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2 Brooke Bidayuh i

3 Forging a Colonial Bureaucracy: Examining Japan's Colonial Legacy in Taiwan ii

4 iii

5 Contents Newsletter of the Asia-Pacific Research No.16 Letter from the Director By Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao...1 Research Papers Nation-State, Community and Its De-construction: On Anthropological Studies of Minority Peoples in Thailand and China By Shih-Chung Hsieh...3 A Comparision of Living Spatial Structure in Traditional Shophouses in Penang, Malaysia; Lu-Gang, Taiwan and Hoi-An, Vietnam By Lan-Shiang Huang...40 The Relationships among the Early Chinese (Hakka) Migrants and Malay Rulers and the Brookes in Sarawak, also a Preliminary Discussion on the Sociocultural Interactions between Them and the Bidayuh: From Some Written Sources By Khay-Thiong Lim...52 Taiwan and Southeast Asia Studies By Tanaka Norio / Tran. Bi-Chun Chen...70 Conference Papers Should Area Studies Be Combined with Social Sciences? The Case of Southeast Asia By Suryadinata Leo...74 Globalization and the Rise of East Asia and Their Challenges to Area Studies and Social Science By Alvin So...81 Report of Researchers Refection on Asia-Pacific Research By Tsun-Wu Chang...90 The Research Project for Processing and Analyzing the Archaeological Materials Collected from the Northern Coast of the Luzon Island By Cheng-Hwa Tsang...92 Archaeological Investigation of the Neolithic Culture Development of Northern Vietnam By Wei-chun Chen...96 iv

6 Taiwanese Investment Migration in East Asia under the Slogan of "Great East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere By Man-Houng Lin...98 Premodern Maritime Rescue Systems of the China Seas- The Case of China, Japan, Korea, and Ryukyu By Shiuh-Feng Liu Forging a Colonial Bureaucracy: Examining Japan's Colonial Legacy in Taiwan By Hui-Yu Ts ai Art and Public Culture in Modern Shanghai: Views from the Art Exhibition By Chuan-Ying Yen Facets of Shamanism: A Comparative Study of Shamans in Korea, Taiwan and China By Fu-Shih Lin The Post-war Tug of War between the Two Sides on Taiwan Strait: The Status-and-Order Competition for the International Olympic Committee Membership from 1959 to 1981 By Chi-Hsiung Chang A Comparative Research on P.R.C. Constitutional Law By Shin-Min Chen Labour Shortage and Foreign Workers: A Study of Japan, South Korea and Taiwan By Ching-Lung Tsay Economic Recession, Social Changes, and Women's Job Mobility in Japan By Wei-Hsin Yu Chronology of Southeast Asian Nations The Philippines East Timor Introduction to Overseas Institutes of Asia Pacific Research Commission for the Study of Chinese Records Relating to Thai History, the Secretariat of the Prime Minister Office of the Prime Minister, CSCR News from the Local Institutes of Asia-Pacific Research Graduate School of Southeast Asian Studies, National Chi Nan University Graduate Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Tamkang University News from APARP Office v

7 Conference Calendar Conference on Southeast and Northeast Asian Research, Conference on Overseas Chinese since 1980s Annual Conference of Southeast Asian Area Studies in Taiwan, When Area Studies Meet Social Sciences: Research and Implications for Asian Studies May ~ Aug Calendar of Conferences and Meetings on Asia-Pacific vi

8 Asia-Pacific Research Program, APARP (The Swedish School of Advanced Asia Pacific Studies, SSAAPS) Jon Sigurdson (Globalization and High-tech Revolution in Asia Pacific) 1

9 When Area Studies Meet Social Sciences: Implications for Future Asia-Pacific Research

10 * / ethnicity ethnic studies *

11 / primordialism / circumstantialism /situationalism /instrumentalism cf. Keyes 1976 Moerman 1965 Geertz Issacs 1974 Van den Berghe 1978 Nagata 1974 & 1981 Barth 1969 Berreman 1982 nation-state nationalism cf. Anderson 1990 Eriksen 1993 Gellner 1987 Hobsbawn 1991 Heiberg 1979 Trosper b national culture cf, Obeyesekere 1982 Banks 1996 Keyes 1987b & cf, Kammerer 1988 Keyes 1971, a, 1992b, 1993a, 1994a, 1994b, 1997a minority peoples / Thai studies 1981 International Conference on Thai Studies Association for Asian community

