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1 More ado about nothing: The typology of negative indefinites Johan van der Auwera Center for Grammar, Cognition and Typology University of Antwerp

2 More ado about nothing: The typology of negative indefinites Johan van der Auwera Center for Grammar, Cognition and Typology University of Antwerp

3 1. What are negative indefinites? 2. Frequency 3. Types and subtypes 4. More subtypes 5. Still more subtypes 6. Conclusion

4 van der Auwera, Johan & Lauren Van Alsenoy (in print) More ado about nothing: The typology of negative indefinites

5 van der Auwera, Johan & Lauren Van Alsenoy (in print) More ado about nothing: The typology of negative indefinites Van Alsenoy, Lauren (2014) A new typology of indefinite pronouns, with a focus on negative indefinites. PhD University of Antwerp.

6 1. What are negative indefinites? 2. Frequency 3. Types and subtypes 4. More subtypes 5. Still more subtypes 6. Conclusion

7 What are negative indefinites? I saw nothing

8 What are negative indefinites? I saw nothing I saw something

9 What are negative indefinites? I saw nothing I saw something I saw everything

10 What are negative indefinites? I saw nothing I saw something I saw everything I didn t see anything

11 What are negative indefinites? I saw nothing I saw something I saw everything I didn t see anything If you see anything Did anything strike you?

12 What are negative indefinites? I saw nothing I saw something I saw everything I didn t see anything If you see anything Did anything strike you? I ain t seen nothing yet

13 What are negative indefinites? I saw nothing I saw something I saw everything I didn t see anything If you see anything Did anything strike you? I ain t seen nothing yet

14 What are negative indefinites? I saw nothing Negative quantification I saw something I saw everything I didn t see anything If you see anything Did anything strike you? I ain t seen nothing yet Negative concord

15 What are negative indefinites? I saw nothing I saw something I saw everything I didn t see anything If you see anything Did anything strike you? I ain t seen nothing yet Negative quantification NQ NC Negative concord

16 Some caveats

17 Some caveats

18 1. NPI NQ Some caveats

19 1. NPI NQ Some caveats

20 1. NPI NQ Some caveats

21 Some caveats 1. NPI NQ 2. NC/NQ = language which has at least one NC/NQ indefinite language in which all nega ve indefinites are NC/NQ

22 Some caveats 1. NPI NQ 2. NC/NQ = language which has at least one NC/NQ indefinite language in which all nega ve indefinites are NC/NQ 3. Only main clause declaratives (NOT questions, conditionals, elliptical answers.)

23 Some caveats 1. NPI NQ 2. NC/NQ = language which has at least one NC/NQ indefinite language in which all nega ve indefinites are NC/NQ 3. Only main clause declaratives (NOT questions, conditionals, elliptical answers.) 4. Only sentences with at most one negative indefinite and at most one clausal negator

24 1. What are negative indefinites? 2. Frequency 3. Types and subtypes 4. More subtypes 5. Still more subtypes 6. Conclusion

25 Negative concord "in fact, the great majority of the world's languages have N[egative] C[oncord] (cf. Haspelmath 2005) (Penka 2011: 14) "negative concord is a widespread phenomenon in natural languages, as Haspelmath (1997) observes (De Swart 2010: 21) "while such constructions [i.e. negative concord constructions] are often considered illogical, they are not only widespread, but actually appear to be the preferred pattern for negatively quantified sentences cross linguistically (Israel 2011:43)

26 ❶ Haspelmath uses an unusually wide definition of negative indefinite the 'deliberatively vague sense of "indefinite [ ] that has 'direct negation' as an important use"' (Haspelmath 1997: 199)

27 ❶ Haspelmath uses an unusually wide definition of negative indefinite the 'deliberatively vague sense of "indefinite [ ] that has 'direct negation' as an important use"' (Haspelmath 1997: 199) I saw nothing I didn t see anything

