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1 法国欧密斯集团 OPTIMAL FERTILITY AND PROLIFICACY IN SOWS 如何提高母猪繁殖力及生产性能 Michel Guillaume ( 法 ) 法国欧密斯北京分公司卢楠译

2 世界 10 大猪肉生产大国 : x 1000 吨 世界养猪量排名前十国 中国欧盟 27 国美国巴西俄罗斯越南加拿大菲律宾日本墨西哥 2

3 Number of piglets weaned per productive sow and per year over the last 10 years 法国过去 10 年的 PSY 变化

4 Evolution of total born piglets, born alive and weaned piglets/ litter 过去 10 年产仔窝数 存活和断奶仔猪数的对比 Total born Born alive Weaned/litter 4

5 The downward syndrome of the second parity 第二胎产仔数下降现象 产仔数 16 Performances by parity ( litters) Total born Live born Weaned/litter 总产仔数 总产活仔数 and + Parity 胎次 Syndrome of the second parity 在第二胎表现明显 A miss of 1 piglet (total-born) within the 2nd parity (identical to the 1st parity) 在第二胎 ( 总产活仔中 ) 少 1 头 ( 和第一胎完全一致 ) Aveltis 2014

6 Prolificacy in the 2nd parity according to the number of weaned piglets within the 1st parity 第 2 胎产仔数与第 1 胎对比 Total born in 2 nd parity Weaned at 21d no return Weaned at 21d then return Weaned at 28d no return Weaned at 28d then return Total born in 1 st parity In situation of return and longer interval weaning to estrus, prolificacy is improved in the 2 nd parity and numbers are higher at weaning at 21 days. 21 天断奶至发情的天数越长, 第 2 胎的产仔数越多 Weaning at 28 days, prolificacy at 2 nd parity is better than weaning at 21 days 28 天断奶, 比 21 天断奶的第二胎产仔数多

7 Evolution of litter size in Brittany (France) for the last 25 years 法国布列塔尼地区过去 25 年的窝产仔数的变化 Total born/ Litter 每窝总产仔数 Source IFIP GTTT ( ) 法国养猪研究院 2014 年数据 7

8 1st consequence 导致的第一结果 An increase in percentage of losses for the last 25 years in France 在过去的 25 年中死亡率增高 % Mortality/ Total born + 10% Year Source IFIP GTTT ( ) 法国养猪研究院 2012 年数据 8

9 Europe The challenges of swine productions 欧洲猪产业挑战 : A substantial reduction of mortality in the maternity houses 减少哺乳期仔猪死亡率

10 The challenges of pig production in Asia 亚洲猪产业挑战 A crucial lack of productivity: Due to a low prolificacy and a high mortality 由于繁殖力低, 死亡率高造成的生产力低下 10

11 Definitions Prolificacy Productivity 定义 繁殖性能 生产力 Prolificacy = a genetic trait and an ability for a sow to produce a number of offspring in adequacy with its number of udders and teat and its milking capacities 繁殖性能 = 一种育种特性及母猪能够通过其乳房 乳头 泌乳能力提供足够的幼仔的能力 Hyper prolificacy = a genetic trait characterising the capacity of a sow to give birth to a number of piglets superior to its number of teats and udders (I.e = piglets...) 超级繁殖力 = 母猪能够提供超过其乳头数量的仔猪 (15 17 头仔猪 ) Productivity at weaning = number of piglets weaned per sow per annum 离乳生产力 = 母猪年提供断奶仔猪头数 Total productivity = number of porkers sold/sow/annum. 总生产力 = 母猪年提供上市商品猪头数 Productivity = Prolificacy - Mortality Number of sows 生产力 = 繁殖性力 死亡率 母猪头数 11

12 Definitions Prolificacy Productivity 定义 繁殖性能 生产力 Prolificacy is the true criteria of the economical efficiency in pig production 繁殖力是养猪生产重要的经济指标 Prolificacy is the true criteria of zootechnical performances and managerial competences. 繁殖力是动物表现及管理能力上的重要指标 The depreciation of the sow s fixed cost is dependent upon the number of porkers sold/sow/annum 对母猪固定成本的描述取决于母猪年提供上市商品猪数量 12

13 Benefits of hyper-prolificacy 超级繁殖力的收益 Number of pigs sold/sow/annum 母猪年提供上市商品猪头数 Number of productive sows 经产母猪存栏头数 Number of porkers sold 总计上市商品猪头数 Volume of slurry/sow/annum 母猪年产生粪污数量 m m m m 3 13

14 Factors Influencing Prolificacy 影响母猪繁殖力的因素 14

15 Factors Influencing Prolificacy 影响母猪繁殖力的因素 Genetic traits 品种特性 The housing conditions 猪舍条件 The preparation of the gilts to reproduction 后备母猪的管理 The sow body condition 母猪体况 The nutrition of gilts and sows and its management 后备及经产母猪的营养管理 The effectiveness of artificial insemination 人工授精的效率 Sows and boars health 母猪及公猪健康 15

16 Genetic Traits and Hyper-prolificacy 品种特性及高繁殖力 Prolificacy : physiological parameters 繁殖力 : 生理特性 ovulation rate 排卵率 Fecondation (rate 100% in pig) 受胎率 ( 猪达到 100%) embryonic development 胚胎发育 Limiting factors of prolificacy: 受限因素 ovulation rate 排卵率 embryonic and fetal mortality 胚胎及胎儿的死亡

17 Introduction of Native Chinese Breeds 中国土猪进入欧洲的历史 First survey by INRA in 1980 在 1980 年经过法国农科院考察 Chinese breed : Meishan, Jiaxing, : fertility, prolificacy, maternal behaviour 中国眉山 嘉兴的高繁殖性能 Sow LW H x Meishan: 长白 x 眉山 prolificacy higher production criteria around 1985 : selection of sino-european lines by Pen Ar Lan company to improve: growth, body composition and prolificacy 1985 年由法国 Pen Ar Lan 育种公司在一项中法合作项目下被引入法国, 以提高生长速度 机体构成及繁殖力 17

18 Tia Meslan line Pen Ar Lan Pen Ar Lan 育种公司 Meslan 品系的历史 Naveau

19 The Naïma line from Pen Ar Lan company Pen Ar Lan 育种公司 奶妈 品系 First sino-european sow commercialised (1994) 第一个中欧育种的母猪品系在 1994 年上市 LW H or LF H or Tia Meslan or Gallia 9000 sows 9000 头母系原种群体 or Redone 25% chinese genes 1500 sows 25% 中国猪基因,1500 头母系原种群体 Naïma 奶妈种猪 12.5% chinese genes 5735 sows 12.5% 中国猪基因,5735 头种群

20 Tai Zumu line Gene + 基因加育种公司 太祖母 品系 Meishan or Jiaxing LW H G1 G1 G2 G2 G3 etc G7 Tai-zumu 太祖母 ( 第七代 ) 50% chinese gene 50% 中国猪基因 20

21 Youna - schema Gene + 基因加育种公司 Youna 品系 Since 2004 自 2004 年 Tai Zumu 太祖母 LF H Youli 25% chinese genes 25% 中国猪基因 LW H Youna 12.5% chinese genes 12.5% 中国猪基因 21

22 Naïma vs Youna 两个品系的技术表现 Weaned/ productive sow/year 经产母猪年提供断奶仔猪头数 Total born/litter 每窝总产仔数 Born alive/litter 每窝产活仔数 Weaned / litter 窝断奶仔猪头数 Interval weaning to pregnancy 断奶至受孕所需时间 1/3 sup Naïma 奶妈品系全法最优异的 1/3 1/3 sup. Youna Youna 品系全法最优异的 1/3 National mean 全国品均水平 ,5 28, ,8 14, ,7 13, ,0 11, ,3 8,9 IFIP 法国养猪研究院 22

23 Prolificacy in sow 母猪繁殖力 Technical results SCEA DES AJONC 某商品猪场生产表现实例 Weaned/ productive sow/year 经产母猪年断奶仔猪头数 Total born/litter 窝总产仔数 Stillborn/ litter 窝产活仔数 Weaned per litter 窝断奶仔猪数 Age at weaning 断奶日龄 Interval weaning-insemination 断奶至配种间隔时间 Weaned litter/culling sow 淘汰母猪平均胎次 days 5 days 5.6 Youna Naima 23 23

24 Number of piglets weaned per productive sow and per year over the last 10 years in Brittany 过去 10 年法国西部地区间能繁母猪断奶仔猪头数 Average PSY in 2015:

25 Evolution of total-born piglets, born-alive and weaned piglets for the last 10 years in Brittany 过去 10 年间法国布列塔尼地区总产仔数 出生活仔数及断奶仔猪头数的变化 总产仔数 出生活仔 Total born Live born Weaned 断奶仔猪 The impact of the hyper-prolific trait remains stable since 2011 自 2011 年后高繁殖性能保持稳定 25

26 While progresses in genetics have resulted in Europe in an higher prolificacy and productivity, this has not been the case in Asia 虽然在欧洲的育种进展成就了高繁殖性能, 但在亚洲地区确没有做到 Genetic potentials have not been yet fully translated in improved achievements in prolificacy in Asia. 高产品种的潜能并没有在繁殖力上得以充分发挥 26

27 THE HOUSING CONDITIONS 猪舍条件

28 The Housing Condition 猪舍条件 Pig are animals not adapted to hot and humid weather conditions (not any specific breed) 现代猪种不适于在炎热 高湿的环境中饲养 Contrary to human, swine do not possess sudoriparous glands and can not sweat to combat heat. Swine use their blood and direct their blood flow to buffer heat and temperature. 有别于人类, 猪不具备汗腺用于排热 猪利用血液流通缓解热量及温度 As they direct the blood flow to the peripheral tissues they deprive the uterus and the udders from adequate supplies to sustain survival implantation and growth of the fetuses as well as milk production 由于所需的血液流至周围组织, 造成用于受精卵着床 胎儿发育及泌乳等所需要的营养物质流失 Boar semen productivity and quality is affected by exposure to hot 热的环境也影响公猪精液的质量与数量 Water supplies to pigs are of fundamental importance (#30 litres/day). 猪对水的需求非常重要 (30 升 / 天 ) No water no milk. No water no piglets 没有水 = 没有奶 ; 没有水 = 没有仔猪

29 The effect of humidity on swine performance High humidity on its own does not have a negative effect on swine performance. 湿度高本身不会对猪产生负面影响 Combined with high temperature high humidity enhances the negative effects of the high temperature 而结合高温, 高湿会造成高温所产生负作用 The higher the humidity in the air the less effective is the process of evaporative cooling (less moisture can evaporate into humid air than dry air) 湿度越高, 水帘降温效果越差 ( 湿度越大水分约难以挥发 ) When the relative humidity is higher, the pig will feel the effects of heat stress at a lower temperature than when the air is dryer. 相对湿度高时, 即使环境温度并不高, 猪也会产生热应激 A t > 30 0 C, an increase of 18% of relative humidity is equivalent to a rise of > 1 0 C in air temperature. 在温度高于 30 C 时, 湿度每增加 18%, 相当于温度提升 1 C i.e. t= 28 0 C + relative humidity 80% 例如 :28 C + 相对湿度 80% = 30 C effective t = 30 0 C

30 TEMPERATURE AND BLOOD FLOW IN SOWS 猪的体温与血液流动 Udders 乳房 Uterus 子宫 13 to 23 o C Thermic neutrality 热传导平衡 Good blood irrigation of udders and uterus endometre 乳房组织和子宫内膜血流良好 25 to 33 o C Hot temperature = re-direction of blood flow High temperatures > 27 o C impact >27 o C 影响血液热传导 Feed intake 采食量 Fetuses implantation (small litters) 胚胎着床 Fetuses development (un-homogenous weight in piglets at birth) 胚胎发育不均匀 ( 出生仔猪均匀度差 ) Milk production 泌乳量 Milk quality (lipid A toxins diarrhea) 奶水质量 ( 内毒 素 仔猪腹泻 )

31 TEMPERATURE AND BLOOD FLOW IN SOWS 猪的体温与血液流动 Water in Colon 大肠中的水分 Constipation 便秘 Production of lipid a toxin (dead bacteria envelopes) 大肠中细菌死亡后, 细胞壁产生内毒素 Migration in the blood 内毒素进入血液 Migration in the udder 进入乳腺 Milk contamination 进入奶水 Piglet intoxication 仔猪中毒 Vomiting, diarrhea in piglets 仔猪呕吐 腹泻

