2013, Vol. 21, No. 8, Advances in Psychological Science DOI: /SP.J 慈心禅在心理学视角下的应用 * (, ) 随着正念在西方心理学界的流行, 慈心禅作为另一

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1 2013, Vol. 21, No. 8, Advances in Psychological Science DOI: /SP.J 慈心禅在心理学视角下的应用 * (, ) 随着正念在西方心理学界的流行, 慈心禅作为另一种颇具应用潜力的传统佛教禅修方式, 正受到越来越多心理学家的关注系统的慈心禅训练可以培养积极情绪缓解消极的情绪反应, 而即时的慈心禅练习也可以作为一种情绪调节策略慈心禅可有效提升自我同情, 培养对他人的共情能力和积极态度, 此外还可辅助某些疾病的治疗除进一步深入已有方向, 未来研究可更多借鉴佛教视角提出新课题, 如对慈心进行有效测量, 探索慈心禅所诱发情绪的特殊性质, 干预愤怒嫉妒等负性情绪并探索慈心禅的应用方式与条件等慈心禅 ; 情绪调节 ; 自悯 ; 正念 ; 佛教 R395,,,, (Hofmann, Grossman, & Hinton, 2011), (,, 2012),, 1 慈心禅简介 1.1 佛教背景下的慈心与慈心禅, mettā, Loving-Kindness Mettā (kindness) (friendliness) ( Mettā, 2013), : *, ( 2012BAI36B03) :, lxp599@163.com,, (compassion, ) (appreciative joy empathic joy, ) (equanimity, acceptance calm, ) (four immeasurable), 4 (Hofmann et al., 2011; Kraus & Sears, 2009),,, (Agape) ;,,,, (, 2012),, mettā bhāvanā, Loving-Kindness Meditation ( Mettā, 2013), (Bodhi, 2005; Kuan, 2008; Sanharakshita, 2004; Sheng-Yen, 2001; Suzuki, 2011) 1466

2 8 : 1467,, ;,, 4 (Mahinda Bhikkhu,, 2012) 1.2 慈心禅的练习方法, (Mahinda Bhikkhu,, 2012), ( Hopkins, 2001; Neff, 2003),,, ;, 4, (1) ;(2) ;(3) ; (4),, (Chalmers, 2007; Neff, 2011),, (1) ;(2) ;(3), ;(4) ;(5) ;(6),,,,, (, 2012),, (Kabat-Zinn, 2003) (samatha) (vipassana),,, ( ) (Mahinda Bhikkhu,, 2012),, (Siegel, Germer, & Olendzki, 2009), (Zeng, Oei, & Liu, 2013) 2 慈心禅对情绪功能的影响 2.1 系统的练习与干预, Fredrickson -, (, ) 7, 1 ;, (Fredrickson, Cohn, Coffey, Pek, & Finkel, 2008) 1 (Cohn & Fredrickson, 2010) ABA 5,, (Present) ; (Acceptance) 1 3,

3 (May, Weyker, Spengel, Finkler, & Hendrix, 2012) Weibel (2007) 4 ( 90 ), Pace (2009) ( ), 6 ( ), 2.2 即时的情绪调节,, Feldman, Greeson Senville (2010) 3, (decentering,,,,,, 2012) 15,3 ; ; (upset) (annoy) (distracted), EEG 15 15, ( ) (rumination), (Barnhofer, Chittka, Nightingale, Visser, & Crane, 2010) 3 慈心禅影响对他人和自我的态度 3.1 培养对他人的积极态度与共情, (Altruistic-Oriented), Wallmark 8-8, ; (Wallmark, Safarzadeh, Daukantaitë, & Maddux, 2012) Leppma (2011) -, 1, 6, Cunningham Cardoso (2012),,10 Hutcherson, Seppala Gross (2008),, ( ) ;,,, 3, (emotional priming) Reb, Junjie Narayanan (2010), (dictator game, ) (1, ) ;, ( )

4 8 : 1469 (perspective taking) (Lutz, Brefczynski-Lewis, Johnstone, & Davidson, 2008) 6, ; 6 (Klimecki, Leiberg, Lamm, & Singer, 2012), Kemper Shaltout (2011) 5,,, 0.55, 3.2 提升自我怜悯, (Self- Compassion), (self-criticism) (Neff, 2003), (,,, 2010) Neff, (Neff, 2011) Neff (Mindful Self-Compassion program, MSC) 8, 2,, (formal practice, ),, (informal practice),, 1 (Neff & Germer, 2013),,,, (,, 2012),, MSC,, 4 慈心禅辅助某些疾病的治疗, Carson (2005) 8, 1 (90 ),, ; (psychological distress), 18 1, 6 1,,

