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1 3 : 1996,, ;, : ( Featherman et al.,1975 ; Ganzeboom et al,1989 ; Erikson & Goldthorpe, 1992), ( Parish,1981 ;Blau & Ruan,1990),, (Deng & Treiman, 1997),, ( Parish, 1981) 20 70,, 1966 (Blau & Ruan,1990) 1986, 3, (UCLA) (Donald J. Treiman), 38

2 (Lin & Bian,1991) (Lin & Xie,1988), (de2stratification) ( Parish,1981), 1996, (Walder,1992) (Lin & Bian,1991 ;Bian,1994),,, 1985,,,,,,, (Chinese exceptionalism),,, ( Grusky & Hauser, 1984 ; Ganzeboom et al., 1989 ; Treiman & Yip, 1989 ; Erikson & Goldthorpe,1992),,?, (Lin & Bian,1991 ;Bian,1994), (work unit type),,,,,, ;,,, 39

3 , (Wu & Treiman, 2004),, (positive selection), 50,,, , (,2003 : ) ;,, (,1986Π1958), :,, ;,,,, (Wu & Treiman,2004 :367), 11 %,,,, : (1), ; (2) (Wu & Treiman,2004),, (selection bias) (Winship & Mare,1992),, ;,, (Cheng & Dai,1995) 40

4 6,, (inter2generational immobility), (Cheng & Dai,1995 : 28),, 1988 (Cheng &Dai ), ( Zhou & Hou, 1999), :,,, (Blau & Duncan,1967), Logistic (multinomial conditional logistic regression model), ( ) 1996 (Treiman & Walder,1996),,,28 % 23 % ;,38 % 26 % (Cheng & Dai,1995 : 3 4) 41

5 ( ) 20-69, 6096 ( Treiman,1998), ;,, ( ), 14, 1968 ( International Socioeconomic Index [ ISEI], Ganzeboom et al.,1992), ( Featherman & Hauser, 1978 ; Goldthorpe,1987), 6 EGP ( Erikson et al., 1979 ; Ganzeboom et al., 1992 ; Ganzeboom & Treiman,1996) ( Erikson et al.,1979) 10 EGP 6 EGP : a. 4 b a. Π 2 c : 1 b. ( ) : 14 (1996 ), 42

6 , , ( = 1),,,, ( = 1), 14, (Walder et al.,2000), 1 ( ), 1996,83 % 14, %( 2 ) 40 %,,,66 %( = Π0. 395), 34 % 1 ( ),,, 43

7 ( , 1996 ) :, ( ISEI) (17. 2) (14. 1) (15. 3) (3. 40) (3. 21) (2. 90) 14 ( ISEI) (15. 9) (11. 7) (19. 5) (3. 84) (3. 19) (4. 66) ( ) : (9. 79) (10. 0) (9. 12) 14 : : : N N : , 1941, , , ( ), ( ) (Blau & Duncan,1967 :170),, (Blau & Duncan, 1967 :Chapter 8),, 14 44

8 2 2 ( ) 1a 1b 2a 2b 3a 3b (1110) (1112) (1126) (1127) (1103) (1098) ISEI (1037) (1044) (1042) (1058) (1041) (1039) (1186) (1170) (1167) (1168) (1141) (1145) (21064) (21066) (11416) (11510) (11376) (11731) (21449) (11183) (31236) (21167) (21302) R : Stata (survey estimation procedures), (Stata Corp, 2003),, ( PSU) 14 p, 0105 p p p p p p p la ( Blau & Ruan,1990 ; Lin & Bian,1991),,, 1996, %, 45

9 ,,,, 1b 14,, 7 ISEI,,, 1a ISEI, 2a,,,, (85 % 70 % ISEI :16, ) ( 2b),,, 5 ISEI ;,, ( ) 3 4, 3a, (, ), 6,, 14, ISEI, 6 EGP, 3 A 14 (out2flow mobility table) 46

10 (6 EGP ), aπ b, a cπ b A : Π (, ) ( ) ( a, b) , (, ) Π ( a) ( c, b) N (234) (28) (56) (179) (110) (1519) (2126) N (335) (46) (66) (220) (152) (1307) (2126) B : Π (, ) ( ) ( a, b) , (, ) Π ( a) ( c, b) N (130) (19) (12) (89) (66) (42) (358) N (207) (35) (21) (145) ( 108) (53) (569) C : Π (, )... ( ) ( a, b) , (, ) Π ( a) ( c, b) N (104) (8) (45) (90) (44) (1477) (1768) N (128) (11) (45) (75) (44) (1254) (1557) Total 47

