用在非營利教學用途之上本投影片歡迎轉載, 但不得修改後轉載轉載請註明出處有任何錯誤, 建議, 請聯絡作者小風英文教室 by Scott Deeann Chen is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. 作者信箱 :awea.ther.star.craft ( 小老鼠 ) gmail ( 點 ) com Facebook:

3 動名詞不定詞

4 名詞子句為什麼要有名詞子句? 有些較複雜的概念沒有專屬的名詞透過名詞子句可將複雜的事物做為句子的主詞受詞補語等等

5 名詞子句的用法 that wh( 一 ) whether if wh( 二 ) 驚嘆動名詞不定詞原形主詞 O O Δ O Δ O O O 直接受詞 O O O O O O O 間接受詞主詞補語 O O O O O O 受詞補語同位語 O O O O O 形容詞補語 O O O O O 介係詞受詞 O O O O O O

6 什麼是動名詞不定詞? 動名詞 (gerund): 動名詞就是現在分詞構成名詞子句時的稱呼在構成名詞子句時性質與名詞非常相像, 故得其名不定詞 (infinitive): 不定詞為 to V 之形式之動詞不依據人稱與時態變化, 故得其名

7 子句的定義有自己的主詞與動詞 I ate an apple. I enjoy playing computer games. I like people being nice. 為什麼我覺得子句比片語一詞適合描述分詞與不定詞? 該結構都有主詞與動詞當簡化關係子句或副詞子句時, 我們是使用一個等價的東西替換, 而非將子句變成另外一種東西 : 片語其改寫後仍舊是子句, 有自己的主詞與動詞注意 : 子句有不只一種定義, 這邊只是其中一種

8 有限動詞與無限動詞有限動詞 ( 又稱限定動詞 ) 現在簡單式 V 為常態 V-s 為第三人稱單數過去簡單式 V-ed 無限動詞 ( 又稱非限定動詞傳統文法視作片語 ) 現在分詞 = 動名詞 V-ing( 構成名詞子句時亦稱動名詞 ) 過去分詞 V-ed 不定詞 to V ( 又稱 to 不定詞 ) 原形 V ( 又稱原形不定詞 )

9 有限動詞與無限動詞有限動詞主要子句一定要也只能有一個有限動詞有限動詞受到時態與人稱之約束無限動詞一個句子可以有無限多個無限動詞無限動詞不受時態與人稱之約束無限動詞所構成的子句不得作為主要子句

10 我們的文法名詞的中譯 determiners: 限定詞置於名詞之前修飾名詞之詞, 又分前置中置與後置限定詞 definite, indefinite, generic: 非特指特指泛指不定冠詞與定冠詞的用法 restrictive, non-restrictive: 限定非限定關係子句的種類 finite, non-finite: 有限無限 ( 亦翻作限定非限定 ) 動詞的種類

11 動名詞子句由動名詞為動詞構成子句, 表達一完整的概念 Studying English is fun. I like studying English. The last thing I would do on Friday nights is studying English. My job, assembling computers, is boring. I am busy assembling computers. Thank you for helping me. I look forward to seeing you.

12 動名詞子句無主詞時, 其主詞與通常原句主詞相同 I enjoy playing computer games. (Could you) Please consider helping him. 主詞為人時, 使用所有格表示動名詞之主詞, 非正式時為受格正式 :He is not happy about our being late. 非正式 :He is not happy about us being late. 正式 :We look forward to your helping the poor. 非正式 :We look forward to you helping the poor. 主詞為物時, 使用受格即可 I look forward to the computer finishing the computation.

13 不定詞子句由不定詞為動詞構成子句, 表達一完整的概念 To learn English requires determination. I hope to see you. The best thing to do is to solve the problem. Your dream, to become the president, requires hard work. I am sorry to hear that.

14 不定詞子句無主詞時, 其主詞與原句主詞相同 I love to sing. I agree to sign the contract. 不及物動詞與 for 連用之形容詞, 不定詞子句之主詞接於 for 後 I would like you to help me. I prefer the computer to do all computations. I am happy for you to come back. I am waiting for you to come back.

15 不定詞現在分詞子句做受詞補語有些句子中的不定詞與現在分詞子句做為受詞的補語, 嚴格說來不一定是文法上的名詞子句由於句法與動名詞不定詞子句做受詞且有主詞的時候極其相似, 用法上也無太大歧異, 我們將在以下與動名詞不定詞子句一起討論, 不再特別註明 We know him to be a spy. We hate him to be a spy. I saw the students cheating during the exam. I don t like students cheating during the exam. 請問大家看得出以上與名詞子句的差異嗎? 所以我們將一併討論

16 動名詞還是不定詞? 主詞 : 兩者皆可 To learn English is fun. Learning English is fun. 直接受詞主詞補語 : 主要取決於動詞動名詞子句表示 : 執行事實動作 I enjoy playing basketball. He stopped smoking. 不定詞子句表示 : 可能性建議 They agreed to donate some money.

