, 14 14, 13 2 :,, 14,,, (),,, 14, : (1) ; (2) ; (3),,,,,( ) (5 ), 2 (a suit at law), Yvon Landry (112/ 1981), 3,,,, 14 1,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,14,

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14 Ξ : 14,, : ( ) 14 1, 7,, (, ) (general comments) (concluding observations) 14 14,, Ξ 1 Human Rights Committee, General Com ments 13, Article 14 ( Twenty - first session, 1984),

1 14 Ξ : 14,, : ( ) 14 1, 7,, (, ) (general comments) (concluding observations) 14 14,, Ξ 1 Human Rights Committee, General Com ments 13, Article 14 ( Twenty - first session, 1984), paragraph 1, Com pilation of General Com ments and General Recom mendation A dopted by Human Rights Treaty Bodies, U. N. Doc. HRI/ GEN/ 1/ Rev. 1 at 135 (2004) , ,,, 133

2 , 14 14, 13 2 :,, 14,,, (),,, 14, : (1) ; (2) ; (3),,,,,( ) (5 ), 2 (a suit at law), Yvon Landry (112/ 1981), 3,,,, 14 1,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,14,,, (),,,,,, :, Yvon Landry v. Canada, Communication No. 112/ 1981 : Canada,U. N. Doc. CCPR/ C/ 27/ D/ 112/ 1981 (1986). 134,(, ),,,, (http :/ / www. ohchr. org/ english/ bodies/ index. htm)

3 14,, 14 1 ;,,14 1,,,,,, ,, V. M. R. B. ( ) (236/ 1987), 14 1, 14, Robert Casanovas (441/ 1990),,,,14 1 Enrique Garc a Pons (454/ 1991),, 14 1,,, J. L. (491/ 1992),,, 14 1, (an action) 14 1 :, ;,, :, ( ) 14 1 ;,,, , () ,24 ( 41 ) : 14,, 14, 13 4 : 4 14,,14 1 Camargo,,,, 4 Sarah Joseph, Jenny Schultz, and Melissa Castan, The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights : Cases, Materi2 als and Com mentary, Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2000, p ,282 6 David Weissbrodt, The Right to a Fair Trial under the U niversal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights : Background, Development and Interpretations, Cambridge, Mass. : Martinus Nijhoff Publish2 ers, 2001,p

4 2005 5,7, 4,,,, 6 1, 4 14, Lanza,,,,,,,,,, :, 14 1,,2 7, 14 1 : () : : 1., Atodel Avellanal (202/ 1986),,,, (amparo),,, 14 1, 3, 26,,,,,,Olo Bahamonde (468/ 1991), 2.,,,,,

5 14, 14, ( ) , 8 3.,,,,,,, 14,,, , 14,,, Robinson (223/ 1987),,,,,,,, 14 1 Fei (514/ 1992),,,, 11,, 14 1,, 14 1 :,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 14 9 (),, 1.,,, 7 Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Com mittee : Zambia, U. N. Doc. CCPR/ C/ 79/ Add. 62 (1996). 8 Sarah Joseph, Jenny Schultz, and Melissa Castan, The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights : Cases, Materi2 als and Com mentary, Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2000, p Concluding Observation of the Human Rights Com mittee, S weden, U. N. Doc. CCPR/ C/ 79/ Add. 58 (1995). 137

6 ;, / / 146,,, (8 9 ) (17-20 ),,, 10 5, 11 14, ( merit - based selection sys2 tems) 12 13,,, 14 Karttunen (387/ 1989),, 1 5,,,,1,,,,,, 14,,, 2.,, 14 OlBahamonde (468/ 1991),,,,,, 14 1,,, 14 10Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Com mittee : L ithuania, U. N. Doc. CCPR/ C/ 79/ Add. 87 (1997). 11Concluding Observations of Human Rights Com mittee, Zambia, 03/ 04/ 96, U. N. Doc. CCPR/ C/ 79/ Add. 62 ; Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Com mittee, Romania, U. N. Doc. CCPR/ C/ 79/ Add. 30 (1993). 12Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Com mittee, U nited States of A merica, A/ 50/ 40, paragraphs 266 to 304 (1998). 13Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Com mittee :Iraq, U. N. Doc. CCPR/ C/ 79/ Add. 84 (1997). 14[]: ( ),, 138 (1995) ; See also Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Com mittee, A merica, U. N. Doc. CCPR/ C79/ Add. 100, 2003,243

7 14 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4.,,, 14,, 14,,, ,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,, 14, () ,3 :,,, ;, 13 6 : 14 1,,,,,,,, Van Meurs (215/ 1986),,,,,, R. M. ( ) (301/ 1988),, 15Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Com mittee : Columbia, U. N. Doc. CCPR/ C/ 79/ Add. 76 (1997) ; Conclud2 ing Observations of the Human Rights Com mittee : A rgentina, A/ 50/ 40, paragraphs 144 to 165 (1995). 139

