2009 5, (Charles Ralp h Boxer) (Manuel Teixeira), (Jogo Rodrigues, 1561?21633), Michael Cooper,,,, 1945,,,,,,, : (, Simgo Coelho) ( ), ; , ;

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1 Ξ :,,,,,,,,,, :, (1631),,,,,,,,,,,,, Ξ ( NSC H M Y3) ( KR H ) 985, :, 67 4 ( ), ;, , 92 :, :, 2004, ; Joseph Needham, etc. Science and Civilisation in China, vol. 5, part 7 : M ilitary Technology ; the Gun pow der Epic, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1986, pp ; C. J. Peers, S ol diers of the D ragon : Chinese A rmies 1500 B C2A D 1840, Oxford : Osprey Publishing Ltd., 2006, p

2 2009 5, (Charles Ralp h Boxer) (Manuel Teixeira), (Jogo Rodrigues, 1561?21633), Michael Cooper,,,, 1945,,,,,,, : (, Simgo Coelho) ( ), ; , ; (Ant nio de Gouvea, ) (1644),, ( Gongalo Teixeira Correa,?21632), ; :, :, 1982, ; :, :, 2008, C. R. Boxer, Portuguese Military Expeditions in Aid of the Mings against the Manchus, ," Michael Cooper, Rod ri gues the I nterp reter, an Earl y J esuit in J apan and China, New York : : : (),, :,, , , :, 4, :, (2005), Simgo Coelho, Couzas principaes que no discurso desta jornada acontecergo entre a gente que nella vay, e Archivum Romanum Societatis IESU, J a ponica2s inica 161 ( II), fls. Ant nio de Gouvea, A sia Ex t rema, segunda parte, in BA, J A, 492V22, pp , , :, 2006, ; : : Tπien Hsia Monthly, vol. 7, no. 1 ( 1938), pp ; Manuel Teixeira, Os M ilitares em M acau, Macau : Imprensa Nacional, 1976, pp Weatherhill, 1974, pp (),40 1 (1944), ;, ; :, 75 3 ( ), ; :, :, 2004 ; :, o Capitgo Gonsalo Texeira Correa," Biblioteca da Ajuda (BA), J esu tas na Aπsia ( J A ), 492V28, fls. 402v2407v ;BA, J A, 492V26, fls v, Michael Cooper, Cooper, Rodrigues in China : The Letters of Jogo Rodrigues, ," in Kokugoshi e no michi, vol. 2, ed., Doi sensei shoju kinen ronbushukankokai, Tokyo : Sanseido, 1981, pp

3 , ;, (AndrPalmeiro, ) (Biblioteca da Ajuda) ( J esu t as na si a),,,,,,, 3 1, ;,,, 1564, 1602,,, 1622,,,,,,,, (1619),, :,,,, (1621), 4, (Unicorn) 26, 24,,,,,,,, BA, J A, 492V29, fls v. 6, : :, 30 ( ), ; : :, :, :, 2008, Ant nio Aresta, e Celina Veiga de Oliveira (eds. ), O Senado : Fontes Documentais para a Hist ria do L eal Senado de M acau, Macau : Leal Senado de Macau, 1998, pp , C. R. Boxer, A Derrota dos Holandeses em M acau no A no de 1622, Macau : Escola Tipogr fica de Orfanato, ( Francisco Mascarenhas), 1625 ( Manuel Tavares Bocarro), N. Valdez dos Santos, M anuel B ocarro : o Grande Fundi dor, Lisboa : Publicagges da Comissgo de Hist ria Militar, 1981, pp ; :,, :, 2001, , :, 1984 (, ), 24 67