32 Optimum temperatures for housed swine of all ages 不同阶段猪的理想温度 Animal 不同阶段 Optimum Temperature, C 理想温度 Desirable Limits, C 满意温度范围 Litter newborn 新生仔猪 Young pigs (2-5 kg) 仔猪 Young pigs (5-20 kg) 仔猪 Growing pigs (20-55 kg) 育成 Finishing pigs ( kg) 育肥 Gestating sows 怀孕母猪 Lactating sows 哺乳母猪 Boars 公猪 Temperature remaining above 27 0 C for more than 2 to 4 days conjugated with high hygroscopy (+85%) induce substantial losses in performance and reproductive efficiency. 母猪在 27 C, 湿度 85% 的环境下连续 2-4 天即会影响生产及繁殖效率

33 Effects of heat stress 热应激的影响 In general pigs minimize the effects of heat stress by three major methods: 猪降低热应激的三种方法 1. Increased heat dissipation 加强散热 2. Reduction in heat production 减少热量产生 3. Increased respiration rate (Panting) Alkalization of urine 加强呼吸频率 碱化尿液 Increased heat dissipation 加强散热 = 趴在地面, 增加体表接触地面的面积 = Sprawling out (Increased body surface in contact with the floor) Reduction in heat production = reduced feed intake 减少热量产生 = 减少采食 Voluntary feed intake is an effort to lower the heat increment of feeding and thereby decrease the amount of heat to be dissipated in the environment. 自由采食是减少热量增加的方法 Increased respiration rate = panting 加强呼吸频率 = 喘气 The increase in respiration rate will increase the amount of air going in and out of the lungs. This increase in air flow increases the evaporation of water from the lungs. Pigs cooled themselves. 喘气频率的增加, 加大了舌头接触空气的频率, 以让更多的水分得以蒸发

34 Effects of heat stress 热应激的影响 A reduction of feed intake results in reduced growth and in a reduction in milk production. 采食量降低导致生长速度受影响, 也造成泌乳减少 Furthermore panting affects blood ph 喘气导致血液 ph 值升高 Reduced acidity of the urine = sensibility to bacterial contamination = M.M.A syndrome of the dietary electrolytic balance adaptation. 导致尿液酸度降低, 对细菌更为敏感, 造成体内电解质失衡, 及子宫炎 乳房炎 无乳综合症 (MMA) 的症状 34

35 Effects of temperatures on reproductive performances in sows 温度对母猪繁殖性能的影响 Heat stress produces detrimental effects on efficient swine reproduction 热应激对母猪繁殖性能有决定性的影响 In the sow, temperatures higher than 27 0 C induce 母猪温度高于 27 C 会 : Delay in the occurrence of oestrus 延迟发生周期 Reduced conception rate 减低受孕率 Increased embryonic death 增加胚胎死亡的机率 Heat stress during embryonic implantation (first 13 days post-mating) can reduce embryonic survival by 30 to 40% (Curtis, 1981). 热应激可导致胚胎着床 ( 断奶后 13 天 ) 胚胎死亡率 30-40% Heat stress during the last few weeks before farrowing can result in a higher number of stillbirths. 在母猪产前几周, 热应激可导致死胎机率上升 Surprisingly sows are rather tolerant to heat stress during mid-gestation (14 to 90 days). 母猪在怀孕中期 (14-90 天 ) 抗应激能力较强

36 Effects of temperatures on reproductive performances in sows 温度对母猪繁殖性能的影响 Item C 30 C 33 C No. of sows 母猪数量 No. in oestrus 发情数量 No. in anoestrus 未发情数量 No. returning to oestrus 返情数量 No. of sows that conceived 怀孕母猪头数 Conception rate, % 受孕率 % a From Serres (1992). 36

37 Effect of farrowing house temperatures 产房温度对母猪的影响 Item 18 C 25 C 30 C Litter weaning wt, kg 断奶窝重 63 b 61 b 53 c Weaning number 断奶仔猪头数 Pig weaning wt, kg 断奶体重 7.8 b 6.9 c 6.4 c Mortality, % 死亡率 % 20 b 12 c 19 b Sow feed intake, kg/d 采食量 ( 公斤 / 天 ) 6.5 b 6.1 b 4.2 c Sow wt change, kg/lactation 哺乳期母猪体重变化 -3.1 b -7.9 b c a Stansbury et al. (1987). 29 or 30 litters per treatment. b,c Means in the same row with different superscripts differ (P<0.05) 37

38 Effect of farrowing house temperatures 产房温度对母猪的影响 In lactating sows temperatures above 25 0 C have been observed to result in: 哺乳母猪在温度 25 C 以上时会导致 : Decrease appetite 食欲降低 Reduced feed intake 采食量下降 Decrease milk production 奶水减少 Increase in sow weight losses 增加体重流失 Reduced condition 体况变差 Difficult re-breeding 再次繁育困难加大 Reduced conception rates 降低受孕率 38

39 Quantite Feed de quantity l'aliment in (kg) Effect of farrowing house temperature on sow s feed consumption 产房温度对哺乳母猪采食量的影响 3.5 Effêt de la température L4769 采食量 kg L5929 L6353 L4898 L2914 L6022 L7270 L Temperature La température in o C ( o 温度 C) L6553 L

40 Effect of farrowing house temperature on sow s reproductive functions 产房温度对哺乳母猪繁殖的影响 Pregnant sows exposed to heat stress during the late gestation period, farrow fewer liveborn and more stillborn piglets than sows kept at a comfortable temperature < 27 0 C. 和 27 C 以下相比母猪产活仔数下降, 死胎率增高 The smallest litter sizes can often be found during the rainy season for sows that conceived during the hot season while the highest litter sizes were found during the hot season was highest in the winter season for sows that conceived during the winter season. 在夏季常出现带仔数少的母猪, 相反冬季会好些 40

41 Effects of humidity on sows reproductive performance 湿度对母猪繁殖性能的影响 The mechanism behind the negative effects of humidity might be due to discomfort and heat stress in sows 湿度对母猪的影响机理体现在舒适度和热应激上 At temperatures above 31 C, a 10% increase in relative humidity is equivalent to a 1 C increase in air temperature in term of thermal-humidity index (THI) (Steadman 1979). 在 31 C 以上的温度下, 湿度每增加 10% 等于增加 1 C 的空气温度 Heat stress can negatively affect follicular growth resulting in decreased number of eggs being ovulated and/ or increased early embryonic death (Tompkins, Heindenreich and Stob, Omtvedt et al.,) 热应激可影响母猪排卵数量, 卵泡发育或增加早期胚胎死亡的机率 41

42 Effect of humidity and temperature on sow s reproductive functions 温度与湿度对母猪繁殖的影响 The negative influences of high seasonal temperatures on pig reproduction are mainly characterized by: 季节性高温对母猪繁殖性能主要表现在 : Delayed puberty in gilts 后备母猪成熟期滞后 Prolonged weaning to oestrus intervals in sows 母猪断奶至发情间隔延长 Reduced farrowing rate 分娩率降低 Lower litter size at birth stillbirths 出生活仔数减少 Reduced ejaculate volume in boars 减少公猪精液的数量 Morphological defects in sperm 精子质量受损 These negative influences are even worsened by the photoperiod acting on reproductive hormones via melatonin profiles. 在高温状况下, 如光照时间不足, 体内激素平衡会被打乱, 影响更为严重 42

43 Effect of humidity and temperature on sow s reproductive functions 温度与湿度对母猪繁殖的影响 Temperature has a significant negative effect on the ejaculate volume and on the TSP (total sperm per ejaculate) in conventional open air system as well as in evaporative cooling system. 温度对精子生成量影响至关重要 天气炎热时建议使用喷雾降温 Temperature has a significant negative effect on sperm head abnormalities and proximal cytoplasmic droplets (prox.). Humidity has a significant negative effect on prox in the E.V.A.P system. 高温也会导致精子头部畸形及对颈部脂滴幼稚型精子比例产生负面影响 43

44 Heat stress and fertility performance in boars 热应激对公猪性能的影响 Boar s fertility is adversely affected by heat stress Temperatures over 29 0 C have shown detrimental effects on 当温度高于 29 C 会明显影响于 : Sperm production 精液产生 Sperm quality 精液质量 These effects being carried on for 4 to 6 weeks after the heat stress period (this delayed return to normal can be explained by the fact that it takes 6 weeks for sperm production and maturation in the testes and epididymis. 在热应激发生会持续 4-6 周出现上述负面影响 如果需要恢复, 也要 6 周的延迟 44

45 Effect of heat stress on boar fertility 热应激对公猪的影响 日正常精子数量 热应激出现 45

46 Methods to minimize heat stress in swine 降低热应激的方法 Adequate floor space 适合的地面空间 Shading 隔热 Adequate insulation 适合的隔热材料 Adequate roof insulation 必要的房顶隔热 Adequate ventilation 合理的通风 Evaporative cooling 蒸发冷却装置 Water supplies 充足的饮水 Water brumisation 雾化喷淋 Wet skin cooling Water drip cooling 水喷淋 Nutritional adjustment 通过营养调节 46

47 Methods to minimize heat stress in swine 降低热应激的方法 Shading 隔热 Coating of the roof with special sun and heat absorbative paint with high reflective surfaces. These can cut the radiant heat load from the sun by as much as 40%. 在房顶使用能吸水热能的漆, 并具备高太阳辐射反射的能力 这可以降低 40% 的太阳辐射 Application of straw or coconut leaves on roofs have high insulation value and a high reflective surface. 在房顶使用麦秸 椰树叶也具有强隔热效果 47

48 Methods to minimize heat stress in swine 降低热应激的方法 Swine must have access to large quantities of water during periods of high environmental temperatures 在温度升高后猪也需要大量的饮水 Much of the water is needed for evaporative heat loss via respiration to help the pig to cool off. 猪饮水后大部分通过呼吸被挥发, 以降低自身体温 13 0 C< Clean fresh water < 20 0 C 适宜的饮水温度在 C Swine water requirement in typical tropical weather conditions 在炎热季节猪饮水的需求 Physiological status and age status 不同阶段 Lactating sows 哺乳母猪 Piglets days 日龄仔猪 Weaners 7-25 kg 7-25 公斤仔猪 Growers 25-55kg 公斤生长阶段 Finishers kg 公斤育肥 Gestation sow 怀孕母猪 Volume of water/ head/ day 每天所需的饮水量 32 L + 40 L 500 ml 1 L # 5 L L 20 L 24 L

49 Methods to minimize heat stress in swine 降低热应激的方法平均 30 C, 湿度 45% 每 10 分钟喷淋 3 分钟 Effect of water-drip cooling on sow and litter performance during warm weather a 炎热季节母猪滴水式降温 Item 项目 Control 对照组冷却水滴 Water-drip Cooled b Daily sow feed intake, kg 母猪日采食量 5.0 c 6.6 d Sow wt. change, kg/lactation 哺乳期体重流失 c -9.2 d Respiratory rate, breaths/min 每分钟呼吸次数 79 c 42 d No. of pigs born alive 出生活仔数 No. of pigs weaned 断奶仔猪头数 Avg pig weaning wt., kg 平均断奶体重 Litter weaning wt., kg 窝总体重 55.0 c 60.3 d Pre-weaning mortality, % 哺乳期死亡率 a McGlone et al. (1998). Twenty-two or 32 sows and litters per treatment. Average temperature was 30 C and average relative humidity was 45%. b Drip on for 3 minutes each 10 minutes. c,d Differ significantly (P<0.05). 49

50 Methods to minimize heat stress in swine 降低热应激的方法 Nutritional adjustments 营养调节 Since pigs tend to decrease their feed intake at high environmental temperatures, a more nutrient dense diet will help to minimize production losses due to the high temperatures. 因高温造成猪采食量降低, 可用过高浓度营养日粮弥补 Incorporation of fat will increase energy density and help maintain energy intake during times of high temperatures 通过油脂提高能量 Fat contains much more energy (calories) per unit of weight than carbohydrates (starch and sugar) and more easily digested. Energy increase must be balanced by protein increase to prevent nutritional imbalances and deficiencies. 油脂的能量指标远高于碳水化合物 ( 淀粉 糖 ) 且更容易消化 能量的增加必须增加蛋白质, 以防止营养失衡 Fibrous feed for pig diets should be minimized during times of heat stress. Fibrous feed produce more heat when they are digested than fat which produces little heat. 纤维在热应激出现时必须降低 纤维在被消化时比油脂会产生更多热量 50