28 ❶ Haspelmath uses an unusually wide definition of negative indefinite the 'deliberatively vague sense of "indefinite [ ] that has 'direct negation' as an important use"' (Haspelmath 1997: 199) I saw nothing I didn t see anything Jag harintesett någon Jag har sett någon

29 ❷ Kahrel (1996: 37) n= 40 Verbal negator & neutral indefinite John not bought something Verbal negator & negatively polar indefinite John not bought anything No verbal negator & negative indefinite John bought nothing Verbal negator & negative indefinite John not bought nothing Other There is not what John bought 67.7 % 22.5 % 12.5 % 12.5 % 17.5 %

30 ❷ Kahrel (1996: 37) n= 40 Verbal negator & neutral indefinite John not bought something Verbal negator & negatively polar indefinite John not bought anything No verbal negator & negative indefinite John bought nothing Verbal negator & negative indefinite John not bought nothing Other There is not what John bought 67.7 % 22.5 % 12.5 % 12.5 % 17.5 %

31 ❷ Kahrel (1996: 37) n= 40 Verbal negator & neutral indefinite John not bought something Verbal negator & negatively polar indefinite John not bought anything No verbal negator & negative indefinite John bought nothing Verbal negator & negative indefinite John not bought nothing Other There is not what John bought 67.7 % 22.5 % 12.5 % 12.5 % 17.5 %

32 ❷ Kahrel (1996: 37) n= 179 Verbal negator & neutral indefinite John not bought something Verbal negator & negatively polar indefinite John not bought anything No verbal negator & negative indefinite John bought nothing Verbal negator & negative indefinite John not bought nothing Other There is not what John bought?????

33 Miestamo sample (179 languages) Africa: Beja, Tera, Somali, Arabic, Iraqw, Hausa, Nama, Ju'huan, Bagirmi, Kresh, So Kunama, Ngiti, Ma'di, Mana,Lango,Nubian,KoyraboroSenni,Majang,Kanuri,Yoruba,Degena,Supyire,Igbo,Ijo,Ewe,Diola Fogny, Nupe, Gbeya Bossangoa Eurasia: Albanian, Basque, Brahui, Eastern Armenian, Hindi, Icelandic, Japanese, Korean, Khalkha, Hunzib, Lezgian, Nivkh, Evenki, Finnish, Mansi South East Asia and Oceania: Khasi, Khmu', Khmer, Nicobarese, Pacoh, Vietnamese, Seediq, Kambera, Chamorro, Gayo, Tagalog, Lewo, Biak, Muna, Rukai, Tibetan, Burmese, Cantonese, Lai, Meithei, Thai Papua New Guinea and Australia: Nasioi, Ambai, Mende, Abau, Yimas, Skou, Lavukaleve, Arapesh, Makalero,Usan,Menya,Kobon,Orokolo,Nabak,Kunimaipa,Koiari,Amele,Mauwake,Abun,Kilmeri,Mian, Sentani, Inanwatan, Gooniyandi, Gaagudju, Garrwa, Binin Gun Wok, Wardaman, Maung, Mara, Bardi, Ngiyambaa, Kayardild, Tiwi, Djingili, Murrinya Patha North America: Cheyenne,Wiyot,Slave,Haida,Karok,EasternPomo,Seri,Washo,Maricopa,Huave,Oneida, Koasati,Chinook,Klamath,ChiapasZoque,TetepotutlaChinantec,Mam,ChalcatongoMixtec,Otomí,Chocho, NorthernSierraMiwok,NezPerce,Siuslaw,Takelma,Purépecha,Tshimsian,BellaCoola,Squamish,Lakhota, Upper Necaxa Totonac, Mecayapan Nahuatl, Nevome, Huichol, Makah, Wappo, Yuchi South America: Andoke,Paumarí,Mapuche,Baure,Jaqaru,AwaPit,Chayahuita,WaiWai,Wari,Damana, Border Kuna, Rama, Teribe, Tehuelche, Epena Pedee, Sikuani, Pilagá, Aguaruna, Kwazá, Chiquitano, Canela Krahô, Wichí, Mosetén, Pirahã, Hup, Páez, Shipibo Konibo, Yagua, Puinave, Imbabura Quechua, Araona, Trumai, Tuyuca, Guaraní, Urarina, Chipaya, Waorani, Warao, Yanomámi Creoles:HaitianCreole

