1 * Trust in China: A Cross-regional Analysis * 1 1993 2 100 100
2 Putnam,1993 1998Knack & Keefer,1997 3 20 1998 4
Putnam,1993,1995; 1998; Colman,1988,1995 Social capital Kreps 1986 Fudenberg & Tirole1992 2002 Fishman & Khanna(1999) (a social seal of approval) Stephen Keefer, 1997 2000 15000 5000 31 60 5 3
5.1% 13 38.2% 19.8% 34.1% 6 1 22.7% 0.1% 2 T 2 2 1 2 57.9% 23.9% 3 A B A B A B B A 6 World Values Survey 4
7 1 GDP GDP 8.74 GDP 0.47 10 GDP GDP 3 3 GDP GDP () Ave 5344.90 5374.72 3851.02 0.47 0.82 0.95 1.25 1.37 12.32 Var 788179.65 803132.13 521364.73 0.10 0.32 0.49 0.72 1.15 72.55 S.D 887.80 896.18 722.06 0.31 0.57 0.70 0.85 1.07 8.52 Ave 4913.80 4946.85 4613.73 0.5 0.65 0.63 1.02 1.02 10.05 Var 444977.87 460871.91 14418.81 0.22 0.10 0.09 0.29 0.20 30.31 S.D 793.15 809.26 125.05 0.56 0.29 0.27 0.48 0.47 5.74 Ave 5138.76 5167.95 5483.09 0.5 0.7 0.85 1.2 1.23 11.48 Var 401650.83 408048.65 497054.85 0.052 0.116 0.079 0.21 0.19 16.68 S.D 617.09 618.52 716.75 0.22 0.33 0.31 0.50 0.43 4.04 Ave 5200.05 5228.913 7722.58 2 2.02 2.62 2.55 2.9 33.92 Var 173853.11 176537.77 2030134.8 4.90 3.21 5.64 4.96 3.68 993.99 S.D 419.89 423.59 1432.43 2.14 1.81 2.41 2.23 1.89 31.28 7 5
Ave 8388.02 8440.27 15979.17 8.74 7.86 6.77 5.37 4.61 110.81 Var 2324981.58 2345859.5 53910432 67.71 25.86 7.10 3.20 1.81 4577.15 S.D 1581.52 1584.77 7440.04 8.70 5.89 3.15 2.017 1.48 74.92 GDP 0.90 0.91 0.77 0.63 0.59 0.90 0.83 0.85 GDP GDP 0.96 GDP 0.60 3 3 GDP 2-1995 -0.24-0.12 0.55 0.63 6
0.69 0.48 8 0.51 0.59 0.67 0.67 0.62 9 3 0.89 0.63 0.51 GDP 0.80-0.55-0.56 10 11 8 1992 ** 1992 9 GDP 0.66 10 GDP GDP 0.37 GDP 11 0.68 GDP 7
4 0.500.610.630.81 GDP 4 GDP 4 1 2 3 4 5 0.16(2.46)* 0.08(1.17) 0.16(2.33)* 0.16(-7.42)** 4.71(4.35)** 4.66(4.11)** 4.68(3.91)** 1.19(2.59)* 1.51(3.28)* 1.34(3.04)* 1.12(2.48)* 1.22(1.80)a (%) 0.46(3.83)** 0.50(4.29)** 0.06(0.17) -0.05(-0.06) -8.11 (-13.27)** -8.23 (-12.04)** -7.91 (-12.56)** -8.13 (12.97)** 8.06 (-7.42)** Adj. R 0.56 0.51 0.51 0.54 1 0.42 GDP 0.64 GDP -0.22 8
2 4 5 0.69 5 4 3 10 5 15 Fisman & Khanna (1999) 5 1 2 3 0.38(2.26)* 0.21(2.60)* % 2.46(3.14)** * -0.47(-1.36)d ( / 2.4(5.32)** 1.71(4.25)** * ( * / ) 0.27(1.53)d 0.53(3.78)** 1.00(1.77)a 1.67(3.55)** 1.39(2.78)** -9.99(-8.43)** -8.70(-11.94)** -7.53(-11.91)** Adj, R 0.52 0.69 0.62 12 16 9
10 4 4 5 4 5 5 3 Fisman & Khanna (1999) 13 14 13 14
11 10 10 0.11 Knack & Keefer (1997) 29 7 1.5 4 8 2001 15 15 20 50%
12
1 8.7 4.8 3.7 2 8.3 5.5 4.9 3 9.5 7.6 5.7 4 7.5 6.8 5.8 5 7.3 7 6.7 6 7.1 6.3 5.9 7 4.2 4.4 4.0 8 2.2 2.4 2.8 9 2.6 2 2.5 10 2.2 2.8 3.2 11 2.1 2.2 2.3 12 1 1.6 1.6 13 1.3 1.3 1.5 14 1 1.3 2.1 15 1.2 1.4 2.0 16 1 1.2 1.1 17 1 1.6 1.6 18 1.2 1.8 1.6 19 1.3 1.3 1.8 20 0.9 1.1 1.1 21 0.9 1.6 1.5 22 0.7 1.1 0.8 23 0.8 1 0.9 24 0.7 1.1 1.6 25 0.6 0.8 0.9 26 0.6 1 1.0 27 0.6 1.1 0.8 28 0.3 0.4 0.5 29 0.3 0.4 0.7 30 0.4 0.5 0.6 31 0.2 0.3 0.2 13
14
Coleman, J., 1988, Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. American Journal of Sociology, XCIV, 95-120. Dore, R, 1987, Taking Japan Seriously, Stanford University, Stanford. Fudenberg, D., and J., Tirole, 1992, Game Theory. MIT Press, Cambridge. Knack, Stephen and Philip Keefer, 1997, Does Social Capital Have An Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1251-1288 Kreps, Divid, 1986, Corporate Culture and Economic Theory, in Technological Innovation and Business Strategy, ed. By M. Tsuchiya, Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc. Merry, Sally Engle, 1984, Rethinking Gossip and Scandal, in Donald Black (ed.) Toward A General Theory of Social Control, New York: Academic Press. Putnam, R., 1993, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton University. Putnam, R., 1995Bowling, Alone: America s Declining Social Capital, Journal of Democracy, VI, 65-78 Raymond, Fishman and Tarun Khanna, 1999, Is Trust A Historical Residue? Information Flows and Trust Levels, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. Vol, 38, 79-91 1998 20 2000 1999 2000 2001 2002 1 2002 -- 2002 1999 15
16
17
18
19