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1 The 46th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA Application of the Sound Corresponding Rules for Second-language Acquisition A Study in the Consonant Correspondences among Middle Chinese, Modern Hakka Dialect and Vietnamese Abstract: The development of sounds follows the particular phonetic patterns and directions. Two different languages, for instance, descending from a common ancestor, have related sound corresponding rules no matter how related they are. This paper is aimed to investigate the sound corresponding rules applying in the teaching and learning. Language contact or changes is the main factor to produce some linguistic variations, which the regular corresponding rules cannot account for. However, these linguistic variations would develop some additional rules because the phonological systems of specific languages become stable. The study in Middle Chinese attracts many attentions in the Chinese historical linguistics. In the aspect of phonological theories, modern Chinese dialects have a set of sound corresponding rules with Middle Chinese because these dialects are likely to be derived from the proto-language or from language contact or changes. The study focuses on the consonant corresponding rules among Middle Chinese, Modern Hakka Dialect, and Vietnamese, the sounds of the latter being influenced by Chinese, and aims to identify a systematic cross-learning method for the linguistic family of Chinese-derived character sounds. The paper is organized into seven sections as follows: 1.Introduction 2.Consonantal system in Middle Chinese 3.Consonantal system in Modern Hakka Dialect 4.Consonantal system in Vietnamese 1

2 5.Sound corresponding rules of Consonantal and tonal systems among Middle Chinese, Modern Hakka Dialect, and Vietnamese 6.Application of consonant corresponding rules in language teaching and learning 7.Conclusion This finding helps the learners not only to understand the relationship among Middle Chinese, Modern Hakka Dialect, and Vietnamese, but also to apprehend the sounds of the characters. The method provided in this study can be applied in teaching and learning other Chinese dialects. Keywords: the Sound Corresponding Rules, Second-language Acquisition, Middle Chinese, Hakka Dialect, Vietnamese, Consonant 2

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4 (1) (2) (3) 4

5 (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) 1 5

6 (1) (2) (3) Excel (1) (2)

7 1.5 (1) (2) (3)

8 (1) (2) (1) tal52 tai52 ti44 tsi44 ki1 kik1 pitak1 piak1 jiau52 (2) kap1 tsam44 kiu52 (3) tsin52 sin11sin11 kiu44kiu52kiu

9 2 p p m f v t t n l k k h Ø ts ts s n i , (2011) 9

10 4 IPA d, gi z j p p p t t t tr c ch c c c, k, q k k th t t b ph f f s s x s kh x x h h h v v v r z 10 g, gh m m m n n n nh ng, ngh l l l (1) tr chs xr d, gi (2) (3) k i, ê, eq u /k/ c (4) ngh i, ê // ng (5) gi a, ô, /j/ d r g, gh p (p) (b) m (m) f (ph) v (v) t (t) t (th) () n (n) l (l) k (c,k,q) x (kh) (g,gh) (ng,ngh) h (h) Ø c (ch) (x) j (d,gi) (nh) (tr) (s) (r)

11 4.3 (2011:8) Haudricourt 6 3 ngang () huyn à hi ngã ã sc á nng Excel (2011:38) 11

12 7 p p m f v t t n l k k h Ø ts ts s

13 8 % p Ø p Ø p v m Ø f h f h f f m ts v ts t ts t s t s n ts l ts ts ts ts s ts ts ts n s k k Ø k s s

14 %

15 12 % %

16 16 %

17 18 %

18 19 m f v t t n l k x h Ø c j

19 20 %

20 22 % %

21 % %

23 30 % (1) (2) (3)

24 31 m f v t t n l k x h Ø c j p p m f v t t n l k k h Ø ts ts s (1) p (127) 4 p (78.7%) (6.3%) (10.2%) p (b) % (94/127) 6 f (ph)

25 15 t (t) (2) p(175) 81.2% (80.2%) (96.2%) (63.7%) (36.3%) 83.0% (85.4%) (95.2%) p f (ph) p (b) 57.7% f (ph) 33.1% p f (ph) (52.9%) (b) (79.7%) (b) (62.8%) f (ph) (30.2%) t (t) 9 t (th) 5 (3) m (153) m (85.6%)(13.0%) m (m) (93.2%) v (v) (85.0%) m m (83.0%) v (11.8%) (1) f (193) f (52.8%) (42.0%) f (ph) 69.5% h (h) 92.7% f f (ph) (51.8%) h (h) (40.9%) 7 (2) v (90) v (30.0%) (22.2%) (23.3%) (18.9%) 7 f x 25