34 n = 40 n = 179

35 n = 40 n = 179

36 n = 40 n = 179 Form meaning mismatch (Haspelmath 1997: 203)

37 NC Language Family Macro area n/m % Albanian, Eastern Armenian, Icelandic Indo European Mansi Korean Japanese Lezgian Brahui Burmese, Meithei, Lai Khasi Chamorro Degema, Ewe Kanuri, Kunama Egyptian Arabic, Somali Damana Páez Imbabura Quechua Guaraní Epena Pedee Mosetén Wichí Canela Krahô Lakhota Uralic Korean Japanese Nakh Dagestanian Dravidian Sino Tibetan Austro Asiatic Austronesian Niger Congo Nilo Saharan Afro Asiatic Chibchan Paezan Quechuan Tupi Guarani Choco Mosetenan Wichí Macro Ge Siouan Eurasia 8/ % South East Asia & Oceania 5/ % Africa 6/ % South America 8/ % Huave Huave Chiapas Zoque Mixe Zoque North America 4/ % Karok Karok Lavukaleve Solomons East Papuan Australia & Papua New 2/ % Kayardild Australian Guinea Haitian Creole.

38 NQ Language Family Macro area n/m % Yuchi Yuchi Chinook Upper Nexaca Totonac Otomí, Chalcatongo Mixtec, Chocho, Tepetotutla Chinantec Purépecha Mam Nevome, Nahuatl, Huichol Epena Pedee Chinook Totonacan Oto Manguean Tarascan Mayan Uto Aztecan Choco North America 12/ % Paumarí Arauan Warao Warao South America 4/ % Mapuche Araucanian Icelandic Indo European Eurasia 1/ % Tiwi, Kayardild Australian Australia & Papua New Guinea 2/ % Nicobarese Austro Asiatic South East Asia & Oceania 1/ % Egyptian Arabic Afro Asiatic Africa 1/ %

39 1. What are negative indefinites? 2. Frequency 3. Types and subtypes 4. More subtypes 5. Still more subtypes 6. Conclusion

40 Different search method Sample + Research literature (biased for European languages)

41 Polish a. Nikt nie przyszedł nobody NEG came 'Nobody came b. Nie widziałam nikogo NEG saw nobody 'I saw nobody Spanish a. Nadie vino nobody came 'Nobody came b. No vi a nadie NEG saw to nobody 'I didn't see anybody' Strict NC since Giannakidou 1998: 186) Non strict NC NC

42 Polish a. Nikt nie przyszedł nobody NEG came 'Nobody came b. Nie widziałam nikogo NEG saw nobody 'I saw nobody Spanish a. Nadie vino nobody came 'Nobody came b. No vi a nadie NEG saw to nobody 'I didn't see anybody' Strict NC since Giannakidou 1998: 186) Non strict NC NC

43 Polish a. Nikt nie przyszedł nobody NEG came 'Nobody came b. Nie widziałam nikogo NEG saw nobody 'I saw nobody Spanish a. Nadie vino nobody came 'Nobody came b. No vi a nadie NEG saw to nobody 'I didn't see anybody' Strict NC since Giannakidou 1998: 186) Non strict NC NC

44 Polish a. Nikt nie przyszedł nobody NEG came 'Nobody came b. Nie widziałam nikogo NEG saw nobody 'I saw nobody Spanish a. Nadie vino nobody came 'Nobody came b. No vi a nadie NEG saw to nobody 'I didn't see anybody' Strict NC 31/34 since Giannakidou 1998: 186) Non strict NC NC