12 5 Anderson 1990 integrate 19 Siam Rama V Chulalongkorn r Rama IV Mongkut r Chulalongkorn monthon cangwat tambon bann Therevada Buddhism 1932 Rama VII Prajadhipok r Siam Siam pan-thaism Phibun Songkram Thailand

13 Thailand Siam Tai-Lue Isan cf. Keyes 1971, 1993b Pongsapich et al Renard 1993 Mulder b Charles F. Keyes 2001 Association for Asian Studies Charles F. Keyes Tai Thai 1971 Keyes Buddhism and National Integration in Thailand Siam Thailand Chulalongkorn primordial attachments p.551 Yuan Yuan 1960 thammathut thammacarik Yuan thammacarik Keyes Yuan

14 7 Keyes Thailand Keyes Keyes 1976 Towards a New Formulation of the Concept of Ethnic Group ethnic group chat chat Thai Thai People Chat Keyes chat Thai 1971 Thai Thailand Keyes Keyes 1990 Williams 1989 Keyes e.g. Keyes : a: b: Chulalongkorn Isan Isan isan Keyes 1973 ethnoregionalism Hmong interactionalism conflict model accomdationism Thailand: Buddhism Kingdom as Modern Nation-State 1987a Keyes ethnoreligionism p.135 Keyes

15 Keyes Keyes / Keyes Keyes Who are the Lue? Revisited: Ethnic Identity within the Nations of Laos, Thailand, and China Who are the Tai? Reflections on the Invention of Local, Ethnic and National Identities 1993a Keyes 1976 chat Thai Keyes ethnic chat Thai ethnic Thai chat Thai Thai nation Nation ethnic 1940 cf. Keyes 1993a, 1993b 1993a, 1993b ethnic nation Sipsong Panna Lue Lue

16 9 Chinese-Lue Thai-Lue Lao-Lue Lue Keyes 1993b Thai Tai hegemonic authority logic of race Siam chat nation Tai chat Thai Tai Thai national genealogy Tai Lue Yuan kong muang Tai rethink counter-think Winzeles 1976 Bentley 1986 Lehmen 1963 Renard 1993 Rambo et al Keyes Keyes integrate Lue Tai-Lue Lue 60 Michael Moerman Lue 1965: Lue Lue Sipsong Panna Moerman p.1224 Lue Thai

17 Gehan Wijeyewardene 1990b:48-73 Lue Lü Moerman Thai Lue Lue Thai p.68 Wijeyewardene Mae Sai Lue pink card p Sipsong Panna Chao Hmoam Gham Le Meeng Gham meeng Chao Hmoam Ma-Rni Gham Meeng Long 1993a:71-92 Lue Wijeyewardene Moerman Lue Mae Sai Lue Thai-Lue Mai Sai Lue Bann Lue Te Lue Te Yoshikawa 1999 Lue Te Lue Lue Te Yoshikawa pp appropriate goods Lue Yuji Baba Nan Meeng La Lue 1999 Lue Meeng La nationalized

18 11 Lue : Lue? Lue? Lue Lue Chulalongkorn Lue 2000 Lue Karen Karen Karen aliens Renald D. Renard The Differential Integration of Hill People into the Thai State 1993 Renard chat Thai Thai Nation Nicholas Tapp Hmong

19 Hmong messianism Hmong Hmong Hmong Tapp 1989 Hmong 1994a:24 Tapp 1993 Hmong ethnic boundary Hmong Lue Michaud 1993 Hmong 1994b Hmong Hmong Hmong Hmong /Thai Hmong Karen Karen Hmong Akha Mien Lisu Lahu Kammerer a Hmong Akha Cornelia Ann Kammerer 1988: Akha microcosm macrocosm descent Akha clan

20 13 Akha 70 Akha Hmong Kammerer Akha Karen politicized ethnic identity Thai Akha Mika Toyota Trans-national Mobility of Urban Akha in Chiang Mai, Thailand 1999 Kammerer Akha Akha searching cultural anthenticity Akha Kammerer Akha Toyota 60 Peter Kunstadter Southeast Asian Tribes, Minorities, and Nations 1967 tribe minority Kammerer Kunstadter Akha Akha Toyota Tapp Hmong Akha Kammerer Akha Kammerer Akha Akha Toyota cf. Keyes 1976 Moerman 1965 Doming 1990 Flinn 1990 Poyer