4 ( ) 2 8, 20,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, 10,, 20, :,,,, 17,,,, ;,, ( ),, ;, 1620,,,,,,,,,, Gaspar Lopes (, ),,,,, ( Procurador, ), ( Pedro Pinto) ( Pedro do Quintal) 4 2 ( Simgo Coelho) (Oratio Nerenti) , ,, 4 ( Francisco Aranda), :, ;, ; Simgo Coelho, Couzas principaes," BA, J A, 492V28, fl. 404v. :, : 3 1, :, Coelho, Couzas principaes," BA, J A, 492V28, fls. 404v2405. Coelho, Couzas principaes," BA, J A, 492V28, fls. 402v2405., : 1 principaes," BA, J A, 492V28, fl. 405v., : , 15 ; 4 100, 10 ; 2 80, 6 ; 13 40, 3 Coelho, Couzas, : 3 1, ; Coelho, Couzas principaes," J A, 492V28, fls v.

5 10,,,,,, 32, (Daniello Bartoli, ),,, Laurenzo de Lis Veglio,,,,,, Laurenzo de Lis Veglio,, (), 7, 4,,, (J uiz) (Vereador),,,,, :,,,, gλυ,,, ;, gλϖ, 1577, ( Tguzzu),, 1610 gλω, gλξ, 20,,, 58, 6 ; Coelho, Couzas principaes," J A, 492V28, fl. 406v. 58, 6 :, 1, 94 Daniello Bartoli, Dellπhistoria della Com pagnia di Giesu. L a Cina, Roma : Nella Stamperia del Varese, 1663, p : :, :, 1966, :, :3 1, 89 Cooper, Rodrigues in China," pp. 252, 251, 246.,,, Coelho, Couzas principaes," BA, J A, 492V28, fl gλυ :3 1, 95 gλϖ gλω gλξ 1610,, 20, 50 :1, 94 ; 3 1, 91 Coelho, Couzas principaes," J A, 492V28, fl. 406v. Cooper, Rod ri gues the I nterp reter, pp. 20, 23, 33234, 37, 69, 108, 110, 200, :3 1, 91 69

6 2009 5,,,, Ant nio do Ros rio,,,, 6 ( 4 2 ),,, 1622,, 100 ( Fernando da Silva),,,,, Francisco Carvalho Aranha ,, 1632,, (Simgo da Cunha, ), 1624,! 1624, 1629,,, gλυ,, gλϖ,,,,,, gλω,,,, :, C. R. Boxer, Notes on Early European Military Influence in J apan ( )," Coelho, Couzas principaes," BA, J A, 492V28, fl. 402v ; :, 39 Coelho, Couzas principaes," BA, J A, 492V28, fl Teixeira, Os M ilitares em M acau, p. 198, note 4., Gouvea, :, 177 Louis Pfister, N otices biog raphiques et bibliog ra phiques sur les J suites de lπancienne mission de Chine, Joseph Dehergne, R pertoi re des j suites de Chine de , Roma : Institutum Historicum S. I., gλυ gλϖ gλω 70 A siatic S ociet y of J a pan, Second Series vol. 8 (1931), pp T ransactions of the A sia Ex t rema, :, ; 33, , Chang2Hai : Imprimerie de la mission catholique, 1932, Tome I, pp , p. 69. Coelho, Couzas principaes," BA, J A, 492V28, fl , 28 Coelho, Couzas principaes," BA, J A, 492V28, fl. 406v. Manuel Teixeira, M acau no S c. X V I I, Macau : Direcggo dos Servigos de Educaggo e Cultura, 1982, p. 48.

7 ,,,,,,, (1616),, ,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gλυ,,,, Manuel A. Ribeiro Rodrigues, 400 A nos de Organiz aggo e Uni f ormes M ilitares em M acau Macau : Coelho, Couzas principaes," BA, J A, 492V28, fl. 406v , BA, J A, 492V26, fls Coelho, Couzas principaes," BA, J A, 492V28, fl. 406v , 16, AndrPalmeiro, Macao, 8 de Janeiro de 1630, BA, J A, 492V26, fl. 524v. Coelho, Couzas principaes," BA, J A, 492V28, fls. 406v2407v. ::, : 3 1, ; Andr Cooper, Rodrigues in China," p :( ),, :, 2002, 112 :, :3 1, 86 Cooper, Rodrigues in China," p. 251, :, Paulo gλυ Instituto Cultural de Macau, 1999, pp ; Teixeira, Os M ilitares em M acau, pp v ;BA, J A, 492V28, fls Palmeiro, Macao, 8 de Janeiro de 1630, in BA, J A, 492v26, fl. 526v. Hs Chinchin ( Paulo Sun), (Chiachin,, ) Chinchin 5, 8 8, 11 ; 17, 18 ; 69, 7 :1, 95 ; 3 1, 83 71

