65 比較傷口敷料處置於壓瘡預防之成效 曹文昱 1 羅淑芬 2 哈鐵木爾 3 李茹萍 4* 1 花蓮慈濟醫院整形外科病房副護理長 3 花蓮慈濟醫院神經外科主治醫師 2 慈濟技術學院護理系副教授 4 慈濟大學護理學系教授 傷口護理之高科技敷料於國內外臨床上廣為使用, 但被用於預防壓瘡之成效, 並無實證探討 探討常規翻身護理處置與合併使用親水性敷料或泡棉敷料後, 對預防尾薦骨壓瘡發生之成效 採類實驗設計及方便取樣方式, 以花蓮某醫院外科加護病患共 90 位為樣本, 隨機分派至 常規翻身組 常規翻身合併使用親水性敷料組 或 常規翻身合併使用泡棉敷料組 以 Braden scale 作為評估壓瘡風險工具, 並採歐洲壓瘡諮詢委員會最新壓瘡分級標準用以每日檢視皮膚 資料分析以 t 檢定 ANOVA 及曼 惠特尼 U 檢定 合併使用泡棉敷料組 之病人並未發生任何壓瘡 餘發生壓瘡比率以 常規翻身組 最高, 其次為 合併使用親水性敷料組, 發生壓瘡等級以一 二級居多 ; 然此兩組在發生壓瘡的時間上未達顯著差異 檢視 有發生壓瘡組 與 無發生壓瘡組 之間, 其性別 高血壓史及身體質量指數變項均達顯著差異 (p <.05) 建議對於臨床上高危險群病患, 除了應採落實的更換姿位以及檢視皮膚之外, 可視情況介入親水性敷料或泡棉敷料以預防尾薦骨壓瘡 關鍵詞 : 加護病房 預防 壓瘡 親水性敷料 泡棉敷料 Taiwan clinical performance indicators, TCPI 31.7% 2006 3 29% Terekeci et al., 2009; Theaker, Kuper, & Soni, 2005; Whittington & Briones, 2004 102 6 11 * 97004 701 03 8565301 2225 E-mail fish@mail.tcu.edu.tw Shahin, Dassen, & Halfens, 2008 Compton et al., 2008 doi:10.6224/jn.60.4.65
66 Wound Dressing and Pressure Ulcer Prevention ㈠ Stotts & Wu, 2007 2006 54.9%39.6% 38%; Shahin et al., 2008Theaker 2005 European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel EPUAP, 2009 category/stage I II III IV unstageable/unclassified suspected deep tissue injury McInnes, Jammali-Blasi, Bell- Syer, Dumville, & Cullum, 2011 Shahin et al., 2008Lindgren, Unosson, Fredrikson, & Ek, 2004; Pender & Frazier, 2005 92.4% 2006 sacrum coccyx bone ㈡ Lindgren et al., 2004; Weststrate & Heule, 2001 8.49 10 2006 65 70% Stotts & Wu, 2007 Grey, Harding, & Enoch, 2006 p <.052006National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence NICE, 2011 acute physiology and chronic health evaluation, APACHE APACHE II Yepes, Molina, León, & Pérez, 2009 body mass index, BMI18.5 BMI 3.5g/dl 75% 3.5g/dl 16% Gehin et al., 2006; Terekeci et al., 2009 2009 Lindgren et al., 2004 Shahin Shahin et al., 2008 EPUAP, 2009 12 32 mmhg 70 mmhg EPUAP, 2009; Grey et al., 2006 shearing force Dini, Bertone, & Romanelli, 2006; Grey et al., 2006Braden scale ㈢ Hampton, 2010
67 NICE NICE, 2011 support surfaces McInnes, 2004; Reddy, Gill, & Rochon, 2006 Reddy et al., 200680% Weststrate & Heule, 2001 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality [AHRQ], 2011 National Guideline Clearinghouse [NGC], 2011 hydrocolloid dressing foam dressing EPUAP 2009 medium effect size G power 3.1.3 Faul, Erdfelder, Buchner, & Lang, 2009 one factor ANOVA power.8 α.05 effect size.35 84 30 convenience sampling Braden scale16 10 10 Pilot & Beck, APACHE II Braden Scale + hydrocolloid dressing + foam dressing APACHE= acute physiology and chronic health evaluation.