21 Akha Kammerer Mien Iu Mien Yao Peter K. Kandre Mien Kandre Mien Mien Mien Mien Kandre ien 1967:615 fing 1967:629 Mien Mien Mien Kandre Tribal Research Institute Wanat Bhruksasri 1983 John Mckinnon Highlanders of Thailand Kunstadter1967 Bhruksasri 1987 Canberra Australian

22 15 National University Minorities and Politics:Hill-Tribe Development and Integration Strategies Bhruksasri Bhruksasri Bhruksasri Chupinit Kesmanese 1993 School of Oriental and African Studies Being Hmong and Being Thai:An Interplay of Identites Keyes Tapp Kesmanese Keyes / shared descent Keyes Hmong Kesmanese Tapp Hmong Kesmanese Hmong Kesmanese Hmong Chulalongkorn Amara Pongsapich Suriya Veeravongse Phinit Lapthananon 1993

23 cf. Pasternak 1983,1988 Thurston 1983 Whyte Guldin / ethnic group Seattle University of Washington Charles F. Keyes 70 / 80 /

24 17 Steven Harrell Harrell 18 Keyes / Keyes Harrell ethnic nationalism Gladney Keyes / Harrell Harrell , 1989, 1990, 1993 Lipuo Libie Nuosu Harrell Harrell Nuosu Lipuo Harrell 1995 Morgan Harrell

25 Harrell Harrell Prmi 1996 Prmi Mosuo Mckhann Prim nationalities question East-West Center Dru Gladney Gladney 1989, 1991a, 1998 Stalin Gladney ethnogenesis 1990 Uighur 15 Uighur 1940 Uighur Gladney Gladney 1991b discourse making

26 19 shaping manipulation Gladney exotic erotic 1994: Gladney Harrell Gladney Gladney / Hsieh , 1992a, 1992b, 1993a, 1993b, 1995, 1996, 1997a, 1997b Sipsong Panna Tai-Lue Tai-Lue 55 Chao Phaendin Chao Hmoam Gham Le Chao 1993a Sipsong Panna b

27 a 1992b Wurlig Borchigud Almaz Khan Borchigud 1995: Borchigud Borchigud 1996: web of identities Borchigud

28 21 Harrell Gladney Khan ethnic image or representation 1995: Chinggis Khan Chinggis Tahilga Khan invention of tradition Borchigud Khan 7/8 5 Khan 1996 ethnic tourism Khan imaged community Borchigud

29 Khan Ralph A. Litzinger Siu-woo Cheung Litzinger 1994:127 Cheung 1994 Litzinger Morgan Litzinger Litzinger Cheung 1996,1997 Ge Ge Ge Ge 50 Harrell Ge Charles F. Mckhann Norma Diamond Mckhann 1992 Harrell Mckhann Whitman Harrell Diamond 1989 Harrell annual meeting, Association for Asian Studies Dru Gladney Harrell Mckhann 1995:

30 23 Mosuo Mosuo Mckhann Mosuo Mosuo Harrell Stalin Mckhann Diamond The Miao and Poison: Interactions on China s Southwest Frontier Ethnology 1988 Diamond Diamond Diamond :55-78

31 Diamond Diamond Borchigud Khan Mckhann Harrell Diamond / Anthony Jackson 1979, 1989 Erik Mueggler 1991 Emily Chao 1996 David Y. H. Wu 1990 Stanley Toops 1993 Shelley Rigger 1995 Keng-Fong Pang 1996 Mueggler Chao Jackson Wu Toops Rigger b

32 25 cf Wijeyewardene 1990a / Gladney Harrell, Gladney, Diamond, 1990 On the Dynamic Ethnicity of Sipsong Panna Tai During the Republic Period Hsieh 1990:2-9 cf. Wijeywardene 1990a 1993a,1993b Hsieh 1996 Tai-Lue Sipsong Panna a 1981 & 1995b see also Wijeyewardene 1990a /

33 Anderson imagined community Anderson / national culture tribal culture / Clifford Geertz Anderson Geertz Geertz Keyes Keyes Isan Sipsong Panna Tai-Lue Yuan Isan Lue Keyes anti-humanity Keyes