8 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, (NiccolLongobardo, ) (Johann Terrenz Schreck, ) :1, ; 3 1, ; Cooper, Rodrigues in China," pp. : :, :, 2005, :, :3 1, :, :3 1, 84, :, :, 1986, :, : 3 1, 93 ; Cooper, Rodrigues in China," pp. 225, 251. Cooper 6,, :, 1984, , 14 6,

9 ,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, 3500,,,,,, (,, ),,,,, 8,,,,,, (meya columbrina),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6,,,,, 15,, ( ),,, ( ), ; 4,, 1999,, 312 ; : :, :, : 6, :, 2001, Cooper, Rodrigues in China," p : :, : 3 1, ;6, 279 ; Cooper, Rodrigues in China," pp Cooper, Rodrigues in China," p. 248 ; Gouvea, A sia Ex t rema, segunda parte, p , 280 5, :, 1985, ;, Cooper, Rodrigues in China," p ,

10 2009 5,, : :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1626),,,, ;,,,,,, ( ) (4 5, ),,,,,,,,, 6, 6 5,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, ;, :,,,, 6, , 277 6, Cooper, Rodrigues in China," pp : 3 1, ; 30, 5 Gouvea, A sia Ex t rema, 30, 25 Cooper, Rodrigues in China," pp Cooper, Rodrigues in China," p , ( ),,, ,,, segunda parte, p. 217.

11 ,,,,,,,,,,,, 10,,, (t he Captain General, ) ( Kingπs Guard) (court soldiers), : 200,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, (: ),,,,,, ;, ; (: ),,,,,,,,,,, 15, :3 1, 86 95, BA, J A, Cod. 492V29, fls v. :3 1, 95 Cooper, Rodrigues in China," p. 244., (6, ) ; Cooper, Rodrigues in China," p , 284,,, :3 1, ;6, ,

12 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;, ;,,,,,, 1200 ; 100 ;,,,,,,,, 100, ;,, 320,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,, 6, , , ,, Cooper, Rodrigues in China," p , 8 :1, 96 :, :, :, :, ; :1, ; 2, , 3 1, 3 1,

13 ,, ;,,,,, 8000, 3,,, :,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, :, (: ), (: ),,,, (),,,,,,,,,,, :,, :, ; Gouvea, A sia Ex t rema, segunda parte, p. 218., 7, 487 ; 8, ;34, 25 Gouvea, A sia Ex t rema, segunda parte, p Gouvea, A sia Ex t rema, segunda parte, p :, :3 1, 105, 30, :, :,, :, (,, ), 1, 64 ; 12, 87 ; :3 1, 108 ; :,, :, 1985, 27 77

14 2009 5,,,, ( ),,,,, 28,,,, ( ), ;,,,,,,,, 1300,, :,,,,, : ( ),, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gλυ,, :, ;,,, 12,,, gλϖ, 3 11,,, 12, 15, 1, 65 1, 76 ;44, 8 6, 301,, 2, 28 :,12, : 23, :,, , :, , , Gouvea, A sia Ex t rema, segunda parte, p gλυ :, 940 gλϖ Gouvea, A sia Ex t rema, segunda parte, p