45 Polish a. Nikt nie przyszedł nobody NEG came 'Nobody came b. Nie widziałam nikogo NEG saw nobody 'I saw nobody Spanish a. Nadie vino nobody came 'Nobody came b. No vi a nadie NEG saw to nobody 'I didn't see anybody' Strict NC 31/34 WHY? since ANALOGY Giannakidou LESS 1998: MISMATCH 186) Non strict NC NC

46 Polish a. Nikt nie przyszedł nobody NEG came 'Nobody came b. Nie widziałam nikogo NEG saw nobody 'I saw nobody Spanish a. Nadie vino nobody came 'Nobody came b. No vi a nadie NEG saw to nobody 'I didn't see anybody' Strict NC 31/34 WHY? since ANALOGY Giannakidou LESS 1998: MISMATCH 186) Non strict NC NC

47 Strict NC (Polish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I

48 Strict NC (Polish) N negative NI > V or V finite NI > verb NV V > NI or NV > NI I indefinite > precedes NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I

49 Strict NC (Polish) N negative NI > V or V finite NI > verb NV V > NI or NV > NI I indefinite Non strict NC (Spanish) > precedes NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I

50 Neg First principle Strict NC (Polish) NEG FIRST principle Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Jespersen 1971:5

51 Neg First principle Strict NC (Polish) NEG FIRST principle Non strict NC (Spanish) There is a natural tendency, also for the sake of clearness, to place the NI negative > V or NI first, > NV or V > at NI any or NV rate > I as soon as possible, very often immediately before the particular word to be negatived [sic] (generally the verb). NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I

52 Neg First principle Strict NC (Polish) NEG FIRST principle Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Jespersen 1917: 5 Horn 1989: 293

53 Neg First principle Strict NC (Polish) NEG FIRST principle Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Jespersen 1917: 5 Horn 1989: 293

54 Strict NC (Polish) Only NI strict > V or NC NI > NV and V one > NI or type NV > NI of non strict NC? NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I

55 Strict NC (Polish) Catalan Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I

56 Strict NC (Polish) Catalan a. Ningú (no) ha vist Joan nobody NI > V or NEG NI > NV has V > seen NI or John NV > I 'Nobody has seen John' b. En Pere no ha fet res the Peter NEG has done nothing 'Peter NI > has V or done I > NV nothing' V > NI or NV > I Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I

57 Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Spanish) Catalan a. Ningú (no) ha vist Joan nobody NI > V or NEG NI > NV has V > seen NI or John NV > I 'Nobody has seen John' b. En Pere no ha fet res the Peter NEG has done nothing 'Peter NI > has V or done I > NV nothing' V > NI or NV > I NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I

58 Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Spanish) Catalan a. Ningú (no) ha vist Joan nobody NI > V or NEG NI > NV has V > seen NI or John NV > I 'Nobody has seen John' b. En Pere no ha fet res the Peter NEG has done nothing 'Peter NI > has V or done I > NV nothing' V > NI or NV > I NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I

59 Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Spanish) Catalan a. Ningú (no) ha vist Joan nobody NI > V or NEG NI > NV has V > seen NI or John NV > I 'Nobody has seen John' b. En Pere no ha fet res the Peter NEG has done nothing 'Peter NI > has V or done I > NV nothing' V > NI or NV > I NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I

60 Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Yet another type of non strict NC? NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I

61 Non strict NC (French) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I

62 Non strict NC (French) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) French a. Rien (ne) m'étonne nothing NEG me.surprises NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I 'Nothing surprises me' b. Je (n')ai vu personne I NEG.have seen nobody 'I haven't seen anybody' Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I

63 Non strict NC (French) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Spanish) Can we continue? NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I

64 Non strict NC (French) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Can we continue? NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I

65 Non strict NC (French) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Can we continue? NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I

66 Non strict NC (French) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Brabantic Belgian Dutch) Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I