34 27 Moerman Wijeyewardene Yoshikawa Baba Lue / Lue Karen Karen Hmong Akha Mien persistent identity system Morgan Harrell Gladney ethnogenesis nation-state ethnic-state Borchigud Khan

35 Litzinger Cheung Diamond Mckhann Ge Musuo

36 a b : a 1992b 1993a 1993b 28: : :50-69

37 a 1994b 2:17-27 Hmong/ 7: a 1997b 51:25-42 Sipsong Panna 46: : : Anderson, Benedict Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Baba, Yuji Nationalism. London: Verso Making a Network of Community Groups and Cultural Reformation Banks, Marcus in Nan Province, Northern Thailand: The Case of Tai-Lue Villages. Paper Presented at the 7 th International Conference on Thai Studies, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, July Ethnicity: Anthropological Constructions. London: Routledge. Barth, Fredrik 1969 Pathan Identity and Its Maintenance. In Ethnic Groups and Boundaries, Fredrik Barth ed., pp Boston: Little, Brown and

38 31 Bentley, C. Carter Company Indigenous States of Southeast Asia. Annual Reviews of Anthropology 15: Berreman, Gerald D Bazar Behavior: Social Identity and Social Interaction in Urban Bhruksasri, Wanat India. In Ethnic Identity: Cultural Continuities and Change, George De Vos & Lola Romanucci-Ross eds., pp Chicago: University of Chicago Press Minorities and Politics: Hill-Tribe Development and Integration Borchigud, Wurlig Strategies. Paper presented at the 3 rd International Conference on Thai Studies, ANU, Canberra, July The Impact of Urban Ethnic Education on Modern Mongolian Ethnicity, In Cultural Encounters on China s Ethnic Frontier, Stevan Harrell ed., pp Seattle: University of Washington Press Transgressing Ethnic and National Boundaries: Contemporary Inner Chao, Emily Mongoliam Identities in China. In Negotiation Ethnicities in China and Taiwan, Melissa J. Brown ed., pp Berkeley: University of California Hegemony, Agency, and Re-presenting the Past: the Invention of Cheung, Siu-Woo Dongba Culture among the Naxi of Southwest China. In Negotiating Ethnicities in China and Taiwan, Melissa J. Brown ed., pp Berkeley: University of California Millenarianism, Christian Movements, and Ethnic Change among the Miao in Southwest China. In Cultural Encounters on China s Ethnic Frontiers, Stevan Harrell ed., pp Seattle: University of Washington 1996 Representation and Negotiation of Ge Identities in Southeast Guizhou. In Negotiating Ethnicities in China and Taiwan, Melissa J.

39 Brown ed., pp Berkeley, Ca: University of California Miao Rebellion and Discursive Construction of Ethnic Identity. Diamon, Norma 53: The Miao and Poison: Interactions on China s Southwest Frontier. Ethnology 27 1 : Ethnicity and the State: the Hua Miao of Southwest China. In Ethnicity and the State, Judith D. Toland ed., pp New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers Defining the Miao: Miag, Qing, and Contemporary Views. In Doming, Michele D. Cultural Encounters on China s Ethnic Frontiers, Stevan Harrell ed., pp Seattle: University of Washington Press Maori Sovereignty: A Feminist Invention of Tradition. In Cultural Eriksen, Thomas Hylland Identity and Ethnicity in the Pacific, Jocelyn Linnekin and Lin Poyer eds., pp Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press Ethnicity and Nationalism: Anthropological Perspectives. London: Flinn, Juliana Pluto Press We Still Have Our Customs: Being Pulapese in Truk In Cultural Identity and Ethnicity in the Pacific, Jocelyn Linnekin and Lin Poyer eds., pp Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Geertz, Clifford The Integrative Revolution: Promodial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States. In The Interpretation of Cultures, Clifford Geertz ed., pp New York: Basic Books. Gellner, Ernest Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Gladney, Dru C How Ethnic is Ethnic? The Problem of Ethnic Identification in China. Paper presented at the 41 st Annual meeting, the Association for Asian Studies, Washington Hilton & Towers Hotel, March