5 ( ) (Johnson et al., 2011) 5 慈心禅研究的未来方向,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4 (1) (Bishop et al., 2004),,, (compassion),, Kraus (Kraus & Sears, 2009), 4,, Kraus ( Neff & Germer, 2013), (2), ( ),, (Bippus, Dunbar, & Liu, 2012), (Shuster, 2012),,, (3) (Hofmann et al., 2011),,,,,, (Goenka & Hart, 2000), ( Neff & Germer, 2013), (4), (Compassion-Focused Therapy) (Rockliff, Gilbert, McEwan, Lightman, & Glover, 2008),

6 8 : 1471 ; (Sherman, 2005;, 2012),,, 彭彦琴, 沈建丹. (2012). 自悯与佛教慈悲观的自我构念差异. 心理科学进展,20(9), 赏雪居士. (2012 年 12 月 26 日 ). 慈心禅的修行及其相关问题的探讨.[ 网络文章 ]. 摘自 : /blog/ 张耀华, 刘聪慧, 董研. (2010). 自我观的新形式 : 有关自悯的研究论述. 心理科学进展,18(12), 曾祥龙, 周瀚, 王晨悦, 刘翔平. (2012). 心理接纳在心理治疗中的应用. 中国临床心理学杂志,20(6), , 900. Barnhofer, T., Chittka, T., Nightingale, H., Visser, C., & Crane, C. (2010). State effects of two forms of meditation on prefrontal EEG asymmetry in previously depressed individuals. Mindfulness, 1, Bippus, A. M., Dunbar, N. E., & Liu, S. J. (2011). Humorous responses to interpersonal complaints: Effects of humor style and nonverbal expression. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 146(4), Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, Bodhi, B. (2005). In the Buddha's words: An anthology of discourses from the Pali Canon. Boston, MA: Wisdom Publications. Carson, J. W., Keefe, F. J., Lynch, T. R., Carson, K. M., Goli, V., Fras, A. M., & Thorp, S. R. (2005). Loving-kindness meditation for chronic low back pain: Results from a pilot trial. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 23, Chalmers, L. (2007). Buddha's teachings: Being the sutta nipata or discourse collection. London, UK: Oxford University Press. Cohn, M. A., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010). In search of durable positive psychology interventions: Predictors and consequences of long-term positive behavior change. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5, Cunningham, L., & Cardoso, Y. (2012). Loving kindness meditation and couples therapy: Healing after an infidelity. VISTAS 2012, Volume 1, Article 9. Available from ome/ct2.aspx Feldman, G., Greeson, J., & Senville, J. (2010). Differential effects of mindful breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and loving-kindness meditation on decentering and negative reactions to repetitive thoughts. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, Goenka, S. N., & Hart, W. (2000). The discourse summaries: Talks from a ten-day course in Vipassana Meditation. Seattle, WA: Vipassana Research Publications. Hopkins, J. (2001). Cultivating compassion. NewYork,NY: Broadway Books. Hofmann, S. G., Grossman, P., & Hinton, D. E. (2011). Loving-kindness and compassion meditation: Potential for psychological interventions. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, Hutcherson, C. A., Seppala, E. M., & Gross, J. J. (2008). Loving-kindness meditation increases social connectedness. Emotion, 8, Johnson, D. P., Penn, D. L., Fredrickson, B. L., Kring, A. M., Meyer, P. S., Catalino, L. I., & Brantley, M. (2011). A pilot study of loving-kindness meditation for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 129(2-3), Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, Kemper, K. J. & Shaltout, H. A. (2011). Non-verbal communication of compassion: Measuring psychophysiologic effects. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 11(132), doi: / Klimecki, O. M., Leiberg, S., Lamm, C., & Singer, T. (2012). Functional neural plasticity and associated changes in positive affect after compassion training. Cerebral Cortex, Kraus, S., & Sears, S. (2009). Measuring the immeasurables: Development and initial validation of the Self-Other Four Immeasurables (SOFI) scale based on Buddhist teachings on loving kindness, compassion, joy, and equanimity. Social Indicators Research, 92, Kuan, T. (2008). Mindfulness in early Buddhism: New approaches through psychology and textual analysis of Pali, Chinese, and Sanskrit sources. New York, NY: Routledge. Leppma, M. (2011). The effect of loving-kindness meditation