11 ( 1996,6 EGP ), aπ b, a cπ b A :1996 Π (, ) ( ) ( a, b) , (, ) Π ( a) ( c, b) N (38) (2) (5) (9) (10) (109) (174) N (73) (4) (8) (16) (16) (200) (317) B :1996 Π (, ) ( ) ( a, b) , (, ) Π ( a) ( c, b) N (53) (5) (34) (70) (29) (1192) (1383) N (55) (7) (37) (59) (28) (1054) (1240) Total ( ) :1417 % ;, 1918 % 2016 %?, (Cheng & Dai,1995) 48

12 ,,, ( 14 ),, (Wu & Treiman,2004),,,, 3B C B, C B, ( ) ( ), 1996,,, (C ) 4 A,,5216 %,, B, ( ),30 %, 46 % ( ),,, ( ), (Chan,1994 ; Wu & Treiman,2004), ( ) 49

13 ,, ( ), (sectoral barriers), 14,,, Logistic (DiPrete, 1990 ; Hendrickx,2000),, 6 6, (, Hendrickx & Ganzeboom,1998), SOR (Stereotype Ordered Regression) (DiPrete,1990), Logistic (ordinal logistic regression),sor ;, (scaling) SOR : K P( Y = j) j log = log it = P( Y = j ) j - a j + ( < j - < j ) j k X k (1), Y ( j = 1-6), j, < j ( j), X k, k, X k i j ( log odds), ( < j - < j ) k, logit (multinomial logit model) k, < j : < j = 0 and <2 j = 1 SOR, ( Goodman,1979) (Row & Column Model II) : j log it = j - j + ( < j - < j ) i (2) j k = 1 50

14 SOR, i, (1) k,, i : < j = i = 0, and <2 j = 2 i = 1, : T K j log it = j - j + ( < j - < j ) ( 0 + j t X t ) i + ( < j - j ) k X k, 0, t X t Stata t = 1 3, <, (J - 2), i (immobility effects) 6 j log it = j - j + j i d i + ( < j - < j ) ( i = 1 + ( < j - j K ) k = 1, i = j, d i = 1 ; d i = 0 T 0 + t = 1 k = 1 t X t ) i (3) k X k (4) 4 : (1) (inheritance parameter) (, i = j ) ; (2) (association parameter) ; (3) i j,,, Logistic ( 4 A ),, : Stata mclge2 mclest2 :http :ΠΠ www. xs4all. nlπ - jhckxπmclπstataπ 51

15 (, = 1), (, 14 1, 0) i,,, 5, 4 : (1) 6 ; (2) ; (3) ; (4) ( 5) EGP ( Π 6, 1), < j, ;, (log odds) 5 A, ( ),,, Π,, :,,,, (91 %), ( Ganzeboom et al1,1989), ( Gerber & Hout,2004),, 1, (11317), ( = ) 52

16 5 Logistic ( , ) 1 2 A : - ( <) Π (, ) ( ) ( a, b) , (, ) Π ( a) ( c, b) B : ( ) (1096) (1100) ( a, b) C : - ( ) (1332) (1257) (1439) (1387) D : stereotype ordered effects ( ) (1440) (1411) (1291) (1251) (1282) (1236) E : N Log Likelihood LR (1022) :, p (p = ), p

17 ,, ( ),, ( ),,, (extreme upward mobility),,,, ( ),, ( 4 C ),,, SOR ( ),,,, (31981),, (Wu & Treiman,2004) (Walder et al1,2000) 2,, (01250), Π 1133 ( 1133 = e ( ) (1250) (12-9) ) (relative likelihood), 6,, 54

18 , 5 2, 14, 4 6 ( ), aπ b Π a aπ b A : vs. ( ) Π (, ) ( ) ( a, b) , (, ) Π ( a) ( c, b) B : vs. ( ) Π (, ) ( ) ( a, b) , (, ) Π ( a) ( c, b) C : vs. ( ) Π (, ) ( ) ( a, b) , (, ) Π ( a) ( c, b) , ( 6 ) 55

19 ( = 1) ( = 1), 1, 1 = e ( ) ( ( ) 3 0), 0171 ( = e ( ) ( ( ) 3 1) ), 1Π0171 = , Π ;, 6,,, : 33 :,, Π, 3, 2, 6,,, 2,, 6 1,,,,, 9 56

20 , 6,,, ( ) : 5 B,,,,, ;, ( Wu & Treiman,2004) ( ),, ( discrete2time hazard model), 14,,,, ( ) 1996 ( right2 censored), 2370 Π logit (binary logit model) (Allison, 1982), 7 7, 6 EGP,, ( = 1) 57