51 What is a stray voltage? 什么事杂散电压? Stray voltage is a small voltage (less than 10V) that can be measured between two possible contact points. 杂散电压是一种小于 10 伏的低压电 Stray voltage is any voltage that appears in metal work, stanchions, pipes, conduits... 在牲畜和金属物质接触时产生, 例如牛颈夹 饮水器 料线等 Stray voltage induces a electrical current flow through the animal 杂散电压诱导电流流过动物

52 Causes 杂散电压产生原因 Stray voltage can be caused by either the electrical equipment or the on farm wiring or both 杂散电压可由电气设备或线路造成 Stray voltage (neutral-to-earth voltage) is often due to a faulty connection between the electrical circuit and the earth if there is a connection to the earth. 如果有一端接地, 杂散电压 ( 中性至接地电压 ) 通常是由于电路和接地之间有故障的连接 It is usually caused by the electrical current trying to get back to the transformer by the easiest route. 它通常是由电流试图通过最简单的路线返回变压器 52

53 Source of stray voltage 杂散电压的来源 Defective electrical wiring on the farm 农场有缺陷的电线 Proximity of power lines (high tension power line) 靠近高压电线 Equipment not linked to the ground (feeders- drinkers) 食槽 饮水器等装置没有连接到地面 The metallic building frame 金属建筑框架 Thunderstorms lightnight blots 雷雨 闪电电击 53

54 Resistance in animals 动物耐受力 Corporal resistance 机体耐受程度 kω = 1 千欧 Appleman and Gustafson (1985), Halvorson et al (1989), Robert et al (1993), Vidali et al (1995) 54

55 Body resistance in swine 猪对电流耐受力 Corporal resistance (Ω) 机体耐受程度 Dry ground 地面干燥 Experimentation in swine of fattening 对育肥猪进行的试验 Wet ground 地面潮湿 Age (weeks) 周龄 55

56 Factors of resistance variations in animals The resistance of animal to electricity depends on: 动物对电的耐受度取决于 Weight 潮湿 Point of contact to the animal 与其它动物的接触点 Stage of development ( sows and porkers are very sensitive) 不同阶段 ( 母猪与大猪非常敏感 ) Environmental conditions: 环境条件 Humidity of the floor 地面湿度 Conductivity of the floor (steel wire reinforced concrete) ( 钢筋混凝土 ) 地面的导电率 56

57 Effects 结果 Physiological responses 生理反应 Cardiac rhythm: 心律 : Lefcourt et al (1985,1986) Rhythm (beat/minute) 心率 ( 跳动 / 分钟 ) Relative increase (%) 相对增加百分比 (%) The release of stress hormones produced by contact with painful stimuli (catecholamine and cortisol) 通过疼痛的刺激产生的应激激素 ( 儿茶酚胺激素和皮质醇 ) 57

58 Effects 结果 Reduced water intake (reduced access to watering devices) 饮水量降低 ( 减少接触饮水器 ) Reduced feed intake (reduced access to feeding devices or feeding locations) 采食量降低 ( 畏惧接触料槽或采食区域 ) Difficulty of moving or handling animals in areas of stray voltage 在杂散电流出现的区域难以驱赶 控制猪群 58

59 Effects 结果 Swine 母猪 Ear and tail biting within the piglets/ fights / cannibalisme (sows) 咬耳 咬尾 ( 母猪同类相食性 ) Increased occurrences of mastitis within the herd 增加乳房炎的发生 Frequent problems with scours within the baby pigs 幼小仔猪易出现腹泻 Increased death loss within piglets 仔猪死亡率高 More aggressiveness within the sows; reluctance to use watering devices (especially nipple units); decreased weight gains 母猪间攻击性加强 ; 不情愿接触饮水装置 ( 特别是乳头式饮水器 ) 59

60 However! 然而! PSB experience 1997 BZH Brittany( 试验结果 ) After renovation of gestating unit 在更新怀孕母猪栏舍后 Reduced pregnancy rate from 85% to 72% (to 50%) 受孕率自 85% 降至 50% Loss of retention gestation at 10 weeks (at 4 weeks = pregnant; at 10 week = barrow) Decycled sows Actions 举措 Parvovirus 细小病毒 = vaccination = no result 无效 SDRP 猪繁殖与呼吸综合征 (PRRS) - Aujesky 伪狂犬 - leptospirosis 钩端螺旋体病 = no result 无效 Mycotoxins screening and prevention 霉菌毒素防控 = no result 无效 Action = copper wiring of all structure and linkage to the ground 做法 : 将猪舍所有装置用铜线连地 9 months of investigation and trials 9 个月的试验 Result = pregnancy rate restored from 65 to 80%, 84, 86 sand 90.1% 结果 : 受孕率自 65% 逐渐升至 90.1%, 并保持稳定 over 12 groups of sows (36 weeks) 12 批母猪持续 36 周测试

61 Housing condition 猪舍条件 Solid partition between pens 猪栏之间应用固体隔离 Prevention of transmission of diseases (snout to snout contacts) 防止不同栏之间的猪口鼻直接接触, 防止疫病扩散 Possibilities of sanitation (disinfection) of the pens 不同的消毒方法 Piglets nest (regulation of piglets thermic neutrality) 保温箱 ( 控制仔猪热中性区 ) 61

62 The Preparation of Gilts for Reproduction 后备母猪的管理与繁殖性能 62

63 Reproduction in Gilts 后备母猪的繁殖性能 The role of gilts and their contribution is essential in overall productivity. Indeed performance in fertility and prolificacy in gilts are often lower than the one obtained with multiparious sows. 后备母猪扮演的角色及其贡献度是其一生中重要的 通常初产母猪的繁殖力比经产母猪略低 Furthermore the career of the sow as much as for its productivity than its longevity is directly dependent upon the management of the gilt from its arrival in the herd until its first lactation. 对后备母猪的选育至其第一次哺乳的管理决定了其一生的繁殖性能及使用寿命 63

64 Reproduction in Gilts 后备母猪的繁殖性能 The comparison of productivity results over the whole career of a sow enlights that the total number of piglets born alive obtained in the first parity conditions the sow s productivity during its whole career 初产母猪的出生活仔数决定了其一生的繁殖性能 Success in reproduction in gilts depends on their age, on their weight but as well on the development of the genital tract and on the capacity of the ovaries to respond to hormonal stimulations 初产 ( 后备 ) 母猪的成功繁育取决于它们的年龄 体重 生殖道的发育及卵巢对激素刺激的反应能力 64

65 Reproduction in Gilts 后备母猪的繁殖性能 The development of the uterus is correlated to the weight of the gilts and to the length of the vagina. The other factors bearing a role in the development of the genital tract are the administration of high doses of vitamins (A, D3, E) + selenium, the administration of seric gonadotropin, and eventually the administration of altrenogest (Regumate) 子宫的发育与后备母猪体重及产道长度直接关联 影响产道长度的其它因素只要来自维生素, 要增加维生素 A, D3, E 及硒, 可使用促性腺激素和烯丙孕素 65

66 Reproduction in Gilts 后备母猪的繁殖性能 The conditions propitious to the development of the genital tract are the provision of a surface of 2m 2 per gilt 成熟的后备母猪生殖道表面积应达到 2 平米 a daily contact with the boar starting at 140 days of age 自 140 日龄后应每天与公猪接触 a supplementation of vitamin A at the 16 th days of the second cycle 在第二个发情期的第 16 天给予额外的维生素 A 补充 insemination on the 3 rd heat 配种应在第三个发情期 Finally it is important to identify gilts which vagina is short during insemination 在配种前应测试母猪的产道长度, 如果不够长, 说明母猪并未成熟, 需要再等一个发情周期 66

67 Reproduction in primiparous sow Importance of the development of the genital tract in gilts on future productivity in sows 后备母猪产道发育的重要性 The effect of the size of the litter in the first parity on the average parity of the sows during its whole career has been well illustrated in the results obtained by W.Peralta and J. Bustamante in a trial conducted on sows 母猪第一胎的平均带仔数直接导致其一生的繁殖性能 Tables 1 and 2 show the variation in the number of piglets born alive per litter between the first litter and the eighth litter. The tables show the trend in productivity in relation with the number of born alive in the first litter 下一页的图表对不同母猪的头胎产仔数与之后八胎产仔数的对比, 表明第一胎的产仔表现绝了了后期的繁殖性能 67

68 Total born / litter Reproduction in primiparous sow Table 2 - Trend in productivity in sows in relation with number of piglets born alive 母猪第一胎产仔数与其后期繁殖性能 Litters Sow s which have an average of 12 piglets born alive in their first parity have in the following parities an average of 11.5 whilst the sows with 9 born alive in the first parity reach only 10.5 to 11 with a waning trend 第一胎产活仔 12 头的母猪, 之后八胎次平均产活仔为 11.5 头第一胎产活仔 9 头的母猪, 之后八胎次平均产活仔仅为 头

69 Nutrition of the future breeders 后备母猪营养管理 Short - term effects 短期影响 Onset of puberty 初情期 Litter size 产仔数 Farm management 猪场管理 Age at the 1 st farrowing and prolificacy Long - term effects 长期影响 Longevity 使用寿命 Productivity 繁殖力 Renewal rate 淘汰更新率 Herd structure 猪群结构 Economical results 经济效益 Age at 1 st farrowing 69

70 Other factors influencing the onset of puberty 其它影响后备母猪初情的因素 Genetics 品种 Superiority of asian breeds 本地土猪种有优势 Heterosis effect 二 三元比纯种猪有优势 Management 管理 Transport 运输 + Housing conditions 猪舍条件 Claustration 单独饲养 Light duration 日照时长 ++ Group lodging 分批饲养 ++ Presence of the boar 公猪诱情 +++ Relationship animal caretaker 后备猪驯化 ++ 70

71 Influence of genetic traits on age at puberty 不同品种对初情日龄的影响 品种 Age/Days 日龄 Weight/Kg 体重 ( 公斤 ) 大白长白长大眉山眉山 x 大白 71

72 Influence of light on age at 1 st oestrus 光照对初情的影响 Hours of light 光照时常 Natural photoperiod 正常光照 Beneficial effect of a long exposure to light 光照时间长更为有益于提前初情时间 72

73 Influence of the size of the group on age at puberty 猪群大小对初情的影响 N 0 of female/pen 每栏头数 % gilts at puberty at 9 month Age at puberty 初情日龄 73

74 Factors of variation of ovulation rate related to the size of the litters 影响排卵数与产仔数间差别的因素 Ovulation rate 排卵率 Varies depending on the genetic trait 品种间的差异 Varies with the oestrous rank 不同发情周期的差异 Varies with feeding during growth (energy protein) 营养因素的影响 Varies with the weight at puberty 初情体重的差异 Varies with a flushing (+ 2 to 3 ovae) Size of the litter 产仔数 Similar effects but less important 与以上因素类似 Compensation by embryonnic mortality 减去胚胎死亡数 74

75 Size or the litter Relationship between the ovulation rate and the litter sizes in primiparous or multiparous sows 后备母猪与经产母猪排卵数与产仔数间的关系 产仔数 经产母猪 头胎母猪 Multiparous Primiparous Ovulation rate 排卵数 75

76 Evolution of the size of the first litter with the age at the first service 头胎产仔数 第一次配种年龄与第一胎产仔数 长大 长白 Age at mating (week) 配种周龄 76

77 Litter size 产仔数 Evolution of the size of parity with the rank of parity 胎次与产仔数间的关系 长大 长白 Rank of Parity 胎次 77

78 Rationing and body composition at puberty 初情期的定量配给与体况 AD LIB 80% AD LIB Feeding level 自由采食 80% 自由采食 Age at Puberty (days) 初情日龄 Weight at puberty (kg) 初情体重 Backfat at puberty 初情背膘 ,8 Between 74 and 180 days 25 to 102 kg 在 74 至 180 日龄间 25 至 102 公斤 ,7 Rationing 定量配给 Reduces growth 降低增重 Reduces the building of body reserves 降低体内能量储存

79 Practical recommendations/ management of young sows 青年母猪管理推荐方案 In the phase of growth 育成期 Objective = gr/day DWG between 25 to 105 kg 目标 : 在 公斤体重间的理想日增重为 克 In quarantine 隔离期 Ad lib feeding = at least 600 gr/day 自由采食, 至少 600 克 / 天 Use of gestation feed if consumption reaches 2.6/ 2.7 kg /day (34,5 MJ/ED/Day) 如日采食量达到 公斤, 可以用怀孕母猪料 (34.5 兆焦 / 可消化能 / 天 ) To improve prolificacy in 1 st parity 为提高第一胎的繁殖率 Await 2 nd 3 rd estrus 第三次发情周期配种 Conduct flushing 配种前短期增量饲喂 ( 提高排卵率 ) Optimal age at 1 st farrowing 350 days 第一胎最佳的分娩时间在第 350 日龄 79