26 v v (74.2%) (92.6%) h (h) v v (v) (37.8%) (32.2%) h (h) (17.8%) (1) t (98) t (86.7%) () (92.3%) t () (86.7%) (2) t (217) t (64.1%) (32.7%) (55.4%) (30.2%) (70.4%) (28.2%) () (89.6%) t (th) (83.8%) t () (61.3%) t (th) (31.8%) t(th) (62.0%) () (90.1%) () (60.0%) t(th) (32.3%) (3) n (58) n (86.2%) n (n) (85.7%) n n (n) (77.6%) (4) l (225) l (98.2%) l (l) (97.8%) l l (l)(96.0%) (1) k (326) k (93.9%) k (c, k, q) (72.6%) j (gi) (18.2%) k k (c, k, q) (70.6%) j (gi) (17.8%) iêuiôcii ia c, k, q 4.1 (3) (2) k (225) 8 x 26

27 k (51.6%) (37.8%) (71.7%) (23.4%) (53.4%) (19.3%) x (kh) (89.6%) k (c, k, q) (95.5%) k x (kh) (50.7%) k (c, k, q) (41.8%) x (kh) (63.9%) k (c, k, q) (80.4%) x (kh) (59.6%) k (c, k, q) (36.2%) (3) (38) (97.4%) (ng, ngh) (85.9%) (nh) (12.1%) (ng, ngh) (73.7%) (nh) (21.1%) (1) h (184) h (86.4%) (11.4%) h (h) (89.1%) (kh) (92.4%) h h (h) (78.3%) x (kh) (11.4%) 10 (2) Ø (291) (37.1%) (35.4%) (14.8%) (92.6%) j (d) (92.7%) v (v) (74.2%) (34.7%) j (d) (34.0%) v (v) (10.0%) (1) ts (306) ts (91.8%) t (t) (97.1%) c (ch) (84.9%) (tr) (83.9%) ts t (t) (35.9%) c (ch) (31.7%) (tr) (26.5%) k t 11 ts t ts t c (ch), (tr) 27

28 (2) ts (364) ts (88.19%) t (th) (80.2%) t (t) (95.5%) (tr) (91.6%) (x) (81.8%) (s) (66.2%) t (t) (25.8%)t (th) (23.9%) (tr) (22.0%) (s) (14.8%) (x) (11.0%) 12 (3) s (414) s (93.7%) t (t) (94.3%) (s) (88.7%) t (th) (86.8%) t (t) (43.0%)t (th) (32.1%) (s) (16.9%) 13 (1) (88) (95.5%) (ng, ngh) (85.9%) (nh) (12.1%) (nh) (97.8%) n (n) (85.7%) (ng, ngh) (45.5%) (nh) (33.0%)n (n) (15.9%) t (th) t (t) 13 t (t) t (th) (s) 14 ( ) (ng, ngh) n n (n) (nh) 28

29 32 () (ng, ngh) 73.7 (nh) 21.1 p (b) 74.0 h (h) 78.3 h f (ph) 52.9 x (kh) 11.4 k, t (b) 79.9 Ø 34.7 p (b) 62.8 Ø j (d) 34.0 f (ph) 30.2 v (v) 10.0 m m (m) 83.0 t (t) 35.9 ts, t f (ph) 51.8 f ts c (ch) 31.7 f t h (h) 40.9 x, (tr) 26.5 v (v) 37.8 Ø t (t) 25.8 v Ø 32.2 Ø h (h) 17.8 x, t (th) 23.9 t () 86.7 ts t (th) 62.0 (tr) 22.0 t () 90.3 (s) 14.8 () 60.0 t (th) 32.3 n n (n) 77.6 s l l (l) 96.0 k (c, k, q) 70.6 k ( iêu, iôc, j (gi) 17.8 ii, ia-) x (kh) 63.9 k (c, k, q) 80.4 k x (kh) 59.6 k (c, k, q) 36.2 (x) 11.0 t (t) 43.0 t (th) 32.1 (s) 16.9 (ng, ngh) 45.5 ( ) (nh) 33.0 n (n) 15.9 n (1) a. b. 29

30 c. (2) a. x h (h) b. f f (ph) c. v v (v) (3) k j (gi) a. k iêuiôcii ia- j (gi) b. k k (c, k, q) (4) (ng, ngh) (nh) (nh) (5) h h a. k t x (kh) b. k t h (h) (6) ts t (t) (tr) c (ch) ts t ts a. ts t t (t) b. t c (ch) (tr) (7) ts t (th) t(t) a. ts t (t) b. ts t (th) (8) s 30