21 ( ) (N = 2370) : ( Π (, ) ) ( ) (1701) (1801) (1706) (1736) ( a, b) (1433) (1460) (1488) (1484), (, ) (1366) (1411) (1442) (1437) Π ( a) (1423) (1415) (1439) (1447) (1041) (1037) (1039) (1041) (1364) (1364) (1374) (1376) ( ) (1408) (1438) (1459) (1469) (1450) (1488) (1563) (1586) (1725) (11107) (11070) (11098) (1045) (1045) (1045) (1343) (1981) (11084) (11151) (11425) (1721) (1706) (1736) (1720) : Stata (survey estimation procedures), p, p p p

22 , (Wu & Treiman,2004),, : ( ) ( = 1) 14, ( = 1), 7 1,,,, 7, 2 ( ),, 46 % ( = e ), 16 % ( = e ), 13 % ( = e ),,,, 24 % ( = e ), (Wu & Treiman,2004),, 3,,,, 31 % ( = e ) 3, 59

23 , ( 7,, ) :, 91 %( = e ),, ( ),,,,,,,,,, (extreme selectivity) :,,, ( ),, ; 60

24 , Logistic (immobility),, ( ),,,,,, ( ),,, 20 50,,,,,,, ;,,,, :,, 61

25 , 14,,,,,, ; :,,,,, ( Parish,1981 ; Blau & Ruan,1990 ;Lin & Bian,1991),,,,,, ( ) ;,, ( Featherman et al,1975 ; Erikson & Goldthorpe,1992), 62

26 ,, :,1986Π1958,, (1985) :,2003, :, : Allison, Paul D. 1982, Discrete2Time Methods for the Analysis of Event Histories. in Sociological Methodology, (ed. ) by Samuel Leinhardt. San Francisco : Jossey2Bass. Bian, Yanjie 1994, Work and Inequality in Urban China. New York : SUNY Press. 2002, Chinese Social Stratification and Social Mobility. Annual Review of Sociology 28. Blau,Peter M. Press. Blau, Peter M. & Otis Dudley Duncan 1967, The American Occupational Structure. New York : Free & Danqing Ruan 1990, Inequality of Opportunity in Urban China and America. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 9. Chan, Kam Wing 1994, Cities with Invisible Walls : Reinterpreting Urbanization in Post21949 China. Hong Kong : Oxford University Press. Cheng, Yuan & Jianzhong Dai 1995, Inter2generational Mobility in Modern China. European Sociological Review 11. Deng, Zhong & Donald J. Treiman 1997, The Impact of the Cultural Revolution on Trends in Educational Attainment in the People s Republic of China. American Journal of Sociology 103. Dessens, Jos A. G., Wim Jansen, Harry B. G. Ganzeboom & Peter G. M. van der Heijden 2003, Patterns and Trends in Occupational Attainment of First Jobs in the Netherlands, : Ordinary Least Squares Regression Versus Conditional Multinomial Logistic Regression. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society : Series A ( Statistics in Society) 166. DiPrete, Thomas A. 1990, Adding Covariates to Loglinear Models for the Study of Social Mobility. American Sociological Review 55. Duncan, Otis Dudley 1961, A Socioeconomic Index for All Occupations. in Albert J. Reiss, Jr., Occupations and Social Status. New York : Free Press of Glencoe. Erikson, Robert &John H. Goldthorpe 1992, The Constant Flux : A Study of Class Mobility in Industrial Societies. Oxford : Clarendon. Erikson, Robert, John H. Goldthorpe &Lucienne Portocarero 1979, Intergenerational Class Mobility in Three Western European Countries. British Journal of Sociology 30. Featherman, David L. Press. & Robert M. Hauser 1978, Opportunity and Change. New York : Academic Featherman, David L., F. Lancaster Jones & Robert M. Hauser 1975, Assumptions of Social Mobility Research in the United States : The Case of Occupational Status. Social Science Research 4. Ganzeboom, Harry B. G. & Donald J. Treiman 1996, Internationally Comparable Measures of 63