40 The Ethnogenesis of the Uighur. Central Asian Survey 9 1 : a 1991b Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People s Republic. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. On Studying the Peoples of the People s Republic: A Back Door into Chinese Society?. China Exchange News 19 2 : Representing Nationality in China: Refiguring Majority/ Minority Identities. The Journal of Asian Studies 53 1 : Clashed Civilization?: Muslim and Chinese Identities in the PRC. In Guldin, Gregory Eliyu Making Majorities: Constituting the Nation in Japan, Korea, China, Malaysia, Fiji, Turkey, and the United States, Dru C. Gladney ed., pp Stanford: Stanford University Press The Saga of Anthropology in China: From Malinowski to Moscow to Harrell, Stevan Mao. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, Inc Joint Ethnographic Fieldwork in Southern Sichuan. China Exchange News 16 3 : Ethnicity and Kin Terms among Two Kinds of Yi. In Ethnicity and Ethnic Groups in China, Chien Chiao and Nicholas Tapp eds., pp Hong Kong: New Asian College Ethnicity, Local Interests, and the State: Yi Communities in Southwest China. Comparative Studies in Society and History 32 3 : Geography, Demography, and Family Composition in Three Southwestern Villages. In Chinese Families in the Post-Mao Era, Deborah Davis and Stevan Harrell eds., pp Berkeley: University of California Press The History of the Yi. In Cultural Encounters on China s Ethnic Frontiers, Stevan Harrell ed., pp Seattle: University of Washington Press The Nationalities Question and the Prmi Problem. In Negotiating Heiberg, Marianne Ethnicities in China and Taiwan, Melissa J. Brown ed., pp Berkeley: University of California External and Internal Nationalism: The Case of the Spanish Basques. In Ethno Autonomy-Comparative Dynamics: The Americas, Europe and the Developing World, Raymond L. Hall ed., pp N. Y.:

41 Pergamon Press. Hobsbawn, E. J Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. Hsieh, Shih-Chung New York: Cambridge University Press Ethnic-Political Adaptation and Ethnic Change of the Sipsong Panna Tai: An Ethnohistorical Analysis. Ph.D. dissertation, Seattle: University of Washington On the Dynamic Ethnicity of Sipsong Panna Tai during the Republic Period. Thai-Yunnan Project News Letter 9: Nanchao, Tai People, and Homeland Yunnan: A Competing Process of Issacs, Harold R. Modern Nationalism between China and Thailand. A Paper prepared for the 6 th International Conference on Thai Studies, Chiangmai, Thailand, 14-17, October Basic Group Identity: The Idols of the Tribe. Ethnicity 1: Jackson, Anthony 1979 Na-Khi Religion. N.Y.: Monton Naxi Studies: Past, Present & Future. In Ethnicity & Ethnic Groups in China, Chien Chiao & Nicholas Tapp eds., pp Hong Kong: CUHK. Kammerer, Cornelia Ann 1988 Territorial Imperatives: Akha Ethnic Identity and Thailand s National Integration. In Ethnicities and Nations: Processes of Interethnic Relations in Latin America, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific, Remo Guidien, Francesco-Pellizzi & Stanley J. Tambiah eds., pp Austin: University of Texas Press. Kandre, Peter K Autonomy and Integration of Social Systems: The Iu Mien Yao or Man Mountain Population and Their Neighbors. In Southeast Asian Tribes, Minorities, and Nations, Peter Kunstadter ed., pp Princeton: Princeton University Press Yao Iu Mien Supernaturalism, Language, and Ethnicity. In Changing Identities in Modern Southeast Asia, David J. Banks ed., pp.

42 Paris: Mouton Publishers. Kesmanese, Chupinit 1993 Being Hmong and Being Thai: An Interplay of Identities. Paper presented at the 5 th International Conference on Thai Studies, SOAS, London, July5-9. Keyes, Charles F Buddhism and National Integration in Thailand. Journal of Asian Studies 30: Ethnic Identity and Loyalty of Villagers in Northeastern Thailand. In Southeast Asia: The Politics of National Integration, John T. McAlister, Jr. ed., pp N.Y.: Ramdon House Toward a New Formulation of the Concept of Ethnic Group. Ethnicity 3: a Mainland Culture. In The Encyclopedia of Religion, Mircea Eliade ed., pp New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. 1987b Thailand: Buddhist Kingdom as Modern Nation-State. Boulder: Westvies Press A Southeast Asianist Perspective on Ethnicity Theory. Paper presented at the Conference on Southeast Asian Studies and the Social and Huwan Sciences, Wingspread Conference Center, July Who Are the Lue? Revisited: Ethnic Identity within the Nations of Laos, Thailand, and China. MIT working paper. 1993a Who are the Tai? Reflections on the Invention of Local, Ethnic and National Identities. Paper presented at the Seminar on The State of Knowledge and Directions of Research on Tai Culture, Bangkok, Thailand, September b A Princess in a People s Republic: A New Phase in the Construction of the Lao Nation. Paper presented at the 5 th International Conference on Thai Studies, SOAS, London, July The Golden Peninsula: Culture and Adaptation in Mainland Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Khan, Almaz 1995 Chingges Khan: From Imperial Ancestors to Ethnic Hero. In Cultural Encounters on China s Ethnic Frontier, Stevan Harrell ed., pp Seattle: University of Washington Press.