67 Non strict NC (French) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Brabantic Belgian Dutch) Non strict NC (Spanish) Brabantic Belgian Dutch NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I a. Niemand heeft mij (*nie) gezien noboby has me NEG seen 'Nobody has seen me' b. NI Ik > V heb or I > NV niemand V > NI or (nie) NV > I gezien I have nobody NEG seen NI 'I > have V or seen I > NV nobody' V > NI or NV > I NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I

68 Non strict NC (French) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Brabantic Belgian Dutch) Still more variation? NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I

69 Non strict NC (French) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Brabantic Belgian Dutch) Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I

70 Non strict NC (French) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Brabantic Belgian Dutch) (Dutch) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I

71 Non strict NC (French) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Brabantic Belgian Dutch) NQ (Dutch) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I

72 Non strict NC (French) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Brabantic Belgian Dutch) NQ (Dutch) Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Brabantic Belgian Dutch a. Niemand heeft mij (*nie) gezien NI > V or I > NV V noboby > NI or NV > has I me NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I NEG seen 'Nobody has seen me' b. Ik NI > heb V or I > niemand NV V > NI (nie) or NV gezien > I I have nobody NEG seen 'I NI have > V seen or I nobody' > NV V > NI or NV > I

73 Non strict NC (French) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Brabantic Belgian Dutch) NQ (Dutch) Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Dutch a. Niemand heeft mij (*nie) gezien NI > V or I > NV V noboby > NI or NV > has I me NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I NEG seen 'Nobody has seen me' b. Ik NI > heb V or I > niemand NV V > NI (*nie) or NV gezien > I I have nobody NEG seen 'I NI have > V seen or I nobody' > NV V > NI or NV > I

74 Non strict NC (French) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Brabantic Belgian Dutch) Strict NQ (Dutch) Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Dutch a. Niemand heeft mij (*nie) gezien NI > V or I > NV V noboby > NI or NV > has I me NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I NEG seen 'Nobody has seen me' b. Ik NI > heb V or I > niemand NV V > NI (*nie) or NV gezien > I I have nobody NEG seen 'I NI have > V seen or I nobody' > NV V > NI or NV > I

75 Non strict NC (French) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Brabantic Belgian Dutch) Strict NQ (Dutch) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Non strict NC (Spanish) Could there be non strict NQ (just like there is non strict NC)? NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I

76 Non strict NC (French) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Brabantic Belgian Dutch) Strict NQ (Dutch) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Non strict NQ (???) Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I

77 Non strict NC (French) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Brabantic Belgian Dutch) Strict NQ (Dutch) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Non strict NQ (English) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I English Nobody saw me. I saw nobody. *Anybody NI didn t > V or see I > me. NV V > I didn t NI or see NV anybody. > I Non strict NC (Spanish)

78 Non strict NC (French) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Brabantic Belgian Dutch) Strict NQ (Dutch) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Non strict NQ (English) Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I

79 Non strict NC (French) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Brabantic Belgian Dutch) Strict NQ (Dutch) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Non strict NQ (English) Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Could there be more subtypes of non strict NQ (just like there is non strict NC)?

80 Non strict NC (French) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Brabantic Belgian Dutch) Strict NQ (Dutch) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Non strict NQ (English) Non strict NC (Spanish)

81 Non strict NC (French) Non strict NQ (Hiberno English) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Brabantic Belgian Dutch) Strict NQ (Dutch) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Non strict NQ (English) Non strict NC (Spanish) Hiberno English Nobody saw me. I saw nobody. Anybody didn t see me. I didn t see anybody.

82 Non strict NC (French) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Brabantic Belgian Dutch) Strict NQ (Dutch) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Non strict NQ (English) Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Non strict NQ (Hiberno English) Non strict NQ (??)