27 Occupational Status for the 1988 International Standard Classification of Occupations. Social Science Research 25. Ganzeboom, Harry. B. G., Paul de Graaf & Donald. J. Treiman 1992, An International Scale of Occupational Status. Social Science Research 21. Ganzeboom, Harry B. G., Ruud Liujkx & Donald J. Treiman 1989, International Class Mobility in Comparative Perspective. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 8. Gerber, Theodore P. &Michael Hout 2004, Tightening Up : Declining Class Mobility during Russia s Market Transition. American Sociological Review 69. Goldthorpe, John 1987, Social Mobility and Class Structure in Modern Britain. Second (ed. ) Oxford : Oxford University Press. Goodman, Leo A. 1979, Simple Models for the Analysis of Occupational Cross2Classifications Having Ordered Categories. Journal of the American Statistical Association 74. Grusky, David B. & Robert M. Hauser 1984, Comparative Social Mobility Revisited : Models of Convergence and Divergence in 16 Countries. American Sociology Review 49. Hauser, Robert M., David L. Featherman &Dennis Hogan 1977, Sex in the Structure of Occupational Mobility in the United States, in The Process of Stratification, (eds. ) by Robert M. Hauser & David L. Featherman. New York : Academic. Hendrickx, John 2000, Special Restrictions in Multinomial Logistic Regression. Stata Technical Bulletin 56. Hendrickx, John & Harry B. G. Ganzeboom 1998, Occupational Status Attainment in the Netherlands, : A Multinomial Logistic Analysis. European Sociological Review 14. Hout, Michael 1988, More Universalism, Less Structural Mobility : The American Occupational Structure in the 1980s. American Journal of Sociology 93. Hout, Michael & Robert M. Hauser 1992, Symmetry and Hierarchy in Social Mobility : A Methodological Analysis of the CASMIN Model of Class Mobility. European Sociological Review 8. Liang, Zai & Zhongdong Ma 2004, Chinese Floating Population : New Evidence from the 2000 Census. Population and Development Review 30. Layte, Richard & Christopher T. Whelan 2004, Class Transformation and Trends in Social Fluidity in the Republic of Ireland in Social Mobility in Europe, ( ed. ) by Richard Breen. Oxford : Oxford University Press. Lin, Nan & Yanjie Bian 1991, Getting Ahead in Urban China. American Journal of Sociology 97. Lin, Nan & Wen Xie 1988, Occupational Prestige in Urban China. American Journal of Sociology 93. Lipset, Seymour Martin & Reinhard Bendix 1959, Social Mobility in Industrial Society. Berkeley : University of California Press. Nakao, Keiko &Judith Treas 1994, Updating Occupational Prestige and Socioeconomic Scores : How the New Measures Measure Up. Sociological Methodology 24. Parish, William L. 1981, Egalitarianism in Chinese Society. Problems of Communism 29. Shavit, Yossi & Hans2Peter Blossfeld ( eds. ) 1993, Persistent Inequality : Changing Educational Attainment in Thirteen Countries. Boulder, CO : Westview Press. 64

28 Shavit, Yossi & Walter M ller (eds. ) 1998, From School to Work : A Comparative Study of Educational Qualifications and Occupational Destinations. Oxford : Clarendon Press. Szel nyi, Szonja 1998, Equality by Design : The Grand Experiment in Destratification in Socialist Hungary. Palo Alto, CA : Stanford University Press. Treiman, Donald J. 1977, Occupational Prestige in Comparative Perspective. New York : Academic Press. 1998, Life Histories and Social Change in Contemporary China : Provisional Codebook. Los Angeles : UCLA Institute for Social Science Research. Treiman, Donald. J. & Andrew. G. Walder 1996, Life Histories and Social Change in Contemporary China. Distributed by the UCLA Social Science Data Archive [ http :ΠΠwww. sscnet. ucla. eduπissrπ daπ]. Treiman, Donald J. & Kam2Bor Yip 1989, Educational and Occupational Attainment in 21 Countries. in Cross2National Research in Sociology, American Sociological Association Presidential Series, (ed. ) by Melvin L. Kohn. Newbury Park CA : Sage. Walder, Andrew G. 1992, Property Rights and Stratification in Socialist Redistributive Economies. American Sociological Review , Markets and Income Inequality in Rural China : Political Advantages in an Expanding Economy. American Sociological Review 67. Walder Andrew G., Bobai Li &Donald J. Treiman 2000, Politics and Life Chances in a State Socialist Regime : Dual Career Paths into the Urban Chinese Elite, American Sociological Review 65. Winship, Christopher & Robert D. Mare 1992, Models for Sample Selection Bias. Annual Review of Sociology 18. Wu, Xiaogang & Donald J. Treiman 2004, The Household Registration System and Social Stratification in China Demography 41. Zhou, Xueguang &Liren Hou 1999, Children of the Cultural Revolution : The State and the Life Course in the People s Republic of China. American Sociological Review 64. Zhou, Xueguang, Nancy Brandon Tuma & Phyllis Moen 1997, Institutional Change and Job2Shift Patterns in Urban China, 1949 to American Sociological Review 62. : : 65