80 The Quarantine Building 隔离期的圈舍 Positioning of the building 圈舍位置 Ideally in the vicinity but outside the farm 最好在猪场外的附近区域 The building must be protected by the dominant wind to prevent direct or indirect contacts between new breeding stock and on farm breeding stock 最好在主要风向的上风地带, 以防止猪场现有猪群与其直接或间接的接触 Perpendicular to dominant winds to limit airborne contamination 与主流风向垂直方位, 以避免风中携带的传染源 80

81 The Quarantine Building 隔离期的圈舍 The reception of disease free animals must be operated in an hygienised building that has been priorly disinfected and dried up 在 疾病阴性 猪群达到前, 猪舍必须严格消毒, 并干燥 The temperature of the building should ideally be at C 猪舍事宜温度为 C Floor should be slatted and not equipped with threaded slats as they affect claws, hoof, knee and joints condition. A wound is a door open to bacterial contamination. 地面应并没有任何金属裸露板条或螺丝等, 不要影响蹄 皮肤 膝关节等 伤口是细菌感染机体的渠道 81

82 On Set of puberty 初情开始 Most frequently puberty establishes itself by the stress of transport 通常运输中的应激会导致后备猪初情的发生 Interval reception oestrus 接收到发情的时间 % Coming to heat 出现发情的比率 1-30 days 天 days 天 4.1 Gilts with no oestrus 未发情 7.1 Gilts not having reach puberty 未到初情期 3.4

83 Causes of anoestrus 不发情的原因 Causes 原因 Importance 重要性 Gilts 后备 Sows 经产 Insufficient space 空间不够 Contention place 争夺空间 No contact with boar 未与公猪接触 Default in photo stimulation 光照刺激 Genetic 品种因素 + - Catabolic condition 代谢能力 High temperance 高温 Feed/ nutritional deficiencies 营养缺陷 Humid slats 地面湿滑

84 On Set of heat 开始发情 The role of the boar 公猪的作用 Boar age 公猪年龄 Method time and duration of exposure to the boars 公猪接触母猪的方法 Age of the boar 公猪日龄 No exposure to boar 没有接触母猪 Boar age 5-6 months 5-6 月龄的公猪 Boar age 11 months 11 月龄的公猪 Interval reception in the farm puberty 公猪进场至发情间隔 Age of the gilts at puberty 后备母猪日龄 39 days 203 days 42 days 206 days 18 days 182 days Kirkwood and Hughes

85 Method of exposure to boar and ovulatory responses in gilts 后备母猪接触公猪与排卵反应 Ovulatory responses in gilts within the following 10days 后备母猪在 10 日内的排卵反应 Response % 反应 Standard 通常 0 In contract through a partition 通过隔离物接触 31 In direct contact 直接接触 - Boar presented in the gilt pens 公猪出现在后备母猪舍 46 Gilts presented in the boar pen 后备母猪出现在公猪舍 78 Scheiman et al

86 Age at first mating A.I 第一次配种 Consequences of lowering age of the sow at the first parity on the size of the litter 第一次配种日龄与产仔数的关系 % Cumulative of gilts inseminated 授精母猪累计 % % Cumulative of gilts inseminated Size of 1 st litter total born Size of 1 st litter total born 第一胎产仔数 Age at mating / AI 配种日龄 Age at farrowing 分娩日龄 86

87 Influence of growth performances on reproductive performances in gilts 后备母猪的生长表现对繁殖性能的影响 Group Gilts on heat within the 14 days after reception 进场 14 天内发情 Gilts on heat after 14 days in quarantine 进场 14 天后发情 Gilts that came on heat for the first time after exposure to boar 见公猪后第一次发情 Gilts that came on heat 1 month after exposure to boar 见公猪一个月后出现发情 Population 种群数量 Dug for the 21 days in quarantine 在隔离 21 天内 Refuse of feed for the first 10 days ( N o ) 10 天内采食抑制 ( 头数 ) Animals having received one or multiple injection for the quarantine N o of gilts at farrowing 头胎分娩头数 Average number of piglets / litter at 1 st farrowing 头胎平均产仔数 % 5% 51% 37%

88 Feeding regime of the gilts 后备母猪饲喂政策 Energy DE 消化能 3400 Kcal Protein 蛋白 15% Lysine 赖氨酸 0.7% Calcium 钙 0.9 Phosphorus 磷 0.7 Lactation Feed 哺乳母猪料 Specific supplementation in vitamins in A.A in trace elements 额外增加维生素赖氨酸微量元素 -Recommended backfat mm - 推荐背标厚度 毫米 88

89 Quarantine of preparation 后备母猪隔离的准备工作 Protect the farm from external pathogenic agents ( bacteria, viruses, parasites) 猪场的生物安全性, 防止外来病原微生物的进入 Antiparasitic treatment (Internal External) 体内外驱虫 Vaccination linked to potential risk within the area 正对性免疫 Preparation of the new breeding stock to the farm microbial specificity 为新进种群特异性免疫 Contamination of feed sows by faeces by mummified piglet tissues 提供母猪粪便及木乃伊胎的组织 89

90 Contamination can take a long time to be effective this quarantine should last at least 5 weeks to give a chance to the gilts to acquire and develop immunity (ie Actino pleuro pneumonia Mycoplasma Hyopneumonia rate of serum conversion) 此种免疫方式应持续至少 5 周以上以便后备母猪产生抗体 Rate of serum conversion 血清转换率 7 Days 13 Days 19 Days 27 Days 在隔离舍时间 90

91 Pathologies related to the introduction of young breeding stock 后备猪相关疾病 In quarantine 隔离期 Vulvar discharge = stress lack of hygiene high density of population = lack of adequate supplies of water 外阴病变 = 应激, 环境不佳, 密度过大, 饮水缺乏 In gestation house 妊娠舍 Refusal of feed intake hyperthermia = incomplete contamination in quarantine 采食抑制, 体温过高 = 在隔离期免疫不佳 Hindleg problems = Dissymmetry or claws, slippery floor, insufficient and inappropriate nutrition in quarantine 肢蹄 ( 后肢蹄 ) 问题 = 蹄部发育不对称, 地面湿滑, 隔离期营养缺失或不合理 Abortion = Hyperthermia lack of condition immaturity 流产 = 体温过高, 缺乏空间, 未成熟 Diarrheas = Coronavirus TGE PED 腹泻 = 冠状病毒 ( 传染性胃肠炎病毒 流行性腹泻病毒 ) 91

92 Pathologies related to the introduction of young breeding stock 后备猪相关疾病 SMEDI = Stillbirth mummified fetuses, embryonic death In fertility 胚胎期死亡 Cause = Enterovirus ( symptoms similar to Parvovirus ) 原因 = 肠道类病毒 ( 类似细小病毒的症状 ) Prevention = Contamination of the sows at least one month before A.I through weaned piglets faeces. 预防 = 在母猪配种前至少一个月前接触断奶仔猪粪便 M.M.A Syndrome 无乳综合症 Prevention = Indirect Contact between old sows and gilts at least for 3 weeks 预防 = 经产母猪与后备母猪至少接触时间在 3 周以上 Splay Leg 后肢八字腿 Cause = Genetic Stress during gestation 原因 = 个体差异, 怀孕期应激 Prevention = choline chloride copper 预防 = 氯化胆碱及铜

93 Pathologies related to the introduction of young breeding stock 后备猪相关疾病 Trembling disease Myoclonial disease Viral disease 病毒性疾病 Asymptomatic sign of infection in sows 母猪感染无临床症状 Neo Natal Colibacillosis 新生仔猪大肠杆菌病 Lack of large number of antibodies in the colostrum 初乳中缺乏抗体 Prevention direct contact with older sows faeces 直接与经产母猪粪便接触 Atrophic rhinitis 萎缩性鼻炎 Imbalance of ages in the herd too many primiparous sows 母猪群中胎次失衡, 初产母猪过多 Parity = = 50% of herd = immunity foundation 3-6 胎次占 50% 是免疫的基础 93

94 Pathologies related to the introduction of young breeding stock 后备猪相关疾病 Gilts husbandry ( first week) 后备母猪管理 ( 第一周 ) Observation = legs eyes vulva fever urine blood 观察腿 眼镜 外阴 体温 尿液 血液 Antlparasitic against internal and externals parasites vaccination athrophic rhinitis 体内外驱虫 对萎鼻进行免疫 Supplies of aspirin efferalgan + vitamin C 阿司匹林 对乙酰氨基酚 ( 扑热息痛 )+ 维 C Gilts husbandry ( from 2 nd to 5 th week) 后备母猪管理 (2-5 周 ) Adaptation to the farm microbial pressure 增加猪场微生物压力 Domestication (seating with gilts ) 增加人员与后备母猪的互动 Contamination processes 感染源的增加过程 When gilts are in good health and rested contamination by incorporation of mummified fetuses or faeces within the feed = 3 4 days per week 在后备猪体况良好的基础上, 喂食木乃伊胎或母猪粪便 = 每周 3-4 次

95 Vaccination program 法国免疫程序范例 Influenza + Aujesky 流感 + 伪狂 Erysipella 猪丹毒 Parvovirosis 细小 Prrs 蓝耳 Influenza + Aujesky 流感 + 伪狂 Parvovirus Aujesky 细小 - 伪狂 Rhinitis 萎鼻 Reception Vitamin D 7 D 14 D 21 D 28 D 35 supplementation 额外维生素补充 95

96 Stress and social environment 应激与外环境 Individually housed gilts exhibit delayed puberty attainment (Soede and Shouten, 1991) + a decrease response to oestrus. A decrease pregnancy rate. 单独饲养的后备母猪表现出发情迟缓, 受孕率下降 Space allowance gilts = 1 m 2 = 后备母猪允许空间 Higher cortisol 高皮质醇 2 m 2 3 m 2 Lower cortisol 低皮质醇 - Decreased immunity 免疫水平下降 - Increased sensitivity to E.coli 易感对大肠杆菌 Chronic stress in 2 nd parity higher embryonnic mortality 在第二胎次的慢性应激可导致高胚胎死亡率 Tethered sows = higher cortisol 限位母猪 = 高皮质醇 Chronic stress = prolonged farrowing increased stillbirth rate 慢性应激 = 分娩推迟 死胎率增加 96

97 Human Animal Interactions 人员与母猪的互动 The complex behavioral relationships between stockmen/ women and their charges can profoundly influence productivity. 饲养员与母猪的多种接触可以在很大程度上影响繁殖力 Sows fearful of human statistically produce smaller litter sizes 母猪对人的畏惧会降低产仔数 The profound effects of stress in early life on reproduction in later life have been investigated (Hemsworth, Barneit, Hansen) 研究表明早期的应激对繁殖力的影响会持续影响母猪的表现 97

98 Human Animal Interactions 人员与母猪的互动 The effect of good or poor handling of young pigs on subsequent reproduction performance 人员与后备母猪的互动优劣导致的繁殖结果 Treatment A B C Handling 互动效果 Good 好 Adverse 差 Minimal 极少 Conception rate at puberty (%) 受胎率 Cortisol (µg/ml) 肾上腺皮质醇 ( 激素 ) (Hemsworth et al 1986b) 98

99 Factors contributing to the variance in litter size 影响产仔数的因素 体重 Weight 25% 遗传因素 Genotype 10% 年龄 Age 19% 个体因素 Personality 18% 体内脂肪 Body fat 28% 99

100 Stress and reproduction 应激与繁殖力 The impact of stress on reproductive processes is irrefutable 应激对繁殖的影响是无可争议的 Stress can alter the endocrine events controling reproductive functions 应激能改变内分泌活动控制繁殖功能 The management and domestication of prepubertal gilts can have profound influences on the lifetime performance of female pigs 管理和驯化的后备母猪可以其使用寿命 性能有着深远的影响 Stockmanship quality is fundamental to reduce stress in breeding stock 饲养员素质对降低母猪应激起到至关重要的作用 Individual care and domestication of gilts bear a positive impact on productivity in sows 对后备母猪的人性化关爱会对母猪的繁殖力产生积极影响 100

