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1 Unit 1 Text A Notes for Translation 9. E-C 1) Cultural Background Old English, Middle English and Modern English Old English refers to the language spoken in England from roughly 500 to 1100 AD. Old English is one of the Germanic languages derived from a prehistoric Common Germanic, which was originally spoken in southern Scandinavia and the northernmost parts of Germany. Old English is also known as Anglo-Saxon (from the names of two of the Germanic tribes that invaded England during the fifth century). Middle English refers to the dialects of the English language spoken in parts of the British Isles after the Norman Conquest until the late 15th century. During the Middle English period many Old English grammatical features were simplified or disappeared. Middle English also saw a mass adoption of Norman-French vocabulary, especially words related to politics, law, the arts, religion and other courtly language. Much of this adoption was due to the emulation of the French-speaking Normans occupiers of England at the time. Modern English (sometimes New English as opposed to Middle English and Old English) is the form of the English language spoken since the Great Vowel Shift in England, which began in the late 15th century and was completed in roughly William Shakespeare King James Bible With some differences in vocabulary, texts from the early 17th century, such as the works of William Shakespeare and the King James Bible, are considered to be in Modern English, or more

2 specifically, are referred to as using Early Modern English or Elizabethan English. Germanic Invasion A Germanic Warrior Here it refers to the invasion and settlement of the Anglo, the Saxons, and Jutes people one after another in England after the withdrawal of the Romans. The British Isles To the west and off the European Continent, there are thousands of islands on the continental shelf.they are generally called the British Isles.Of all these isles, the largest one is called Great Britain.For convenience s sake, it is often shortened to Britain. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is made up of Great Britain, Northern Ireland, and a number of smaller islands around them.the total area of the country is some square kilometers with a population of about 57 million. 2) Language work invasion:an entry into an area not previously occupied Eg: The invasion of tourists brought life to the summer resort. contribute to: to be one of the factors that causes something Eg: How much did fiscal tightening contribute to Japan's steep recession of 1998? The English language started with the invasion of Britain by three Germanic tribes during the 5th century AD, and they contributed greatly to the formation of the English language. English as a language came into being as early as the 5 th century AD, when three Germanic tribes invaded England. And these tribes dialects were the origin of the English language. medieval:relating or belonging to the Middle Ages; old fashioned and unenlightened Eg: Medieval people believed that souls wandered out of Purgatory, haunting their enemies and

3 pleading for release. colonization:the act or process of establishing a colony Eg: English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in due to: because of, owing to Eg: The traffic diversion was due to an accident on the mainroad. 3) Translation Skills 定冠词 the 的翻译英语中的定冠词用法比较复杂, 翻译方式多变, 作用却十分重要, 而且汉语中没有定冠词这一概念, 因此要想熟练地掌握英语中的定冠词并翻好它十分不容易一般来说, 定冠词的翻译主要有以下两种情况 1. 省略译法由于定冠词在汉语中没有对应词, 因而在其不特指的情况下大部分都无需翻译, 根据句与句, 词与词之间的关系即可判断出定冠词的意义本单元翻译练习中的定冠词都可以采用这种情况 (1) 专有名词前的定冠词不用翻译例如 :the early 17th century 17 世纪早期 the British Isles 英伦诸岛 (2) 所冠名词之后另有修饰语, 不用翻译定冠词, 但需要把修饰语前置翻译例如 :the processes of European exploration and colonization 欧洲探险和殖民的进程 2. 对等译法 (1) 虽然汉语中没有定冠词, 但是英语中许多指示定冠词都承载了词汇意义, 因而有必要对指示定冠词采取对等译法, 即在符合汉语习惯的前提下, 将这些定冠词置换为汉语的指示代词例如 :the book you borrowed yesterday 昨天你借的那本书 (2) 在 the + 名词表强调的结构中,the 的词汇意义为恰恰是, 最典型的等等, 需要在汉语中选取合适的词语置换出来例如 :This is the very person we need. 这正是我们需要的人 10. C-E 1) Cultural Background 中国书法中国书法一般特指中文汉字的书写艺术中国书法是以中国文化为内涵以汉字为基础的独特视觉艺术汉字是中国书法中的重要因素, 汉字和中国书法是中国文化的重要组成部分从甲骨文石鼓文金文 ( 钟鼎文 ) 演变而为大篆小篆隶书, 至定型于东汉魏晋的草书楷书行书等, 一直散发着艺术的魅力