83 Non strict NC (French) Non strict NQ (Hiberno English) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Brabantic Belgian Dutch) Strict NQ (Dutch) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Non strict NQ (English) Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Non strict NQ (Nahuatl) Nahuatl a. Juan amaka okitak b. Juan amo okitak aka Juan nobody PST 3.S 3O.SG see Juan NEG PST 3S 3O.SG see somebody Juan saw nobody Juan didn t see anybody

84 Non strict NC (French) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Brabantic Belgian Dutch) Strict NQ (Dutch) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Non strict NQ (English) Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Non strict NQ (Hiberno English) Non strict NQ (Nahuatl) Non strict NQ (??)

85 Non strict NC (French) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Brabantic Belgian Dutch) Strict NQ (Dutch) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Non strict NQ (English) Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Non strict NQ (Hiberno English) Non strict NQ (Nahuatl) Non strict NQ (??)

86 Non strict NC (French) Strict NC (Polish) Non strict NC (Catalan) Non strict NC (Brabantic Belgian Dutch) Strict NQ (Dutch) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Non strict NQ (English) Non strict NC (Spanish) NI > V or NI > NV V > NI or NV > I Non strict NQ (Hiberno English) Non strict NQ (Nahuatl) Non strict NQ (??)

87 Is everything possible/attested?

88 Is everything possible/attested? NO, just 10 out of 11 / 25

89 Is everything possible/attested? NO, just 10 out of 11 / 25

90 For NC the strict type is more common For NQ, however, the non strict type is more common

91 For NC the strict type is more common For NQ, however, the non strict type is more common

92 For NC the strict type is more common For NQ, however, the non strict type is more common WHY? THE MISMATCH PROBLEM?

93 For NC the strict type is more common For NQ, however, the non strict type is more common WHY? THE MISMATCH PROBLEM? THE MISMATCH PROBLEM?

94 1. What are negative indefinites? 2. Frequency 3. Types and subtypes 4. More subtypes 5. Still more subtypes 6. Conclusion

95 Up to now indefinites, positive or negative, were possible in the preverbal and the postverbal domain

96 Western Armenian (Khanjian 2010:5) votʃ intʃ (tʃi) desa no what (NEG) saw 'I didn't see anything NI > V or NI > NV *

97 NI > V or NI > NV * Western Armenian

98 NI > V or NI > NV * Western Armenian

99 NI > V or NI > NV * Western Armenian * *

100 * *

101 * * * * * * *

102 * * * * * * * * * * *

103 NI > NV * NI > V or NI > NV * Non strict NC (Western Armenian) NI > V * NI > V or I > NV * NI > V o r I > NV *

104 NI > NV * NI > V or NI > NV * Non strict NC (Western Armenian) NI > V * NI > V or I > NV * NI > V o r I > NV *

105 NI > NV *?? NI > V or NI > NV * Non strict NC (Western Armenian) NI > V *?? NI > V or I > NV * NI > V o r I > NV *????

106 NI > NV * Tamil NI > V or NI > NV * Non strict NC (Western Armenian) NI > V * Non strict NQ (Otomí) NI > V or I > NV * NI > V o r I > NV * Non strict NQ (Nevome)??

107 Otomí Hinte bí dini nothing PST.3 found He found nothing Tamil

108 Tamil Nevome a. pim urhoi si n ohada, an upu pim hucudoi s ohoda nobody STAT me envy 1SG also NEG someone STAT envy nobody envies me, just as I envy no one b. pim' an' igui haitu nuhida NEG 1SG IRR something look 'I saw nothing'

109 Tamil Is everything possible/attested? NO, just 10 out of 25

110 Tamil Is everything possible/attested? NO, 4 out of 5

111 Tamil If xxx * is possible, how about * xxx?

112 *???