29 SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES 2007 (Bimonthly) Vol. 22 November, PAPER Class Structure and the Middle Class Location in Urban China Liu Xin 1 Abstract: In this paper, the author attempts to develop a scheme of class sortation in urban China and locate the middle class within this framework. The author argues that the dynamic basis and mechanism of social stratification in socialist China are different from those in the capitalist market economies. Public power, control rights over assets (public and private), and human capital (professional assets) constitute the dynamic basis for class differentiation in contemporary China. Based on these dynamics, 17 class positions and 5 classes can be identified in urban China. The five classes are the top classes (command class), upper middle classes,lower middle classes, skilled workers, and non2 skilled workers. Statistical findings from a national sampling survey data from urban China (CGSS 2003) suggest that, the proposed class framework can significantly reduce variances of variables, such as income and housing, subjective class identification, and perception of happiness. These research results show the validity of the proposed class scheme in contemporary urban China. Different Ways to Different Types : Typological analysis about the middle class in present China s towns Li Lulu &Li Sheng 15 Abstract: This article analyzes social functions of China s middle class against the background of institution transformation. Using the dual analytic framework of reallocation to market and logic of social structure 2 class experience 2 class identity 2 class character, the writer makes typological differentiation between present China s middle classes, and defines this kind of differentiation as endogenous vs. exogenous. Also, based on the data of CGSS 2003, the writer discusses different characters and social functions of these two different types from three aspects, i. e., generational continuity, political consciousness, and consumption consciousness, providing a typological mode for analyzing the differentiation of present China s middle class. The Chinese Household Registration and Intergenerational Social Mobility Wu Xiaogang

30 Abstract : Using data from a 1996 national probability sample of Chinese men,this paper analyzes the effect of family background on occupational mobility in contemporary China. The author has paid particular attention to the rural2urban institutional divide. China has an unusually high degree of mobility into agriculture and also, apparently, unusual openness in the urban population. Both patterns are explained by China s distinctive population registration system, which simultaneously fails to protect peasants from downward mobility and permits only the best educated rural men to attain urban residential status, resulting in severe sample selection bias in previous studies restricted to the de jure urban population. In this article, new lights are shed on the relationships between the socialist egalitarian policies and social fluidity and between inequality and mobility. On Living a Life of Fortune Wu Fei 66 Abstract: This is a theoretical reflection of the author s field study of suicide, during which the author found that suicide in China is significantly different from those described by Western suicidologists. The reason for this difference is that the western suicidological paradigms are based on the ideas about human nature and life of the Western culture. In order to find a theoretical framework to interpret suicide in China, the author applies an idiom in spoken Chinese : living a life of fortune (guo rizi). According to this idea, life is a process from birth to death, and each step of it happens in the family. Hence the family is not merely a social organization, but constitutes one s existential living condition. One s happiness depends on the balance of family life, and the fundamental elements of family life are persons, property, and rituals. Suicide usually happens when an imbalance of power in family life leads to injustice. A Study on Migrant Workers Permanent Migration Intentions Cai He & Wang Jin 86 Abstract: Based on research of the household registration system, this article discusses what factors might affect migrant workers decisions to choose city household registration and migrate to city permanently. We found that among different groups with different migration intentions, individual inclinations to move and institutional pressures work in different ways. If using willingness to give up land as the indicator for behavioral permanent migration intentions, then the main factors affecting migrant workers intentions are individual inclinations to move, which mainly include individuals human capitals and their inclination towards urban life style, so the choice is mainly based on economic rationality. If we use the willingness to change one s household registration to the city where they are working as the indicator, then the main factors are mostly about localities and institutional pressures, which point to the social rationality underlying the migrant workers pursuit for institutional protections to improve their living conditions in the cities. 243

,,,,,,, (1975) (,2004 : ) (1981) 20,, (,1987 :6) L ,, (,2005b),,, ;,,,,,, ( ) (,1989) :, :A,, ;B, ;C ;D, (,1987 : ) 16

,,,,,,, (1975) (,2004 : ) (1981) 20,, (,1987 :6) L ,, (,2005b),,, ;,,,,,, ( ) (,1989) :, :A,, ;B, ;C ;D, (,1987 : ) 16 : 3 :,,, 2003 CGSS,, :,, 20 80, ( ),, 3 2003 (CGSS2003) 2003 CGSS, www. chinagss. org 2003 CGSS,, 15 2007. 6,,,,,,, (1975) (,2004 :284-286) (1981) 20,, (,1987 :6) L. 19 20,, (,2005b),,, ;,,,,,, ( ) (,1989)