101 Stressors to breedings stock/ reproduction 影响后备母猪应激的因素 Temperature 温度 Ventilation 通风 Stock density 点草密度 Type of pens (individual) (tethered) (communal) 猪栏类型 ( 个体 限位 散群 ) Restricted floor pen Inadequate water supplies 饮水不足 Inadequate feed supplies/ defective nutrition 采食不足 Maternity set-up of farrowing pen 产房 Type of slats (needle slat plastic concrete) 地面类型 ( 网格 塑料 水泥 ) Static electricity 静电 Ammonia contamination 氨气浓度 Noises 噪音 Handling and human bahavior stockmanship!! 人员素质 101

102 THE SOWS BODY CONDITION 母猪体况 102

103 The Sow Body Condition 母猪体况 25 years ago 25 年前 Today 今天 % Lean 廋肉率 % Fat 脂肪 P2 (mm) 1 st service 第一次配种背标厚度 A change of sows morphology for the last 25 years 在过去 25 年中母猪形态的转变 Average DWG (g/j) 日增重 Live weight at first farrowing 初产体重 J Boyd, 1999 The % of lean meat has in increased by 30 % 瘦肉率提高 30% The fat thickness has been reduced by 50% 脂肪厚度降低 50% The sow has lost 50% of its capacity to store body reserves for lactation 对于哺乳母猪, 丧失了 50% 的身体储备

104 Body conditions and fertility 体况与繁殖力 104

105 母猪最佳体重变化 第四次分娩 第五次分娩 体重 ( 公斤 ) 第一次分娩 第三次分娩第二次分娩 第一次断奶 第二次断奶 第三次断奶 配种 进入后备隔离舍 测情 断奶 出生 日龄

106 Stages, ages and weights 阶段 年龄和体重 Stage 阶段 Weight (kg) 体重 ( 公斤 ) Age (days) 日龄 Backfat (mm) 背膘厚度 Body condition (/5) 体型评分 Reception st mating 第 1 次配种 1 st farrowing 第 1 次分娩 1 st weaning 第 1 次断奶 Weight at the entry to farrowing room for the following parities 不同胎次母猪的合理体重 2 nd litter 第二胎 3 rd litter 第三胎 4 th litter 第四胎 5 th and the following 第五胎 Body condition: + 3 at maternity, + 3 to 3 at weaning

107 Stages, ages and weights 阶段 年龄和体重 Weight variations: 体重变化 Loss in lactation: Weight at entry in farrowing room-weight at weaning: maximum 20 kg 哺乳期最多体重流失 20 公斤 If < 10 kg: overeating regarding to the lactation requirements 哺乳期体重流失 <10 公斤, 采食过量 If up to 25 kg: Under feeding 哺乳期体重流失 >25 公斤, 采食不足 Weight gain: 30 kg per gestation until the 4 th litter, 180 kg from reception to culling Adult sow average weight: 290 kg 截止至第四胎次, 每个妊娠期体重增加 30 公斤 ; 总共增加 180 公斤 ; 成年母猪平均体重为 290 公斤 107

108 Body condition scoring 身体状况计分 Measure of backfat at P2 on the last rib at 7 to 8 centimeters on both sides of the back line 背膘测量在 P2, 在最后一根肋骨上, 后线两边 7-8 厘米处 A correct measure if < 1 mm between the measurings 如果测量间 < 1 mm 为正确测量 The most reliable weight measurement = scale 最可靠重量测量 = 刻度 Backfat 背标 (P2) mm AI 配种 Farrowing 分娩前 Weaning 断奶 mm mm mm Optimal objectives of backfat at thermoneutrality (sow at 19 0 C) 最佳测背膘的温度 ( 母猪 19 0 C)

109 Estimation of sow s weight 母猪体重测量不能凭经验, 应以数字说话 109

110 Back fat reading 背标读取 Back fat reading is usually conducted at P2 site at 6.5 cm on both side of the spinal partition at the level of the last rib. Sows should be shaved at P2 背标读取通常取 P2 点分别距离脊柱两侧, 即最后一根肋骨各 6.5 厘米 并且要对 P2 点剃毛再测量精确值更高

111 Estimation of sow s weight 母猪体重测量不能凭经验, 应以数字说话 Location of measuring 哺乳母猪的测量 Length 身长 HEIGHT 高度 H.P BREAST 胸部 NECK 颈部

112 Fat sows wean fewer piglets 母猪过肥产仔数下降 Number of piglets weaned 断奶仔猪数 Back fat at the entrance in maternity Sample of 71 sows originating from one single pig farm 进入产期的背膘 单一猪场里的 71 头母猪样板 Source: Agrial 112

113 Relationship between back fat at entrance in maternity and feed intake during lactation 进入产房的背标厚度与哺乳期采食量的关系 Feed consumption 母猪日采食量 ( 公斤 ) Relationship between backfat at entrance in maternity and feed intake during lactation 进入产房的背标厚度与哺乳期采食量的关系 113

114 Example of sow s weight Breast 胸围 Length 长度 Neck 颈围 Rank of parity 胎次 Calculation 计算方式 W1 = 2.5x x = 238.2kg W2 = 2.12x x2+0.86x = kg W3 =1.8x x2+0.92x x = kg 114

115 THE NUTRITION OF GILTS &. SOWS AND ITS MANAGEMENT 后备母猪及经产母猪的营养与管理

116 Sow and primiparous sows feed nutritional data 头胎母猪及经产母猪营养指标 Energy 能量 Nutritional Criterial 营养标准 Protein % 蛋白质 % D.E/kg (Kcal) 消化能 ( 千卡 ) N.E/kg (Kcal) 净能 ( 千卡 ) N.E/kg (MJ) 净能 ( 兆焦 ) Cellulose 纤维素 % Lactating 哺乳 Gestating 怀孕 Primiparous gestating 头胎怀孕 Gilts 后备母猪 Max 最多 4 Min 至少 5 Min 至少 5 Min 至少 5 116

117 Sow and primiparous sows feed nutritional data 头胎母猪及经产母猪营养指标 Amino Acids 氨基酸 Nutritional Criterial 营养标准 Lactating 哺乳 Gestating 怀孕 Primiparous gestating 头胎怀孕 Gilts 后备母猪 Total Lysine % 总赖氨酸 % 1.0/ Min Digest Lysine 最小可消化赖氨酸 MIN METH/ LYS 最小蛋氨酸 / 赖氨酸 Threonine / LYS Min 苏氨酸 / 最小赖氨酸 LYS Min Trypto / LYS Min 最小色氨酸 / 最小赖氨酸

118 Sow and primiparous sows feed nutritional data 头胎母猪及经产母猪营养指标 Minerals 矿物质 Nutritional Criterial 营养标准 Lactating 哺乳 Gestating 怀孕 Primiparous gestating 头胎怀孕 Gilts 后备母猪 Na (g/kg) Min 钠 ( 至少 ) Cl (g/kg) Min 氯 ( 至少 ) P (total) gr/kg 总磷 P (Digest) gr/kg 可代谢磷 Ca (gr/kg) 钙 Ca/P Total 钙 / 磷 1.3/ / / /1.9 Ca Total/P Digest 总钙 / 可消化磷

119 Ideal Protein for Sows (% Lysine) 母猪理想蛋白 ( 占赖氨酸 %) Gestation Sows 怀孕母猪 Lactation Sows 哺乳母猪 Lysine 赖氨酸 MET+CYS 蛋氨酸 + 半胱氨酸 Threonine 苏氨酸 Tryophane 色氨酸 Isoleucine 异亮氨酸 Leucine 亮氨酸 Valine 缬氨酸 PHE+TYR 苯丙氨酸 / 酪氨酸 Histidine 组氨酸 Arginine 精胺酸 0 67 INRA DATA

120 Optimisation of genetic potential in sows 通过营养发挥种猪基因潜能 Net energy 净能 S.ID protein (g/kg feed) 蛋白 SID LYSIN 赖氨酸 SID METHIO 蛋氨酸 SID THREO 苏氨酸 SID TRYPTO 色氨酸 DIG PHOSPHORUS 磷 Lactation feed 哺乳母猪料 ,4 2,7 5,4 1,7 3,3 Gestation Feed 怀孕母猪料 ,1 1,6 3,1 1,0 2,0 SID = standard Ileal Digestibility 标准化回肠消化率 120

121 Optimisation of genetic potential in sows 通过营养发挥种猪基因潜能 Weight of the Pig 体重 Net energy 6-9 KG 9-15 KG KG KG KG KG 2485, , , , , ,66 S.ID protein (g/kg feed) SID LYSIN SID METHIO SID THREO SID TRYPTO DIG PHOSPHORUS ,9 4,1 7,9 2,6 3, ,9 4,1 7,9 2,6 3, ,9 4,1 7,9 2,6 3, ,9 4,1 7,9 2,6 3, ,9 4,1 7,9 2,6 3, ,9 4,1 7,9 2,6 3,9 SID = standard Ileal Digestibility 121

122 Impact of grinding particle sizes on FCR and additional cost 颗粒料大小与饲料转换率及额外费用 Very fine particles 过小颗粒 Fine particles 小颗粒 Intermediate particles 中间尺寸颗粒 Rough par particles 中间颗粒 Incorporation rate 所占比例 所占比例 所占比例 所占比例 < 1 mm 1 2 mm 2 3 mm > - 3 mm FCR 80% 20% 0% 0% 2,62 70% 25% 5% 0% 2,67 50% 35% 12% 3% 2,76 35% 40% 20% 5% 2,86-3,0 Additional cost per slaughtered pig (euro) 每头上市猪额外额外花费 ( 欧元 ) 0,9 0,9 2,7 4,4-7,0 122

123 Lysine requirement/ milk production 赖氨酸与产奶量 N in milk, gr/ day 母乳中氮 ( 克 / 天 ) Lysine requirement, gr/ day 赖氨酸需求 ( 克 / 天 ) - Total 总计 - Digestible 可消化 Growth of the litter, gr/ day 泌乳量 ( 克 / 天 ) Digestible Lysine requirement, g/ kg of feed 可消化赖氨酸需求 ( 克 / 公斤饲料 ) Feed, kg/day 饲料采食 ( 公斤 / 天 )

124 Characteristics and typical features of lactating sows feed 哺乳母猪料的特点 Typical data lactating feed for sows (238.9kcal=1MJ) 典型数据 - 母猪哺乳料 Net energy (NE) 总能量 ( 净能 ) Digestible energy (DE) 消化能 Per kg of feed 每公斤饲料 2365 kcal (2269 kcal) 3344 kcal (3105kcal) Total protein (gr) 总蛋白 160 (165) Cellulose (gr) 纤维素 ( 克 ) Digestible lysine (gr) 可消化赖氨酸 ( 克 ) 9.25 Digest methio-cystine (gr) 可消化蛋 - 胱氨酸 ( 克 ) 5.1 Digest threonine (gr) 可消化苏氨酸 ( 克 ) 6.0 Digest tryptophane (gr) 可消化色氨基酸 ( 克 ) 1.6 Calcium (gr) 钙 8-10 Total phosphorus 总磷 7.6 Digestible phosphorus 可消化磷 3.8 (Dry matter 干物质 = 87% = 870 gr/kg 克 / 公斤饲料 ) High concentration in energy and in protein and in amino acid if Tº>25ºC (reduced feed intake) 如果温度 >25ºC 高浓度能量和蛋白质和氨基酸 ( 减少采食量 ) 124

125 Correlation between energy and ovae production in sows 能量和母猪卵细胞生产的关联 Starch 淀粉 Glucose 葡萄糖 Pancreatic release of insulin 胰腺释放胰岛素 Neuropeptides 神经肽 (Serotonin catecholamines) ( 血清素 儿茶酚胺 ) Neuropeptides y excitatory amino acids 神经肽 y 中兴奋性氨基酸 Stimulation of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) (hypothalamus) 刺激促性腺激素释放荷尔蒙 ( 下丘脑 ) Age metabolic health 年龄 新陈代谢健康 External environment (light t 0 nutrition) 外部环境 ( 光照 温度 营养 ) Stimulation of secretion of LH Luteanizing hormone 刺激黄体生长激素分泌 Folliculogenesis 卵泡生成 Ovae production 产生卵子 125

126 Vitamins per kg of lactating sow feed 每公斤哺乳母猪料中维生素含量 项目 在每公斤哺乳料中的含量 Vitamin A = IU D3 = IU (α toco acet) E = 200 mg K3 = 2.0 mg B1 ( 硫胺素 ) = 2.2 mg mg B2 ( 核黄素 ) = 9 mg B3 ( 烟酸 ) = 25 mg B4 ( 胆碱 ) = 400 mg B5 ( 泛酸 ) = 16 mg B6 ( 吡哆醇 ) = 15 mg B12 ( 氰钴胺 ) = mg B9 ( 叶酸 ) = 30 mg H ( 生物素 ) = 0.5 mg 126