8 Poly Canonops (577/ 1994),,,,,,,,any judgement rendered in a criminal case or in a suit at law shall be made public shall be made public ( shall be pronounced pub2 licly),,,,, 6 16,,,Luis Touron (32/ 1978), 15 15,,,, 14 1 Violeta Setelich Rau1 Sendic Antonac2 cio (63/ 1979),30 Estrel2 la (74/ 1980), 4,, 14 1 Arredondo (688/ 1996),,,, 14 1,, ,14 1,14 1,,,, 14 1,,,,,,,,,,, 16Dr. Manfred Nowak, U. N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights : CCPR Com mentary, Kehl : N. P. Engel, Pub., 1993, p U nited Nations : M ultilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary - General Stat us as at 31 December 2002, Volume I, Part 140 I, Chapters I to XI, United Nations Publication, Sales No. E. 03. V. 3, p. 166., ,

9 14, 152,, :,, 13 7 :14 2,,,,: (1) ; (2) ; (3) ; (4) 14,, 14 2 :,,,,,,,(:5/ / ) 14 2 Cridin (770/ 1997),,,,14 2 Dole Chadee et al. (813/ 1998),,,,,,,,,,,,,1994, 14, 12 :,,,,:; 18Dr. Manfred Nowak, U. N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights : CCPR Com mentary, Kehl : N. P. Engel, Pub., 1993, p

10 ;; ; 14 3 :, : () ; () ; () ; () ;, ;,,,; (), ; (), ; (),, 14 4 :, : 14 4,,,, 14,, 20, ,,,,, 14 4, ( ) () : 14 5,,, ( infraction,delito,prestuplenie ),,,,, / :, 20Dr. Manfred Nowak, U. N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights : CCPR Com mentary, Kehl : N. P. Engel, Pub., 1993, p. 265.

11 14,, 2 :1.,, 2.,:, Salgar de Montejo (64/ 1979),, 14 5,,,,,,, 4,,,14 5,,,,,,,,Henry (230/ 1987),,,, 14 5,,, 14,,,,,,,14 5 Currie (377/ 1989),13, Henry,:, ,,,,,,, ,,,,,,Little (283/ 1988) Henry,,,, 5 2 2, 143

12 Reid (250/ 1987),,, , ; 14 5, Thomas (272/ 1988),,,,,, Thomas Tomlin (589/ 1994),,,, :,,,,,, Perera (536/ 1993),,,, 14 5, 14 5,Comez (701/ 1996),,14 5 () 14 5,14 5,, Famali (75/ 1980),,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,, 14 5,,,, 14 5,,:,,,,,,,5 : 144

13 , ,,, , :,,, 14 5, :, 86,,,,,,,,, 14 5,,,, 14 5,, 14 5 :, ;,, 14 5,,,,, (the Court of Cassation), 14 5, (Danish Administration of J ustice Act) 14 5,, 14 5,, 14 5,, 14 5,,,,,,,, 14 6 :,,, 3,,,, : (1) 145

14 2005 5,(2) (3),, Muhonen (89/ 1981),,11,,,, ,, W. J. H. () (408/ 1990),,4,,,,14 6, 14 6,,, 14 6,,,,, 14 6,,,,,,14 6, 14 6 :,,, : 14 6,,,, ,, 14 7 :, 4 3,13 19 : ne bis in idem,, 146

15 14, (prohibit double jeopardy),,,,,,,, :14 7,68 70,:,,, : (1),(2) 14 7,,, A. P. ( ) (204/ 1986), , , ,, 14 7,,14 7,, Nieto (92/ 1981),,10,,,,,,14 7, Teran Jijon (277/ 1988),,, 5,,,,1987,, 14 7,,,,,,, 14 7 : 14 7 : :,,,,,,, 14 7,,,

16 2005 5,,,, 14 7, 14, 14, , ,, 1989,,,,,,, Abstract : Article 14 of t he International Covenant on Civil and Political Right s has established general standards for impartial jurisdiction recognized by international community. The right to impartial juris2 diction applies to criminal litigation, as well as civil litigation, administ rative litigation and ot her possible lawsuits. In order to realize the right to impartial jurisdiction, everyone should be entitled to some re2 lated rights, such as the right to equality before the courts and tribunals, the right to a fair and public hearing by a competent, independent and impartial t ribunal, t he right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law, the right to minimum procedural guarantee in criminal trial, the right to his conviction and sentence being reviewed by a higher tribunal, the right to be compensated when suf2 fering from a wrongful final decision and the right not to be tried or punished again for an offence, etc. Key words : human right ;the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ;the right to impartial jurisdiction 148

公民權利和政治權利國際公約

公民權利和政治權利國際公約 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1966 12 16 2200A (XXI) 1976 3 23 * * 21/92 " " --------------------------------------------------------------------------------