7 on empathy, perceived social support, and problem-solving appraisal in counseling students. Unpublished doctorial dissertation, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL. Retrieved from Monica_201105_PhD.pdf Lutz, A., Brefczynski-Lewis, J., Johnstone, T., & Davidson, R. J. (2008). Regulation of the neural circuitry of emotion by compassion meditation: Effects of meditative expertise. PLoS ONE, 3, e1897, doi: /journal.pone May, C. J., Weyker, J. R., Spengel, S. K., Finkler, L. J., & Hendrix, S. E. (2012). Tracking longitudinal changes in affect and mindfulness caused by concentration and loving-kindness meditation with hierarchical linear modeling. Mindfulness, doi: /s Mettā. (January 2, 2013). In Wikipedia. Retrieved, from Neff, K. D. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2, Neff, K. D. (2011). Self-compassion: Stop beating yourself up and leave insecurity behind. NewYork,NY:HarperCollins. Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(1), Pace, T. W. W., Negi, L. T., Adame, D. D., Cole, S. P., Sivilli, T. I., Brown, T. D., Raison, C. L. (2009). Effect of compassion meditation on neuroendocrine, innate immune and behavioral responses to psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, Reb, J., Junjie, S., & Narayanan, J. (2010). Compassionate Dictators? The Effects of Loving-Kindness Meditation on Offers in a Dictator Game. IACM 23rd Annual Conference Paper. Available at Rockliff, H., Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Lightman, S., & Glover, D. (2008). A pilot exploration of heart rate variability and salivary cortisol responses to compassion-focused imagery. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 5, Sanharakshita. (2004). Living with kindness: The Buddha's teaching on mettā. Birmingham, UK: Windhorse Publications. Sheng-Yen, M. (2001). Hoof prints of the ox: Principles of the Chan Buddhist path as taught by modern Chinese Master. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Sherman, N. (2005). Stoic warriors. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Shuster, S. (2012). The evolution of humor from male aggression. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 5, Siegel, R. D., Germer, C. K., & Olendzki, A. (2009). Mindfulness: What is it? Where did it come from? In F. Didonna (Ed.), Clinical handbook of mindfulness (pp ). New York, NY: Springer. Suzuki, S. (2011). Zen mind, beginner's mind. Boston, MA: Shambhala. Wallmark, E., Safarzadeh, K., Daukantaitë, D., & Maddux, R. E. (2012). Promoting altruism through meditation: An 8-week randomized controlled pilot study. Mindfulness, doi: /s Weibel, D. T. (2007). A loving-kindness intervention: Boosting compassion for self and others. Unpublished doctorial dissertation, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University. Zeng, X. L., Oei, T. P. S., & Liu, X. P. (2013). Awareness of emotion: application in mindfulness based interventions and empirical studies. Unpublished Manuscript. The Application of Loving-kindness Meditation from Psychological Perspective ZENG Xianglong; LIU Shuangyang; LIU Xiangping (School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing , China) Abstract: With the popularity of mindfulness in western psychology, loving-kindness meditation (LKM), as another traditional Buddhist meditation, is receiving increasing attention among psychologists. Systematic practice of LKM can foster positive emotions and discharge negative emotional reactions, while constant practice of LKM can be utilized as a strategy of emotional regulation. LKM can enhance levels of self-compassion and also cultivate empathy and positive interpersonal relationships. It can also assist in the treatments of some diseases as well. In addition to deepening the existing research directions, future research can propose new directions from the perspective of Buddhism such as effective measurement of loving kindness, exploration of the peculiar qualities of emotions evoked by LKM, intervention of negative emotions like anger and jealousy, the approaches and conditions of the application of LKM. Key words: loving-kindness meditation; emotional regulation; self-compassion; mindfulness; Buddhism

语篇中指代词的分布规律与心理机制*

语篇中指代词的分布规律与心理机制* 2005132227~238 Advances in Psychological Science 1 2 1 430079 2 430081 3 PLS B849:C93 1 [1] 45~65 Hofstede [2] Chemers Hofstede [4,5] Chemers idiographic approach [6] nomothetic approach HouseWright [3]