113 *??? * * * * * * * * * * *

114 * xxx * * * * * * * * * * *

115 ??? * NV > NI????????? * V > NI or NV > NI * V > NI r NV > NI * V > NI or NV > I??? * NV > I

116 Non strict NC (Icelandic) * NV > NI Non strict NC (Welsh)???? * V > NI or NV > NI * V > NI r NV > NI * V > NI or NV > I?? * NV > I

117 Icelandic a. Ég vissi ekki sjá neitt I did NEG seenothing 'I didn't see anything' b. *Neinn sag ekki mig nobody saw NEG me 'Nobody saw me'

118 Welsh a. Ni soniodd neb am y digwyddia NEG mentioned nobody about the event 'Nobody mentioned the event' b. Welish i neb saw I nobody 'I saw nobody'

119 2 out of 5

120

121 NI> * V > NI or NV > NI NI> NV ** V > NI or NV > NI NI> NV ** V > NI or NV > NI NI> NV ** V > NI or NV > I NI> NV ** V > NI or NV > I

122 NI> * V > NI or NV > NI NI> NV ** V > NI or NV > NI NI> NV ** V > NI or NV > NI NI> NV ** V > NI or NV > I NI> NV ** V > NI or NV > I

123 NI> * V > NI or NV > NI NI> NV or NI > NV * NI> V or NI > NV * NI> NV ** V > NI or NV > NI NI> NV ** V > NI or NV > NI NI> V or NI > NV * NI> NV ** V > NI or NV > I NI> V or I > NV * NI> NV ** V > NI or NV > I NI> NV or I > NV *

124 NI> * V > NI or NV > NI NI> NV or NI > NV * NI> V or NI > NV * NI> NV ** V > NI or NV > NI NI> NV ** V > NI or NV > NI NI> V or NI > NV * NI> NV ** V > NI or NV > I NI> V or I > NV * NI> NV ** V > NI or NV > I NI> NV or I > NV * 16 out of 21 / 35

125 1. What are negative indefinites? 2. Frequency 3. Types and subtypes 4. More subtypes 5. Still more subtypes 6. Conclusion

126

127 0

128

129

130

131 NI > V V > NI or NV > I or NV > NI 3 2 1

132 NI > V V > NI or NV > I or NV > NI 3 2 1

133 NI > V V > NI or NV > I or NV > NI 3 2 1

134 NI > V V > NI or NV > I or NV > NI English Nobody saw me. I saw nobody. I didn t see anybody. I didn t see nobody

135 NI > V V > NI or NV > I or NV > NI English Nobody saw me. I saw nobody. I didn t see anybody. I didn t see nobody

136 NI > V V > NI or NV > I or NV > NI English Nobody saw me. I saw nobody. I didn t see anybody. I didn t see nobody

137 NI > V V > NI or NV > I or NV > NI English Nobody saw me. I saw nobody. I didn t see anybody. I didn t see nobody

138 NI > V V > NI or NV > I or NV > NI English Nobody saw me. I saw nobody. I didn t see anybody. I didn t see nobody

139 NI > V or I > NV or NV > NV V > NI or NV > I Mapuche

140 NI > V V > NI or NV > I or NV > NI

141 NI > V V > NI or NV > I or NV > NI 95% I didn t see something I didn t see anything 49.7 % 47.5 %

142 1. What are negative indefinites? 2. Frequency 3. Types and subtypes 4. More subtypes 5. Still more subtypes 6. Conclusion

143 1. It is wrong that NC is very frequent

144 1. It is wrong that NC is very frequent 2. It is wrong to conceive of non strict NC as one simple subtype

145 1. It is wrong that NC is very frequent 2. It is wrong to conceive of non strict NC as one simple subtype 3. NQ also has strict and non strict subtypes

146 1. It is wrong that NC is very frequent 2. It is wrong to conceive of non strict NC as one simple subtype 3. NQ also has strict and non strict subtypes 4. The NC and NQ subtypes are very similar

147 1. It is wrong that NC is very frequent 2. It is wrong to conceive of non strict NC as one simple subtype 3. NQ also has strict and non strict subtypes 4. The NC and NQ subtypes are very similar 5. The explanation needs several principles, viz. analogy, form meaning mismatch, Neg First, language contact