17 動名詞還是不定詞? 介係詞受詞 : 一定是動名詞形容詞補語 : I look forward to seeing you. 通常使用不定詞可使用動名詞時, 形容詞與動名詞之間通常可加一介係詞, 也可以視為介係詞省略的結果接動名詞子句者常見為 :busy, worth, worthwhile 同位語 I am happy to see that. I am busy working on it. I am busy with working on it. 依據其同位之名詞在句中的用法而定

18 接動名詞子句之動詞常見者如下 : enjoy, appreciate, mind, quit, finish, stop, avoid, postpone, delay, keep, consider, discuss, mention, suggest, etc. go V-ing 不及物動詞 + 介係詞 + 動名詞子句 I enjoy playing computer games. Please consider doing me a favor. I went swimming last night. Tom insisted on cheating in the exam. I thought of going swimming last night.

19 接不定詞子句之動詞常見者如下 : 直接接不定詞 :hope, promise, seem, expect, plan, agree, appear, would like, intend, offer, pretend, want, decide, refuse, ask, need He promised to show up today. I want to go home. 須加註主詞 :tell, permit, force, need, advise, allow, ask, encourage, warn, expect, remind, require, would like, invite, order, want The teacher ordered us to hand in the homework. I want you to do the experiments. I need you to help me.

20 動名詞還是不定詞? 下列動詞後使用動名詞與不定詞意思相同者 : begin, like, hate, start, love, prefer, continue, ceased, etc. I started to write/writing a book. 使用動名詞與不定詞意思不同者 : forget, remember, regret, try, stop Tom forgot/remembered to do it. Tom forgot/remembered doing it. I tried to open the window, but the window is still closed. I tried opening the window, but the room is still hot. John stopped to smoke.( 為副詞子句 ) John stopped smoking.

21 不定詞子句做主詞 that 名詞子句做主詞時, 經常利用虛主詞 it 代替名詞子句, 並將名詞子句移至句尾 That the earth is round is well known. It is well known that the earth is round. 不定詞子句做主詞時, 經常使用虛主詞 it To play computer games is fun. It is fun to play computer games.

22 不定詞動名詞子句做主詞我們可用 for 來標記動名詞不定詞子句之動詞 Playing computer games is fun for everybody. To play computer games is fun for everybody. It is fun for everybody to play computer games.

23 不定詞現在分詞 : 過去式與被動態主動被動原形式 to V V-ing to be V-ed being V-ed 過去式 to have V-ed having V-ed to have been V-ed having been V-ed 與情態助動詞類似, 由於不定詞與現在分詞並無時態變化, 其過去式使用現在完成式表達與普通的被動態相同, 被動態仍採用 be 過去分詞之型態不定詞與動名詞之動詞形式反應在第一個助動詞上注意 : 以上表格中 V-ed 皆代表過去分詞

24 不定詞現在分詞 : 過去式與被動態主動被動原形式 to V V-ing to be V-ed being V-ed 過去式 to have V-ed having V-ed to have been V-ed having been V-ed 例句 : The train seems to have left. I enjoy being massaged. I was happy to have been promoted.

25 NEED 接動名詞子句通常 need 接不定詞, 表示需要做的事情 : I need to sleep. The car needs to be washed. 若 need 後面接動名詞子句, 則需表示主詞需要該動作的協助或補強 The car needs to be washed. The car needs washing. 注意 : 此用法之動名詞表現被動的意思, 是為特例

26 接原形動詞子句之動詞感官動詞 ( 亦可接現在分詞子句 ): see, hear, feel, smell, notice, observe, watch (O)I saw my friend sleep in class. (O)I saw my friend sleeping in class. 現在分詞子句有時表示該動作被察覺到時, 已經在進行中了使役動詞 :have, let, make I made him do the work. He let me use his computer. 其他 :help, know I helped my friend do his work. 注意! 此類原形動詞子句為受詞之補語

27 接過去分詞子句之動詞使役動詞 :get, have I got my computer upgraded. 意志動詞 :want, need, like I want my computer upgraded. 感官動詞 :see, hear, feel, watch I heard the door slammed. 表示狀態的動詞 :find, discover, leave I found the lock destroyed by the theif. 注意! 此類過去分詞子句為受詞之補語

28 參考資料 Betty Schrampfer Azar, Understanding and using English rammar, Third Edition, 2006, Longman Sidney Greenbaum, The Oxford English Grammar, First Edition, 1996, Oxford University Press Randolph Quirk et al., A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, 1985, Longman Group Limited

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PowerPoint Presentation 小風英文教室小風編輯版權聲明本投影片唯能用在非營利教學用途之上本投影片歡迎轉載, 但不得修改後轉載轉載請註明出處有任何錯誤, 建議, 請聯絡作者小風英文教室 by Scott Deeann Chen is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.