68 Wound Dressing and Pressure Ulcer Prevention 2006I-CVI item-content validity index.93 S-CVI scale- content validity index.32 APACHE ICU intensive care unit 24 1987 Braden scale 100% 90%predictive validity 64% test-retest reliability r.95 Bergstrom, Braden, Kemp, Champagne, & Ruby, 1996 88.0% 75.1% 2005 Braden scale Likert 3 4 23 6 16 Braden & Bergstrom, 1994 5-7 11 Braden scale EPUAP 11 IRB 100-111 SPSS 18.0 for Windows chi-square one factor ANOVA tindependent sample t-test UMann-Whitney U test 30 92 66.54 ± 17.0664% 36%52% 48%46% 26% 60% ANOVA p >.05 28% 1 64%5.5 18.5 g/dl 11.46 ± 2.58 g/dl BMI 15.4
69 37.2 kg/m 2 BMI 24.1 ± 4.1 kg/m 2 0.9 4.3 g/dl 2.3 ± 0.6 g/dl APACHE II 2 37 17.1 ± 7.7 MAP 32 174 mmhg 102.1 ± 28.0 mmhg Braden scale 7 16 11.0 ± 2.1 p >.05 1112.2% 1 54.5% 6 2 36.4% 4 DTI 9.1% 1 7 23.3% 1 23 1 4 13.3% 3 11 2 N = 90 n = 30 n = 30 n = 30 n % n % n % χ 2 / F p M ± SD 63.17 ± 17.05 66.63 ± 18.02 69.83 ± 15.95 1.150.321 0.679.712 18 60.0 19 63.3 21 70.0 12 40.0 11 36.7 9 30.0 0.623.732 17 56.7 14 46.7 16 53.3 13 43.3 16 53.3 14 46.7 1.434.488 15 50.0 11 36.7 15 50.0 15 50.0 19 63.3 15 50.0 1.518.468 7 23.3 10 33.3 6 20.0 23 76.7 20 66.7 24 80.0 2.500.287 21 70.0 18 60.0 15 50.0 9 30.0 12 40.0 15 50.0 2.105.349 24 80.0 22 73.3 19 63.3 6 20.0 8 26.7 11 36.7 1 4 66.7 7 87.5 5 45.5 2 2 33.3 0 4 36.5 3 0 1 12.5 1 9.0 4 0 0 1 9.0 M ± SD 10.85 ± 2.65 11.54 ± 2.42 11.98 ± 2.62 1.489.231 BMI M ± SD 24.28 ± 4.45 24.71 ± 4.05 23.42 ± 3.86 0.759.471 M ± SD 2.25 ± 0.48 2.46 ± 0.60 2.22 ± 0.60 1.685.191 APACHE II M ± SD 15.93 ± 6.25 16.20 ± 8.67 19.07 ± 7.87 1.542.220 MAP M ± SD 101.13 ± 27.63 101.20 ± 27.61 103.97 ± 29.64 0.098.907 Braden scale M ± SD 10.97 ± 1.94 11.23 ± 1.89 10.73 ± 2.33 0.441.645 BMI: body mass index; APACHE II: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; MAP: mean arterial pressure
70 Wound Dressing and Pressure Ulcer Prevention N = 90 n = 30 n = 30 n = 30 n % n % n % n % 7 23.3 4 13.3 0 11 12.2 3 42.9 3 75.0 0 6 54.5 3 42.9 1 25.0 0 4 36.4 DTI 1 14.2 0 0 1 9.1 DTI: deep tissue injury N = 90 n = 11 n = 79 n % n % χ 2 / U p M ± SD 68.36 ± 19.05 66.29 ± 16.88 397.000.644 4.313.049* 4 36.4 54 68.4 7 63.6 25 31.6 5 45.5 6 54.5 42 53.2 37 46.8 0.230.752 0.427.748 4 36.4 37 46.8 7 63.6 42 53.2 0.358.722 2 18.2 21 26.6 9 81.8 58 73.4 4.988.045* 10 90.9 44 55.7 1 9.1 35 44.3 *p <.05. ㈠ 11 63.6%36.4% 45.5% 54.5% 36.4%90.9% 18.2% 38-89 68.4 ± 19.1 χ 2 = 4.313, p <.05 χ 2 = 4.988, p <.05 p >.05 ㈡ 54.5% 1 6.7 17.4 10.8 ± 3.0 g/dl BMI 16.6 32.6 kg/m 2 26.3 ±4.4 kg/m 2 1.2 2.9g/dl 2.2 ±.5 g/dl BMI U = 242.000, p <.05 p >.05APACHE II 11 28 19.5 ± 6.4 MAP 56 166 mmhg 98.2 ± 33.3 mmhg Braden scale 9 15 10.8 ± 1.8 p >.05
71 N = 90 n = 11 n = 79 n % n % χ 2 / U p 4.476.066 5 45.5 60 75.9 6 54.5 19 24.1 1 6 100.0 10 52.6 2 0 6 31.6 3 0 2 10.5 4 0 1 5.3 M ± SD 10.76 ± 3.00 11.55 ± 2.52 343.500.262 BMI M ± SD 26.32 ± 4.36 23.83 ± 4.02 242.000.018* M ± SD 2.15 ± 0.54 2.33 ± 0.57 352.000.309 APACHE II M ± SD 19.45 ± 6.36 16.73 ± 7.86 330.000.197 MAP M ± SD 98.18 ± 33.30 102.65 ± 27.41 378.000.486 Braden scale M ± SD 10.82 ± 1.83 11.01 ± 2.10 411.500.774 BMI: body mass index; APACHE II: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; MAP: mean arterial pressure; *p <.05. 11 205.8 ± 202.8 8.6 ± 8.5 202.0 ± 195.98.4 ± 8.2 153.8 ± 260.2 6.4 ± 10.8 t = 0.351, p =.734 Chaiken, 2012 polyurethane foam dressing silicon absorbent foam pad Ohura, Ichioka, Nakatsuka, & Shibata, 2005 p <.05 Lindgren et al., 2004; Pieper, Sugrue, Weiland, Sprague, & Heiman, 1998; Weststrate & Heule, 2001 6563.6% Stotts Wu 2007 6570% 2006 p <.05 BMI U = 242.000, p <.05 BMI Terekeci et al., 2009 Pieper et al., 1998