127 Minerals per kg of lactating sow feed 每公斤哺乳母猪料中抗物质含量 项目 ( 英文 ) 项目 ( 中文 ) 单位 添加量 Copper glycinate 甘氨酸铜 mg 7 Iron glycinate 甘氨酸螯合铁 mg 80 Mn glycinate 甘氨酸锰 mg 30 Zinc glycinate 甘氨酸锌 mg 40 Se 硒 mg 0.3 Iodine 碘 mg 0.6 Calcium 钙 Gr( 克 ) 9.0 Phosphorus 磷 Gr( 克 ) 5.7 Digest P 可消化磷 Gr( 克 ) 3.1 Sodium 钠 Gr( 克 ) 2.2 Chloride 氯化物 Gr( 克 ) 2.8 Potassium 钾 Gr( 克 ) 2.8 Electrolytic balance 电解质平衡 Na + K Cl x 1000 = meq/kg Lactating sows feed # 200 meq/kg Acidification of urine = prevention of M.M.A (de.b ) 127 Improved feed consumption Michel (de.b GUILLAUME )

128 Back fat thickness 背标厚度 >18mm (fatsows) 肥 16-18mm (normal) 中等 14-16mm (thin) 瘦 <14mm (very thin) 超瘦 <10mm Gestating sow diet (kg/day) 怀孕母猪采食量 ( 公斤 / 天 ) kg kg 2.8kg 3 3.2kg 4.2kg 128

129 Homogeneity of weights in piglets at birth 出生仔猪均匀度 Homogenous follicular size 均匀的卵泡大小 Optimal growth in fetuses 胎儿理想的发育 High pulsatility of LH 促黄体激素的高搏动 Insulin stimulation 胰岛素刺激 Choice of carbohydrates with high glycemic index 选择高血糖指数的碳水化合物 High consumption of carbohydrates during the first 2 weeks in lactation 在哺乳前两周的高碳水化合物摄取量 Time of feeding 饲喂时间 Ghrelin peaks 饥饿激素高峰 Adapted feeding program 合理饲喂程序 Generous supplies of lactation feed 尽可能多的采食哺乳料 High vitamins and trace-elements supplies 高维生素及微量元素供给 High quality highly palatable 高质量及适口性 Sows lactation feed 哺乳母猪料 Energy Digestible fat Fat emulsifier 能量 可代谢脂肪 脂肪乳化剂 Introduction of lactation feed 14 days (or 18 days) before farrowing 在产前 14 或 18 天开始给哺乳料 129

130 Feeding management of the lactating sows 哺乳母猪饲喂管理 经产母猪采食量 初产母猪采食量 分娩 130

131 Sow s feeding diet in gestation 母猪妊娠阶段饲喂量

132 Nutrition to sows in the early stages of gestation 妊娠早期营养补充 Embryonnic development 胚胎的发育 AI 配种 12/ Days of gestation 怀孕天数 Vit E 维生素 E Vit B9 叶酸 Vit B12 B12 Vit D 维生素 D Calcium 钙 Phosphorus 磷 Vit E 维生素 E Vit B9 叶酸 Vit B12 B12 132

133 Vitamins and Reproductive Functions in Sows 维生素对母猪繁殖的作用 维生素 C ( 抗坏血酸 ) 维生素 B9 ( 叶酸 ) Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) Vitamin A (Retinol) 维生素 A ( 视黄醇 ) Beta-Carotene (Pro-vitamin A) β- 胡萝卜素 ( 维生素原 A) Vitamin E (RRR-Alpha Tocopherol) 维生素 E ( 生育酚 ) 维生素 B2 核黄素 ) Vitamin B2 (Riboflavine) Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) 维生素 B6 ( 吡哆醇 ) 维生素 D3 Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamine) 维生素 B12 ( 氰钴胺 ) 133

134 Introduction Mortality during the production cycle of the sow 母猪生产周期中的死胎 An asynchronic development between the embryos in hyperprolific sow induces a high embryonic mortality most particularly in the less developed embryos. 高产母猪胚胎间非同步的成长导致胚胎死亡率高, 特别是对未发展成熟的胚胎 Hyper prolific breed super-ovulatory capacity. 高产品种 高排卵能力 Better developed embryos show a better adaptation to the uterine environment. At the moment of implantation they secrete a higher quantity of oestradiol; that secretion induces an evolution on the morphology and a change in the composition of the secretion better adapted to the most developed embryos. 良好生长的胚胎能够更好的适应子宫环境 胚胎在着床期会分泌更多数量的雌二醇, 使得胚胎有更好的形态, 让子宫分泌物能够更好的帮助胚胎成长 134

135 Foetal Mortality 胚胎死亡 From 35 days of gestation, fœtal mortality would be connected to the placentation and from the feeding of the embryos implanted. The uterus efficiency takes into account the uterine surface available for the placentation of each embryo. This availability in space influences the size of the placenta and the surface of placenta which develops until the 65 th day of gestation. 妊娠 35 天后, 胚胎的死亡率与胎盘和胚胎的营养吸收相关 子宫性能与它给胎盘提供的成长面积有关 一直到 65 天妊娠, 子宫的成长面积可以直接影响胎盘体积与面积的大小 The more developed the uterus, the higher the capacity to satisfy the placental development of each embryo. 更好的子宫生长, 能更好的胚胎成长 The more important the placental development, the higher the exchange of nutrients between the foetuses and the mother. 更好的胎盘生长, 母体和胚胎之间就有更好的营养传输 135

136 Foetal Mortality 胚胎死亡 Pre-natal mortality: 产前死亡 Before and for the last 5 days of gestation: 妊娠的最后 5 天 Intense competition between foetuses in the last stage of gestation Uterine efficacy 子宫性能 Peri-natal mortality: 围产期死亡 在妊娠的最后阶段胚胎间 ( 对营养和空间 ) 的竞争强烈 Mortality is linked to the duration of the parturition 与分娩时间有直接关系 Long lasting parturition Asphyxia of piglets 仔猪窒息分娩时间过长 Hypoxia (intra-uterine sub-oxygenation) 子宫内缺氧 Neo-natal mortality: 产后死亡 Weak piglets 仔猪微弱 Thermoregulation impaired 体温调节障碍 Lethargy 昏睡 Rupture of the umbilical cord 5 minutes before birth = anoxia 脐带在出生前 5 分钟断裂 = 缺氧 Lack of colostrum intake 缺乏初乳摄入 Crushing 被母猪压死

137 Heterogeneity of Weight in Piglets at Birth 出生仔猪体重差异 Competition between embryos 胚胎间竞争 The composition of the uterine fluid 宫腔积液成分 (Meisham = hyperprolificacy, low mortality (peri natal)) 眉山猪 = 高产 围产期低死亡率 UTERINE FLUID 宫腔积液 Richer in sodium, glucose, fructose 富含钠 葡萄糖 果糖 Immunoglobulin A (Ig A), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) 免疫球蛋白 A(Ig A) 前列腺素 E2(PGE2) Acetyl amino peptidase, oestradiol 17β 乙酰氨基肽酶,17β 雌二醇 Molecules involved in uterine immunity 帮助宫腔免疫系统 Histrotropic molecules = beneficial to the development of the embryos 帮助胚胎成长 137

138 Prolificacy conceptus implantation fetuses survival rate 繁殖力 受精卵着床与胚胎成活率 The uterine fluid can contain beneficial molecules or detrimental molecules to the embryos: 宫腔积液的一些分子会损伤胚胎 PGF2α 前列腺素 F2α Free radicals 自由基 Homocysteine 高半胱氨酸 oxidizing activities detrimental to the conceptus/foetus 氧化活性会损伤胚胎 / 胎儿 PGF 2 α = molecule secreted in the blood by a gravid uterus = PGF 2 α 是由妊娠子宫分泌到血液中的分子 Luteolysing properties 带有黄体溶解性质 Destruction of the yellow corpus 破坏黄体 138

139 Heterogeneity of Weight in Piglets at Birth 出生仔猪体重差异 PGF 2 α 前列腺素 F2α Free radical 自由基 Homocystein 高半胱氨酸 PGE2 前列腺素 E2 Vit E, vit C, vit A Glutathione peroxidase 维生素 E C A 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 Vit B9 (folic acid) Vit B12 (cyanocobalamine) 叶酸 维生素 B12

140 Heterogeneity of Weight in Piglets at Birth 出生仔猪体重差异 If gestation PGF 2 α + free radicals + homocysteine 如果妊娠时有过多的前列腺素 2α + 自由基 + 高半胱氨酸 The immunity defense system at the beginning of gestation 在妊娠初期的免疫防御 Degradation of the plasmatic membrane of the embryonic cells 损坏胚胎细胞质膜 Lymphocytes T T 淋巴细胞 NK cells 自然杀伤细胞 Colonization of the endometrium affecting the development of the embryos 子宫内膜的定植影响胚胎的成长 Prostaglandin (PGE2) = secreted in the lumen of the uterus (from the day 12 th of gestation) 子宫内腔在妊娠第 12 天起分泌前列腺素 E2 Inhibition of the activities of immune cells NK and tumornecrosis factor (TNF) 抑制 NK 细胞 ( 自然杀伤细胞 ) 和 TNF 细胞 ( 肿瘤坏死因子细胞 ) 的活性 140

141 叶酸 蛋氨酸 高半胱氨酸 Figure 13 : Homocystéine et cycle de la méthionine 141

142 Curve of feed consumption related to temperature 温度变化与饲料采食量 Feed uantity in kg 采食量 L4769 L5929 L6353 L4898 L2914 L6022 L7270 L Temperature in C 温度 L6553 L5933

143 Timing of the meal supplies 理想的饲喂时间 Feeding regime Multiple meals at specific time never ad libitum for piglets and lactating sows 对于仔猪及哺乳母猪要采取多餐制, 不要自由采食 GHRELIN 饥饿激素 6:30 9:30 11:30 17:30 INSULIN 胰岛素 Water 水 Water 水

144 Timing of the meal supplies 理想的饲喂时间及饲喂量 饲喂次数 理想时间 每餐饲喂量占全天比例 1 st meal 第一餐 6:30 7:00 40% ration 2 nd meal 第二餐 9:30 30% ration 3 rd meal 第三餐 11:30 20% ration 4 th meal 第四餐 17:30 18:00 10% ration Objective is to have more 20% of sows which consume 7.5 kg of lactating diet 12 days after farrowing 目的是 20% 以上的哺乳母猪在产后 12 天后采食量达 7.5 公斤 / 天 144

145 Timing of the meal supplies 理想的饲喂时间及饲喂量 饲喂次数 Time 时间 Ration 每餐比例 1 st Meal 7 : 00 40% 2 nd Meal 11 : 30 40% 3 rd Meal 17 : 30 30% 145

146 Water requirements in sows 母猪对水的需求 gestation: > litres/ day 升 / 天 Lactation: litres/ day Water meals within the feed trough (3 meals: 10am, 1pm, 3:30pm) 在饲料采食之间加 水餐 ( 上午 10:00 下午 1:00 和 3:30) 13 C <Water temperature< 20 C 最佳水温 C Water pressure: 1.8 litres/ minute 饮水器水压至少 1.8 升 / 分钟 2.0 litres/mn Height of the bowl drinkers adapted to the height of the sow # cm Water testing: 水质检测 2 times/ annum (dry season, wet season) 每年 2 次 ( 干湿季 ) Samples collected at the end of supplies line 在水线最末端取水 - Checking = iron, sodium, manganese, TDS, sulphates Water treatment: 水处理 Chlorination 加氯消毒 Acidification 酸化处理 146

147 Drinking water supplies strategy 正确饮水方法 Lactating sows must have free access to water and the capacity of water delivery of drinking nipples should be at least 5 litres per minutes 哺乳母猪对水的需求量更大, 并要保证其对水的自由摄取 乳头式饮水器要保证每分钟至少 5 升水的出水量 Lactating sows should optimally drink 50 litres per day 哺乳母猪理想化应每天喝水 50 升 Offer water meals twice (to three times per day) 每天提供两次, 甚至三次独立的 水餐 Offer water meals 1 to 1.5 hour after feed meal 在采食 1 至 1.5 小时后补水 Provide fresh, clean water in the feed trough 13 C <Water temperature< 20 C 提供 C 之间的新鲜 干净饮水 147