4 兰亭序中国书法的特点是 : 一笔一画一字一文的有机组合, 浑然天成, 错落有致, 或刚或柔, 常常被认为代表书写者的一种意境而独成一家, 对后世影响深远, 或似刀剑锋芒毕露, 或似美玉圆润柔美, 形如刀砍斧凿行云流水, 不一而足字如其人这句话的意思是说书法是人的心理描绘, 是以线条来表达和抒发作者情感心绪变化的字如其人, 其实最早源于西汉文学家扬雄讲的一句名言 : 书心画也意谓人与字, 字与人, 二而一, 一而二, 如鱼水相融, 见字如见人 2)Language Work 中国书法的形成发展与汉文字的产生与演进存在着着密不可分的关系将这句话翻译成英语, 不能原封不动地把原句中的形成发展产生演进相对应的英语动词照搬过来这些词语在译文中将分别扮演主语和宾语的角色, 因而要选择它们的名词形式, 才能保证句子既达意又规范 The formation and development of Chinese calligraphy is closely related to the emergence and evolution of Chinese characters. 书法能够通过作品把书法家的个人生活感受修养学术个性等折射出来, 所以, 通常有字如其人的说法这个句子从语义上来说分为原因和结果两部分, 即前半句导致了后面字如其人这个说法所以在处理句子结构的过程中, 不宜拆为两个单句, 而是应该按原文的结构, 并为一个表因果关系的长句子把握住这个要点, 在翻译的过程可以根据所选择的连接词适当发挥, 将两部分处理为主从句关系或是并列句关系参考译文是则用连词 thus 引导了一个并列句 : Calligraphic works well reflect calligraphers personal feelings, knowledge, self-cultivation, personality, and so forth, thus there is an expression that seeing the calligrapher s handwriting is like seeing the person. 3) Translation Skill 词类转换之动词转译为名词

5 汉语和英语在词汇方面有词义词的搭配能力和词序上的不同 ; 在句法方面也有句子结构句序和表达手段上的一些差异因此, 翻译过程中需要转换汉语的词性, 调整句子结构以适应英语的表达习惯汉英两种语言相比较起来, 汉语中动词用得较多, 更为随意, 经常出现几个动词或从此结构连用的情况而英语的句法结构更严谨, 句中只用一个谓语动词所以在汉译英的过程中, 要将一些汉语动词转译为英语名词, 才更符合英语的表达习惯 1. 将汉语动词转译成英语中这类动词的派生名词或具有动作意味的名词本练习中, 汉语原文中很多次出现了动词或动词结构连用的现象如中国书法的形成发展与汉文字的产生与演进存在着着密不可分的关系这句话中出现五个动词, 但是在翻译的时候只能取一个存在作为译文中的谓语动词, 其余四个动词形成发展产生演进则分别译为英语中的相应派生名词 : formation development emergence evolution 这一翻译技巧使用十分广泛例 : 不自由, 毋宁死 Give me liberty or give me death. 回想起这些事情, 给他的生活增添了乐趣 The remembrance of these will add zest to his life. 2. 将汉语动词转译成英语动名词鉴于英语中动名词这一语法现象的普遍存在, 将汉语动词转译成英语动名词是一种很简便的方法例 : 汉字在漫长的演变发展的过程中, 一方面起着交流思想继承文化的重要作用, In this long evolutionary process, Chinese characters have not only played an important role in exchanging ideas and transmitting culture 来自练习中的这个句子的一部分被译成 play a role in doing 的结构其中起着重要作用这个短语被翻译成了英文中的谓语动词, 交流思想继承文化两个动词短语则成了英文中的宾语主次分明, 结构清晰 3. 某些汉语动词可以转译为中心词为名词的英语习语汉语中的一些动词, 在英语中可以被译为中心词是名词的英语习语常见的有 have a look, have a try, have a rest, take care of, pay attention to 等等

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