72 Wound Dressing and Pressure Ulcer Prevention 1 2009 Thomas, 2001 Thomas, 2001 APACHE MAP Braden scale MAP APACHE Pieper et al., 1998; Terekeci et al., 2009 2009 p <.05 1 2006 Lindgren et al., 2004; Pender & Frazier, 2005 ㈠ ㈡ ㈢ BMI APACHE Braden scale Braden scale 16 2005 1 2 79 87 [Yu, P. J., Lee, S. D., & Lin, S. H. (2005). Validity of assessment tools for risk factors of pressure ulcers in Taiwan. Taiwan Geriatrics & Gerontology, 1(2), 79 87.] 2006 17 1 11 21 [Chin, Y. F., Wu, W. L., Lin, S. C., & Chin, Y. P. (2006). Prevalence of pressure ulcers and associated factors among patients from a medical center. Chang Gung Nursing, 17(1), 11 21.] 2009 26 1 66 73 [Tai, J. F., Her, S. S., & Au, W. Y. (2009). The relationship between placement of decompression water cushion and prodromal pressure ulcers symptoms in the ICU-A case control study. VGH Nursing, 26(1), 66 73.] Agency for Health Care Research and Quality. (2011, October 19). Pressure ulcer in adults: Prediction and prevention.
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75 A Comparison of the Efficacy of Different Wound Dressing Management Techniques in Preventing Pressure Ulcers Wen-Yi Tsao 1 Shu-Fen Lo 2 Tomor Harmod 3 Ru-Ping Lee 4 * 1 MSN, RN, Assistant Head Nurse, Plasty Surgery Ward, Tzu Chi Hospital; 2 PhD, RN, Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, Tzu Chi College of Technology; 3 PhD, MD, Attending Surgeon, Department of Neurosurgeon, Tzu Chi Hospital; 4 PhD, RN, Professor, Department of Nursing, Tzu Chi University. Abstract Background: Although high-technology wound dressings are widely used in clinical care worldwide, no evidence or discussions have been published regarding the efficacy of these dressings in preventing pressure ulcers. Purpose: This study presents a repositioning of routine management combined with hydrocolloid dressing or foam dressing for pressure ulcer prevention. Method: We used a quasi-experimental design and recruited a convenience sample of 90 from a surgical intensive care unit (SICU) at a medical center in Hualien County, Taiwan. Participants were allocated randomly to one of three groups: repositioning of routine management, hydrocolloid dressing, and foam dressing. Study instruments included a pressure ulcer risk table (Braden scale) and the pressure ulcer classification system of the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. An independent sample t-test, ANOVA, and Mann-Whitney U test were used to verify research hypotheses. Results: The repositioning of routine management group had the highest pressure ulcer incidence rate, followed by the hydrocolloid-dressing group. The foam-dressing group recorded no pressure ulcers. Pressure ulcer occurrence grades were primarily level 1 and 2. There was no significance difference in pressure ulcer occurrence time between the repositioning of routine-management group and the hydrocolloid-dressing group. Finally, there were significant differences (p<.05) among gender, hypertension history, and BMI regardless of pressure ulcer incidences. Conclusion: It is recommended that patients in high-risk groups in clinical settings adopt strategies including repositioning and regular visual skin examinations. Also, hydrocolloid or foam dressings may be used as appropriate to prevent sacral pressure ulcers. Key Words: intensive care unit, prevention, pressure ulcer, hydrocolloid dressing, foam dressing. Accepted for publication: June 11, 2013 *Address correspondence to: Ru-Ping Lee, No. 701, Zhongyang Rd. Sec. 3, Hualien City 97004, Taiwan, ROC. Tel: +886 (3) 856-5301 ext. 2225; E-mail: fish@mail.tcu.edu.tw