148 European Quality Standards for Water 欧盟对水质的要求 BACTERIOLOGICAL STANDARDS 细菌指标 Total germsperml at 37 C for 24 hours at 20 C for 72 hours Fecal Streptococci (groupe D) in 100ml (at 37 C fo r48 hours) Total Coliforms in 100ml (at 37 C for 24hours) Sulphite reducing an aerobic bacteria in 20ml (at37 for48hours) CHEMICAL STANDARDS 化学指标 Maximum NIL NIL NIL Maximum ph at 20 C 6,50-8,50 Hardness Totalal calimetric titer Conductivity (in microsiemens/cm) Total iron (in mg/l) 0,20 Total Manganese (in mg/l) 0,05 Nitrates (in mg/l) 50 Nitrites (in mg/l) 0,10 Sulfates (in mg/l) 250 Chlorides (in mg/l) 250 Organic matter (in mg/l) 5 Free Chloride (in mg/l) 0,3 Ammonia (in mg/l) 0,5

149 WEIGHT OF PIGLETS AT BIRTH AND PROLIFICACY 仔猪初生重及繁殖性能

150 Introduction In many instances the larger the litter size, the lighter the weight of the total litter. (Lighter weight of individual piglet) but not all the time 通常窝产仔猪头数越多, 仔猪出生体重就越轻, 但事实并非如此 Often large litters are composed of piglets with heterogenous weight (heavy piglets light weight piglets) 窝产仔数多的通常出现大小不一, 整齐度差的情况 Weight at birth conditions survival rate. 出生体重决定了存活率 150

151 Effect of litter size on the % of small piglets (<1 kg at birth) 窝产仔猪头数与体重小于 1 公斤仔猪的关系 体重轻的仔猪 % 窝产仔猪头数 Martineau

152 Litter size (class) 窝产仔数分类 Mean parity 平均胎次 Litter Effect of litter size on piglet BW variation (1380 litters born from 2000 to 2004) 仔猪出生体重的演化 ( 年对 1380 窝猪的统计 ) N 涉及窝数 No. total born 总产仔数 No. born alive 出生活仔数 No. stillborn 死胎数 Mean BW, kg 仔猪平均初生重 1.89 a 1.67 b 1.57 c 1.47 d 1.38 e CV BW, % 14.9 d 17.4 c 20.2 b 21.3 b 23.7 a Distribution in BW classes, % 出生重 % % % % % % < 1.0 kg 3 e 5 d 8 c 10 b 15 a kg 8 e 16 d 21 c 29 b 34 a kg 27 c 39 b 43 a 43 a 38 b > 1.8 kg 63 a 40 b 28 c 19 d 13 e a,b,c,d,e with each row, means with no common supersript differ (P<0.05) Sylviane Boulot, Helene Quesnel and Natalie Quiniou

153 % of mortality Relationship between weight at birth and mortality during the different phases 出生重与死亡率在不同阶段的关系 死亡率 % Lactation Post-weaning Fattening Maternity 哺乳仔猪 Fattening 育肥 Post-weaning 断奶 Le Cozler 2004 Weight range at birth (Kg) 出生体重 ( 公斤 )

154 Homogenous weight in piglets at birth depends on a synchronic implantation of fetuses 出生仔猪均匀度高依靠胚胎的同期着床 Synchronic implantation of fetuses depends on the composition of the uterine fluid (concentration in PGF2α, PGE, homocysteine) 胚胎同期着床要看子宫腔液中的成分 ( 前列腺素 F2α 前列腺素 高半胱氨酸 ) The composition of the uterine fluid depends on the nutrition of the sows between weaning and day 21 in gestation. 子宫腔液中的成分依靠断奶至怀孕第 21 天的营养调节 154

155 Homogenous weight at birth depends on nutrition of the sows during the last days of gestation 产仔均匀度也同样取决于怀孕最后 天的营养 Lactation feed nutritional profile 需要哺乳料的指标 Energy 能量 Amino acid profile 氨基酸水平 Vitamins 维生素 Fat more digestible than carbohydrates (heat increment) 易消化脂肪代替碳水化合, 减少高热量 155

156 Care and nutrition to sows in the early stages of gestation 妊娠早期营养补充 Embryonnic development 胚胎的发育 AI 配种 12/ Days of gestation 怀孕天数 Vit E 维生素 E Vit B9 叶酸 Vit B12 B12 Vit D 维生素 D Calcium 钙 Phosphorus 磷 Vit E 维生素 E Vit B9 叶酸 Vit B12 B12 156

157 Fecundation 6 to 10 h 授精 6-10 小时 Stade of 8 blastomeres 30 to 60 h 小时 8 个卵裂球 Free blastocyst 8th day 第 8 天囊胚 Stade of 4 blastomeres 24h 24 小时 4 个卵裂球 Elongation of the blastocyst 囊胚伸长

158 VITAMINS FOR PROLIFICACY IN SOWS Vitamins condition the composition of the uterine fluid composition and secretions 维生素对子宫液及分泌物的影响 Vitamins conditions the implantation of the fetuses, the size and homogeneity of piglets at birth 维生素对胚胎的着床, 仔猪初生重, 均匀度的影响 PGE2 前列腺素 E2 Secretion Day 12 of gestation 妊娠第 12 天分泌 Arachidonic acid 花生四烯酸 INHIBITION 抑制 INHIBITION PGF2α 前列腺素 F2α NK cells T.N.K 自然杀伤 (NK) 细胞 Vit E (α-toco acetate) Vit A (β-carotene) Vit C Glutathion Peroxidase (vit B2+vit B6) INHIBITION 抑制 NEUTRALISATION 中和 FREE RADICALS 自由基 Vit B9 Folic acid 叶酸 Vit B12 Cyanocobal Conversion Homocystein --- Methionine 高半胱氨酸 -- 蛋氨酸

159 Adaptation of nutrition during the last 2 weeks in gestation 妊娠最后 2 周营养的调整 Introduction of lactation feed or introduction of a gestation feed rich in vitamin, aa, t-e, minerals 使用哺乳母猪料或添加更多的维生素 氨基酸 微量元素 Lactation Feed 哺乳母猪 Gestation Feed 怀孕母猪 Energy 能量 kcal kcal Protein 蛋白 % % Fiber 纤维 3 5 % 5 6 % Vitamin E 维生素 E 200 mg 200 mg In feed acidulation optimal bioavailability of (circulating) calcium regulation of the contraction of the uterus 饲料酸化 加强钙的生物利用率 调整子宫收缩 Highest possible weight at birth 仔猪出生体重最大化 Homogenous weight at birth Reduce mortality at birth 提高出生体重的均匀度 High provision of vitamin for the formation of the udder (mammogenesis) and the lactogenesis 促进乳腺发育, 提高泌乳性能 Vigorous piglets at birth 出生仔猪的活力 Enrichment of the colostrum and milk in vitamins 提高初乳和母乳中的维生素

160 Sow and primiparous sows feed nutritional data 头胎母猪及经产母猪营养指标 Energy 能量 Nutritional Criterial 营养标准 Protein % 蛋白质 % D.E/kg (Kcal) 消化能 ( 千卡 ) N.E/kg (Kcal) 净能 ( 千卡 ) N.E/kg (MJ) 净能 ( 兆焦 ) Cellulose 纤维素 % Lactating 哺乳 Gestating 怀孕 Primiparous gestating 头胎怀孕 Gilts 后备母猪 Max 最多 4 Min 至少 5 Min 至少 5 Min 至少 5 160

161 Sow and primiparous sows feed nutritional data 头胎母猪及经产母猪营养指标 Amino Acids 氨基酸 Nutritional Criterial 营养标准 Lactating 哺乳 Gestating 怀孕 Primiparous gestating 头胎怀孕 Gilts 后备母猪 Total Lysine % 总赖氨酸 % Min Digest Lysine 最小可消化赖氨酸 MIN METH/ LYS 最小蛋氨酸 / 赖氨酸 Threonine / LYS Min 苏氨酸 / 最小赖氨酸 LYS Min Trypto / LYS Min 最小色氨酸 / 最小赖氨酸

162 Sow and primiparous sows feed nutritional data 头胎母猪及经产母猪营养指标 Minerals 矿物质 Nutritional Criterial 营养标准 Lactating 哺乳 Gestating 怀孕 Primiparous gestating 头胎怀孕 Gilts 后备母猪 Min Ca. 最小钙 Total P (Max) 总磷 ( 最多 ) Min P Digest 最小可消化磷

163 Sow and primiparous sows feed nutritional data 头胎母猪及经产母猪营养指标 Minerals 矿物质 Nutritional Criterial 营养标准 Lactating 哺乳 Gestating 怀孕 Primiparous gestating 头胎怀孕 Gilts 后备母猪 Na (g/kg) Min 钠 ( 至少 ) Cl (g/kg) Min 氯 ( 至少 ) P (total) gr/kg 总磷 P (Digest) gr/kg 可代谢磷 Ca (gr/kg) 钙 Ca/P Total 钙 / 磷 1.3/ / / /1.9 Ca Total/P Digest 总钙 / 可消化磷

164 Effect of Body Condition on Energy and Lysine Requirement of Gestation Sows (2 nd Parity) 根据体况 ( 第二胎 ) 怀孕母猪能量与赖氨酸的需求 BODY WEIGHT 体重 BACKFAT, mm 背标厚度 ENERGY (Kcal ME/day) 能量 ( 千卡消化能 / 天 ) FEED, Kg/day (2900 Kcal/kg) 饲料 ( 公斤 / 天 ) (2900 千卡 / 天 ) LYSINE gr/day gr/kg feed 赖氨酸克 / 天克 / 公斤饲料 Body Condition at AI Mating 配种时的体况 Very Thin 非常瘦 Thin 偏瘦 Adquate 标准 Fat 过肥 INRA DATA

165 Effect of Letter Size on Energy and Lysine Requirements of Gestating Sows (2nd Parity + Adequate Backfat) ( 第二胎 ) 怀孕母猪能量与赖氨酸的需求与产仔数关系 Litter Size 产仔数 ENERGY (Kcal ME/day) 能量 ( 千卡消化能 / 天 ) FEED, Kg/day (2900 Kcal/kg) 饲料 ( 公斤 / 天 ) (2900 千卡 / 天 ) LYSINE gr/day gr/kg feed 赖氨酸克 / 天克 / 公斤饲料 Lysine requirements in pregnant sows are low 赖氨酸在怀孕母猪中使用量较低

166 Nutritional and feed formulation 营养与饲料配方 Palatability 适口性 Palatability 适口性 Palatability Feed intake 采食 Growth and health 生长与健康 Piglets 仔猪 Sugar acidulation umami agent (MSG) 酸化糖 鲜味剂 ( 谷氨酸单钠 = 味精 ) Lactating sows feed intake: milk production + reproduction 哺乳母猪 采食量高 泌乳性 + 繁殖力 Oil and fats (8-10%) coprah oil sunflower oil 油脂与脂肪 (8-10%) ( 首选 ) 椰子油 ( 其次 ) 葵花油 Precision nutrition (cost effectiveness) 精准饲喂 ( 成本与效率 ) Feed formulation on the net energy basis 配方依据净能 Analysis NIR formulation software (efficient and secure) 分析 NIR 配方软件 Standard ileal digestibility (SID values of raw materials) 不同原料的标准回肠消化率 Yield and utilization of amino acids 氨基酸的使用

167 Feed technology 饲料技术 Conditioning of cereal 原料调节 Extrusion 膨化 Gelatinisation of starch optimization of digestibility 淀粉糊化 优化消化率 Cooking 熟化 Conditioning of proteo seeds 籽类蛋的调节 Extrusion 膨化 Micronisation 微粉化 Precision and homogenous mixing 混合的精准性与均匀性 Vitamins 维生素 Additives 添加剂 Low temperature pelletisation 低温质粒 Quality in pelletisation 质粒质量 Durable but not hard fines wastages consumption 有韧性但不硬 细小颗粒 采食浪费 High content in oil and fat = 8-10% = pellet binder 高油脂及脂肪含量 = 粘合剂 Incorporation of liquid additives 加入液态添加剂 A.A / Vitamins 氨基酸 维生素 Acidifiers 酸化剂 Automation of production control and packaging 自动化 生产及包装 Removal of anti-nutritional factors optimization of digestibility 去除不利于营养物质的物质 优化消化率 167