15 , 1,,,, 9,,, ;,,,, (),!,,,,,, ( ),,, 22,,,,,,,,,,,, ,, 12000,, :,,,,,,?gλυ (1632),,,, gλϖ,, 58, 5 6 Gouvea, A sia Ex t rema, segunda parte, p Gouvea, A sia Ex t rema, segunda parte, pp Cooper, Rodrigues in China," p. 242., : 6, ( The Russian Public Library), Cooper, Rodrigues in China," pp :, Gouvea, A sia Ex t rema, segunda 54, 22 ; 55, 2 3 ; :, :, :, 1989, gλυ gλϖ parte, p ; 13, ; 14, 1 11 ; 1,27 29 :, :, 1962, ,

16 2009 5, :,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (: ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, ;,,,, :,,, , ,, 6, , ,, BA, J A, 492V29, fl. 73v.,,, BA, J A, 492V29, fl. 72v. BA, J A, 492V29, fl. 73v. 33, 28 ; BA, J A, 492V29, fl. 74.,,,, 62 ( ), ,, BA, J A, 492V29, fls ; 492V28, 80,,,, : : e fls. 743v2744v.

17 : 160, ; , ; 10 31, 19 : 300,,,,,, (Alvaro Semedo, ) : 400, 200,,, ;,,,,,, Pedro Cordeiro, Ant nio Rodriguez del Campo,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,,, Ant nio Rodriguez del Campo, 1622,, 5, Aresta, e Oliveira eds., O Senado : Fontes Documentais para a Hist ria do L eal Senado de M acau, pp Teixeira, Os M ilitares em M acau, p Gouvea, A sia Ex t rema, segunda parte, p Alvaro Semedo, The History of that Great and Renow ned Monarchy of China, London : Printed by E. Tyler for I. Crook, 1655, pp ,, ; 480 ;, 300 ; (Alfons Vgth) Daniello Bartoli, Dellπhistoria della Com pagnia di Giesu. L a Cina, 1663, pp ; Alfons Vgth, J ohann A dam Schall von B ell S. J., missionar in China, kaiserlicher ast ronom und rat geber am hof e von Peking, , Cologne : J. P. Bachem, 1933, pp ; :, :3 1, 107 ; 41, 13 Boxer, Ex pedig es M ilitares Portuguesas em A ux lio dos M ings cont ra os M anchus, , Macau : Escola Tipogr fica Salesiana, sem data, p Pfister, N otices biog ra phiques et bibliog raphiques sur les J suites de lπancienne mission de Chine, , Tome I, p (Domingos Mendes, ), Teixeira, Os M ilitares em M acau, p

18 2009 5,, :,,, () ;,,, 12,, :,,,,,,,, ;,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (Jogo Correa,?21623),, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,, ;,, :,,,,,,, () ( 40, 5 29, Gouvea, A sia Ex t rema, segunda parte, pp Gouvea, A sia Ex t rema, segunda parte, p Boxer, Ex pedig es M ilitares Portuguesas em A ux lio dos M ings cont ra os M anchus, , p. 16. :6, :, , :, 1974, 6287 :66,, , 42 44, BA, J A, 492V29, fls v.

19 ), :, ;, 300,, ( ),, :,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, :,?,?,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1200, 20,,,,,,,,,,, 35, 18 BA, J A, 492V29, fls v. BA, J A, 492V29, fls. 67v , , :, 79, 20,,,, :, ;32, 2 ;6, 298 ; :, :, 1970, 37, 20,, 8,

20 :,,, ;,,, :,, : ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1,, 6,, 300,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,!,, : :, 31 4 (1993), :91, :, 1958, 5555,, BA, J A, 492V29, fls v. 41, , 29 44, 8 6, , 8 84

21 ,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,!,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, (),,,, :,,,!,, ;,,, :,,??,, (, 703 ), C. R. Boxer, Um Memorial da Cidade de Macau ha Trezentos annos ," B oletim Ecclesiastico de M acau, vol. 35 (1937), pp ; :, ; :, :, 2001, , 313 6, 316 :90, ;29, 19 ; 38, 9,, : :, , 6 :3 1, Boxer, Ex pedig es M ilitares Portuguesas em A ux lio dos M ings cont ra os M anchus, , pp