31 t (t) (s) t (th) a. s t (t) b. s t (th) (s) (9) a. ( ) (ng, ngh) b. (nh) c. n n (n) (1) (198) (94.4%) p (85.5%) p (87.5%) (95.1%) (87.2%) p (75.9%) p (89.5%) (2) m (133) m (93.2%) m (98.5%) m m (95.5%) (1) f (177) f (94.9%) f (77.9%) p (91.4%) f f (70.0%) f f (51.2%) p (36.2%) f p p f f 31

32 (2) v (86) v (96.5%) (65.2%) v (25.8%) v (50.0%) m (50.0%) v v (39.5%) (33.7%) m (20.9%) (1) t (411) t (89.3%) s (97.2%) ts (98.1%) ts (78.4%) s (11.4%) s (70.0%) ts (30.0%%) t s (51.3%) ts (36.8%) 16 ts (52.0%) s (29.3%) (2) t (315) t (87.6%) ts (97.7%) t (95.9%) s (86.8%) t ts (36.6%)t (29.5%) s (26.3%) 17 s (81.3%) (3) (227) (93.8%) t (93.4%) t (96.5%) t (83.9%) t (91.0%) (4) n (65) n (92.3%) n (71.4%) (15.7%) n n (69.2%) (21.5%) (5) l (225) l (96.9%) l 16 ts t ts s s 17 ts t ts t t s 32

33 (99.1%) l l (96.0%) (1) k (338) k (94.7%) k (94.2%) k (96.6%) k k (86.8%) k (86.4%) (2) x (152) x (88.2%) k (80.0%) h (14.5%) x k (75.0%) h (13.8%) (3) (93) (91.4%) (82.8%) (43.0%) (30.1%) (1) h (273) h (89.1%) h (56.0%) f (28.5%) v (7.4%) h h (52.7%) f (28.9%) v (5.9%) ô, o 18 (2) Ø (133) (94.0%) (80.0%) v (20.0%) (75.9%) v (21.8%) ô, o, u (1) c (111) c (84.9%) ts 18 h x f v h 19 v 33

34 (96.2%) c ts (87.4%) (2) (59) (45.8%)(11.9%) (10.2%) (10.2%) ts (97.5%) k (80.0%) s (81.3%) ts (67.8%) s (20.3%) 20 (3) j (119) j d gi j (d) (85.7%) (93.6%) j (d) (83.2%) j (gi) (86.8%) k (94.2%) j (gi) k (85.3%) (4) (80) (56.3%) (15.0%) (8.8%) (8.8%) (50.0%) (43.5%) (82.8%) n (53.1%) (34.4%) (80.0%) (36.3%) (36.3%) (1) (177) (42.9%) (24.9%) (16.4%) (93.4%) (92.0%) ts (86.7%) ts (89.7%) ts (75.3%) ts (78.4%) (2) (132) (47.7%) (18.2%) (10.6%) (8.3%) s (95.8%) ts (85.5%) s (53.0%) ts (40.9%) s ts 21 s ts 34

35 6.3.8 p 75.9 p 89.5 m m 95.5 f v t t n f ( ) f 51.2 f p 36.2 p v 39.5 Ø 33.7 m 20.9 s 51.3 s, ts 36.8 ts, t ts 52.0 s 29.3 ts 36.6 t 29.5 s 26.3 s 81.3 t 83.9 t 91.0 n l l 96.0 k x h Ø k 86.8 k 86.4 k 75.0 h () 30.1 h 52.7 f 28.9 v 5.9 Ø 75.9 v 21.8 c ts 87.4 ts 67.8 j (d) Ø 83.2 j (gi) k 85.3 xu-, x ( ô-, o-, u- ) s Ø 36.3 ts 75.3 ts 78.4 s 53.0 ts 40.9 (1), t,, k, a.() b.() 35

36 (2) a. f f 22 b. f p p (3) t a. t ts t ts b. t s s c. t ts s (4) a. b. (5) h f v a. h x f v b. h x h (6) v ô-, o-, u- a. ô-, o-, u- v b. ô-, o-, u- (7) 22 p, p 36

37 a. s b. ts 7. (1) (2), c, k, q (3) 37

38 viet version 1.0 Beta /4/ /4/ http://

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$(Microsoft Word - 001\253\312\255\261.doc)$ 國立高雄師範大學國文學系博士論文海陸客家話和閩南語構詞對比研究指導教授 : 鍾榮富博士研究生 : 邱湘雲撰中華民國九十五年一月摘要本文乃為比較臺灣海陸客家話及閩南語的構詞特色而作, 包括詞彙的語音構詞語法及文化部