168 Nutritional and feed formulation 营养与饲料配方 nutrition feed free of medication, antibiotics free feed 无抗生素的介入 De-medicated Respect of digestive status at specific physiological age Selected carbohydrates + thermic treatment digestibility 特定的碳水化合物 + 热处理 可消化性 Cooked rice (high glycemic index un allergogenic) 熟化大米 ( 高血糖指数 抗过敏 ) Barley (fermenting sugar acidic fermentation in the colon) 大麦 ( 发酵糖 在结肠中酸化发酵 ) Oats 燕麦 Selected choice of proteins (protein concentrates) digestibility 特定的蛋白 ( 浓缩蛋白 ) 可消化性 Casein 酪蛋白 Whey protein (lactalbumin β lactoglobulin) 小麦蛋白 ( 乳清蛋白 β- 乳球蛋白 ) Potatoes protein concentrate 土豆浓缩蛋白 Spring peas protein concentrate 青豆浓缩蛋白 Rice protein concentrate 大米浓缩蛋白 168

169 Nutritional and feed formulation 营养与饲料配方 Highly digestive fats/oils = coprah oil sunflower oil 高消化性脂肪 / 油脂 = 椰子油 葵花油 Reduced protein concentration in the feed used for the first 2 weeks post-weaning 断奶后的 2 周内应将蛋白浓度降低 IE = 19% CP 16% CP + synthetic A.A Optimal vitamin supplementation 优化维生素的补充 A, E, B2, B6, B12

170 Nutritional and feed formulation 营养与饲料配方 De-medicated nutrition antibiotic free feed 不含抗生饲料 Use of antibacterial organic acids at a significant incorporation in the feed 在特殊阶段饲料中添加使用抗菌性有机酸 Use of antibacterial organic acids salts at a significant dosage Formic acid 甲酸 Lactic acid 乳酸 Sodium formate 甲酸钠 Sodium butyrate 丁酸钠 Use of non starch polysaccharides 使用非淀粉多糖 NSP = substrates for anaerobic bacteria volatile fatty acids 非淀粉多糖 = 厌氧菌培养基 挥发性脂肪酸 Use of a health conditioner of the intestinal mucosa (Mfeed) Prevention of attachment of pathogenic bacteria Maintenance of the integrity of the intestinal mucosa Optimal length of the villi optimal nutrient absorption optimal immunity Stimulation of endogenous enzymes (Mfeed+)

171 THE INTAKE OF COLOSTRUM IN SWINE 母猪饲养管理与初乳

172 Colostrum in Swine 母猪初乳 Colostrum is a form of milk produced by the mammary glands of mammals in late pregnancy 初乳是哺乳动物在妊娠后期自乳腺中产生 Colostrum is the first milk. It is extremely nutritious and rich in essential nutrients; energy provided by lactose and lipids, proteins, amino acids, vitamins and minerals 初乳营养含量极高, 能量由乳糖 脂肪 蛋白质 氨基酸 维生素及微量元素提供 Colostrum, the first milk is as well the carrier of maternal antibodies transferring (passive) immunity to piglets 富含母源抗体, 以提供被动免疫 Colostrum intake is fundamental to - piglet survival - piglet growth - piglet health 初乳的摄取决定了仔猪的存活 生长及健康

173 Colostrum in Swine 母猪初乳 Colostrum intake is essential for energy needs 初乳摄取是能量摄取的关键 Glycogen stores in a new born piglet are quickly depleted and colostrum intake is fundamental to maintain body temperature and metabolic functions 新生仔猪体内的糖原储存迅速耗尽, 初乳的摄入量是维持体温和代谢功能的基础 Colostrum intake is essential to acquire passive immunity 初乳摄取是取得被动免疫的关键 The epitheliochorial placenta of swine prevents placental transfer of antibodies. In the first weeks of its live (3-4 weeks), the piglet is totally dependent on the passive immunity it receives through the colostrum 猪的胎盘上皮绒毛阻止抗体的胎盘转移 在仔猪出生的第一周 (3-4 周 ), 其是完全依赖于初乳中摄取的被动免疫 Transfer of maternal immunity can only be done via colostrum. Vaccination must be done to give sufficient time to the body to produce antibodies upon presentation of antigens and transfer into colostrum 母体的免疫转移只能通过初乳来完成 在对母猪进行疫苗免疫, 必须以给予足够的时间, 以产生抗体后, 产生抗原, 并转移到初乳

174 Colostrum Yield 初乳的泌乳量 High variability 泌乳量差异极大 Landrace x large white parturition over 24h Colostrum yield (average) 平均 = 3.67 kg (higher) 高 = 5.31 kg (lower) 低 = 1.91 kg Average piglet intake 仔猪平均初乳摄取量 = 300 gr Recommended colostrum intake = 300 gr 400gr 建议仔猪初乳摄取量 = 克

175 Effect of nutrition on sow colostrum 母猪营养对初乳的影响 Nutrition conditions the colostrum production via the development of the mammary gland and via the mechanisms controlling the colostrum secretions 营养制约了乳腺的发育及分泌初乳的机能 Additional supplementation in fat in late gestation feed results in 在妊娠后期提高脂肪含量 An increase in total lipids in colostrum 提高初乳脂肪含量 An increase in colostral lactose 提高乳糖含量

176 DIFFERENCE IN NUTRIENT COMPOSITION/COLOSTRUM/MILK 初乳与常乳的营养成分区别 COMPOSITION 成分 COLOSTRUM 初乳 Lactose content 乳糖含量 Low (3%) High (6%) Protein content 脂肪含量 High (15%) Low (6%) MILK 常乳 Immunoglobulin content 免疫球蛋白 High (73 mg/ml) Low (11 mg/ml) Dry mater content 干物质 High (23-32%) Low (18-20%) Yield 产量 Production rate 产量 kg 5 15 kg day Dietary MCFA 中链脂肪酸 Increase colostrum yield No effect on milk yield Dietary fiber 纤维 Increase colostrum yield Dietary HMB * β- 羟基 -β- 甲基丁酸盐 Sow back fat 母猪背膘 Importance for piglets 对仔猪的重要性 Increase colostrum yield No effect on colostrum yield Energy survival Decrease milk yield Enhanced growth

177 Factors affecting colostrum yield and colostrum quality 影响初乳产生和质量的因素 Formation of the mammary gland (glucose, vit E, vit B12: the most important nutrient for mammary metabolism) 乳腺的发育 ( 葡萄糖 维生素 E, B12 是乳腺代谢最重要的营养物质 ) Nutrition in the last stages of gestation 妊娠最后阶段的营养 Dietary lipids increased lipids in colostrum (linear decrease in colostral fat content as parity advances-parity 1 to 2) 膳食脂肪 增加初乳中脂肪含量 ( 脂肪在初乳中直线下降 ) Source of fats used in gestation feed 在妊娠母猪料中推荐的油脂 Coconut oil 椰油 (8%), sunflower 葵花油 (8%) + 8 % to 10 % colostrum 增加初乳量 Not fish oil 不建议用鱼油 Conjugated linoleic acid 共轭亚油酸 (CLA) lactose 乳糖 IgG 免疫球蛋白 Vitamin supplementation in late gestation 妊娠后期的维生素补充 Vit E, B12, B9 维生素 E, B12, 叶酸 Vit E storage in the adipose tissue of the sow has a great influence on its concentration in colostrum (Hakanson et al 2001) 母猪脂肪组织中维生素 E 缺乏导致初乳中的浓度 Increased concentration in late gestation induces higher concentration in colostrum (Bland 2001) Antioxigenes and antioxidants (bio-antioxidants) 抗氧化剂

178 Factors affecting colostrum yield and colostrum quality 影响初乳产生和质量的因素 Stress before, during and after parturition 分娩前后及期间的应激 No domestication of the gilts 后备母猪未驯化 Handling of sows by the herdsman (lack of care) 母猪护理不精心 Location of the farrowing pen 产房位置 Ranking at the pen gilts sows gilts 栋舍排序后备 经产 后备 Temperature 温度 Ventilation 通风 Oxygen availability ammonia contamination 氨气浓度 Accessibility to water 饮水是否充足 Water quality (intake) 饮水质量 Feed accessibility 密度空间 Noise 噪音

179 STRESS 应激 Hypothalamus 下丘脑 Corticotrophin Releasing factor 促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子 Pituitary Gland Anterior Lobe 垂体前叶 Adrenocorticotropic Hormone 促肾上腺皮质激素 Suppression of Pituitary Responsibility to Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH ) 抑制垂体促性腺激素释放激素 (LHRH) 的分泌 Inhibition of LH Secretion 抑制黄体生成素 (LH) 的分泌 Ovarian disfunctions 卵巢功能异常 Cystic Follicles 囊性卵泡 Asynchronic Reproductive Functions 繁殖功能非同步 Embryonic Mortality 胚胎死亡 Reduced colostrum and milk production 初乳 常乳产量降低

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181 Factors affecting colostrum yield and colostrum quality 影响初乳产生和质量的因素 Piglet s vigor at birth 仔猪出生活力 Low weight 体重低 Heterogenous weight 重量不同 Activation of the udder (lack of vigor) 激活乳房 ( 缺乏活力 ) Prolactin stimulation 催乳素刺激 Environmental temperature 环境温度 Draught air flow 气流 空气流动 Flooring slats 地板 Difficult access to the udder 够不到乳头 Noise 温度 Splay leg 八字腿

182 But there is no relationship between litter size and colostrum production! 然而, 在每窝产仔数和母猪初乳量上没有关系 Colostrum production, g 初乳量 Born live piglets 出生活仔数 Devillers et al. 2007

183 Assisted colostrum intake 协助初乳摄取 For the first 24 hours piglets visual functions and hearing functions are not yet optimally established 在仔猪出生 24 小时内其视觉和听觉功能尚未健全 Slatted floor can render access to the teat difficult and protracted (place rubber mats along the size and at the back of the sow Mistralize the mats) 漏缝地板不利于仔猪吃奶, 可以在母猪习惯的爬卧方向, 乳房一侧使用橡胶垫, 并在刚出生仔猪哺乳前撒上密斯陀 Fix splay leg problems whenever occurring 对八字腿及时救治 Place piglets on the teats front and middle teats 协助仔猪固定乳头 ( 前面和中间的 )

184 Assisted colostrum intake 协助初乳摄取 Slatted floors 漏缝地板 Thread slatted floors Difficulties for neonates piglets to stand up 螺纹 线行 漏缝地板不利于新生仔猪站立 Time to get access to the teat Induce open wound (knuckles) open door to bacterial contamination 延误吃到初乳的时间 膝关节易产生伤口

185 Split nursing or separate colostrum intake 初乳分组摄取 Separate the heavier piglets from the lighter weight piglets let the heavier suckle, then alternate with lighter weight piglets 将每窝中大小不一的仔猪分为两组, 先让体重较大的一组先吃奶, 再让体重小的一组吃 Keep always 7 piglets at anytime on the udders 任何时候保证至少 7 头以上仔猪同时哺乳或在母猪身边 Associate some heavier (restricted number) piglets with smaller in order to re-activate prolactin hormone 也可将个别体重大的仔猪放在个头小的一群, 吃奶时再促进泌乳激素的生成

186 Split Sucking

187

188 The Colostrum Can Be Collected 初乳可被采集 If farrowing are induced with prostaglandins and oxytocin (26 hours before farrowing), we can easily take a good amount of colostrum shortly after these injections. We can choose from a large number of sows with good milk stimulating. 如果分娩前使用列腺素和催产素 ( 产前前 26 小时 ), 可在注射后不久收集初乳

189 Collection milk machine 初乳采集的工具 ( 人用吸奶器 )

190 Conservation of Colostum 初乳的储存 Store in refrigerator up to 48 hours. For longer storage, it must be frozen 在冰箱冷藏室可保存 48 小时, 如需更长时间, 需要冷冻 The colostrum can be frozen, but its quality will be lost more in comparison with a simple refrigeration 冷藏对于初乳质量会稍有损失 The colostrum should be defrozen slowly but quickly frozen 对初乳的冷藏要快! 但解冻要慢

191 Administration of Colostrum 对初乳的管理 Administer at body temperature (39 C) 加热到体温温度 Avoid heating in the microwave because it degrades the structure of immunoglobulins. 不能用微波炉加热, 会破坏免疫球蛋白的结构 The ideal method is a slow warming in a bain-marie 最好是使用双层蒸锅 ( 自助餐保温常用系类设备 ) To maintain the colostrum in temperature on the day of collection, we can leave the bottles on the heating plate of a piglet nest or under a heat lamp. 如当天收集的初乳需在当天使用, 可放置在恒温加热盘上, 或保温灯下

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