22 2009 5,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, 17,,, (Johann Adam Schall von Bell, ) ( Giacomo Rh, ),,,,,,,,,, ;, ( : ) :, :3 1, 108 Arquivos Nacionais Torre do Tombo, L iv ros das Mong es, liv. 27, fl. 376 ; liv. 30, fls Santos, M anuel B ocarro : o Grande Fundi dor, pp

23 HISTORICAL RESEARCH NO15, 2009 science, ancient Chinese astronomy is distinguished precisely by a powerf ul humanistic appeal. Departmental Tours of Inspection : the Spatio2Temporal Characteristics of the Duties of Song Inspection Off icers Yu Wei (51) Tours of inspection were a distinctive feat ure of t he way Song inspection officers carried out t heir supervisory responsibility. The government consistently stressed t he need for t hese officers to tour all t heir prefect ures and commanderies in t heir jurisdiction wit hin a given period of time. Since such tours could not be too far apart, the area visited could not be too large. And yet, as an inspection officer was concurrently t he head administrative official in a circuit ( l u), a higher2level administrative division, it could not be too small either. This paradox led t he central government to undertake a series of adjust ment s to t he number of inspector s, t he area inspected, and t he cycle of inspectio ns, etc., before set ting up and fine2t uning a system of inspectio n to ur s by depart ment. This institution was widely adopted bot h in routine annual tours of inspection and in t he flexible resolution of emergencies. It arose f rom t he new system under which t he Song made f ull use of the various military bodies in a circuit, and reflect s t he flexibility of the Song political system. A Ne w Perspective on the Recruitment of Portuguese Soldiers from Macao during Emperor Chongzhenπs Reign Do ng Shao xin & Huang Yino ng (65) Toward the end of t he Ming dynasty, Xu Guangqi and ot her enlightened officials propo sed to t he t ro uble2st ricken government t hat Po rt uguese soldier s be recruited f ro m Macao to guard against t he harassment f ro m t he Manchusπ Later J in State. In t he t hird year of Emperor Cho ngzhenπs reign, t he Port uguese captain Go ngalvo Teixeira Correa led his t roop s to Beijing, where he trained t he Chinese soldiers in artillery wit h good result s. Xu later sent for more troop s f ro m Macao to p ro mote military reform ; however, his at tempt was t hwarted due to vehement opposition from L u Zhaolong and ot hers. The following year, Kong Youde instigated t he Wuqiao military revolt and t hen surrendered to t he Manchus, who gained t he Port uguese2trained soldiers and Western firearms t hat t hey t urned to their own advantage. This was a crucial link in t heir subsequent invasio n of China. The Anti2Japanese War and Japanese Work on the Hui2Musl ims Wang Ke (87) Soon after t he out break of the Anti2J apanese war, t he Five Ministerπs Conference held in Tokyo in 1938 decided that J apan would p ursue work on t he Hui2Muslims," so as to defeat China as soon as possible. J apan t hen undertook a series of activities, including setting up secret service organizatio ns in Muslim2inhabited areas, rallying t he support of local Muslim warlords, and establishing various Hui2Muslim" agencies. Funded by t he J apanese government, these agencies were under t he direct co nt rol of t he J apanese secret service in each area ; t heir top perso nnel were mainly J apanese, and t hey were clo sely associated wit h J apanπs military and foreign affair s systems. Alt ho ugh t his work initially loo ked t hreatening, it did not yield great result s, but it did impel t he Chinese government to accelerate progress toward building a nation2 191

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BIBLID 0254-4466(2002)20:2 pp. 29-56 20 2 91 12 1 * 1 P. e Manuel Teixeira, Macau e a sua Diocese XIII, A Missao do China Macao: Tipograla da Missao do Padroado, 1979 Benjamin António Videira Pires 1992