43 Who are the Mongols? State, Ethnicity, and the Politics of Representation in the PRC. In Negotiating Ethnicities in China and Taiwan, Melissa J. Brown ed., pp Berkeley: University of California. Kunstadter, Peter ed Southeast Asian Tribes, Minorities, and Nations. Princeton: Princeton Lehmen, F. K. University Press The Structure of Chin Society. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Litzinger, Ralph A Making Histories: Contending Conceptions of the Yao Past. In Mckhann, Charles F. Cultural Encounters on China s Ethnic Frontiers, Stevan Harrell ed., pp Seattle: University of Washington Press The Naxi and the Nationalities Question. In Cultural Encounters on China s Ethnic Frontiers, Stevan Harrell ed., pp: Seattle: University of Washington Press. Mckinnon, John & Wanat Bhruksasri ed Highlanders of Thailand. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. Michaud, Jean 1993 The Social Anchoring of the Trekking Tourist Business in a Hmong Community of Northern Thailand. Paper presented at the 5 th Moerman, Michael International Conference on Thai Studies, SOAS, London, July Ethnic Identity in a Complex Civilization: Who Are the Lue?. Mueggler, Erik American Anthropologist 67: Money, the Mountain, and State Power in a Naxi Village. Modern China 17 2 : Mulder, Niels

44 Thai Images: the Culture of the Public World. Chiangmai: Silkworm Nagata, Judith A. Books What is a Malay? Situational Selection of Ethnic Identity in a Plural Society. American Ethnologist 1 2 : In Defense of Ethnic Boundaries: The Changing Myths and Charters of Malay Identity. In Ethnic Change, Charles F. Keyes ed., pp Seattle: University of Washington Press. Obeyesekere, Gananath Sinhalese-Buddhist Identity in Ceylon. In Ethnic Identity: Pang, Keng-Fong Cultural Continuities and Change, George De Vos & Lola Romanucci-Ross eds., pp Chicago: University of Chicago Press Being Hui, Huan-nang, and Utsat Simultaneously: Contextualizing Pasternak, Burton History and Identities of the Austronesian-speaking Hainan Muslims. In Negotiating Ethnicities in China and Taiwan, Melissa J. Brown ed., pp Berkeley: University of California Sociology and Anthropology in China: Revitalization and Its Constraints. In The Social Sciences and Fieldwork in China: Views from the Field, Ann F. Thurston & Burton Pasternak, eds., pp Boulder: West Press Inc A Conversation with Fei Xiaotong. Current Anthropology 29 4 : Pongsapich, Amara, Suriya Veeravongse, & Phinit Lapthananon Poyer, Lin 1993 Natural Resources Management Policy and Ethnic Minorities: Conflicts and Resolutions in the Huay Buffer Zone. Paper presented at the 5 th International Conference on Thai Studies, SOAS, London, July Being Sapwuahfik: Cultural and Ethnic Identity in a Micronesian Society. In Cultural Identity and Ethnicity in the Pacific, Jocelyn Linnekin and Lin Poyer eds., pp Honolulu: University of

45 Hawaii Press. Rambo, A. Terry. Karl L. Hutterer, & Kathleen Gillogly 1988 Introduction. In Ethnic Diversity and the Control of Natural Renard, Ronald Resources in Southeast Asia, A. Terry Rambo, Karl L. Hutterer, & Kathleen Gillogly, eds., pp Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press The Differential Integration of Hill People into the Thai State. Paper Rigger, Shelley presented at the 5 th International Conference on Thai Studies, SOAS, London, July Voices of Manchu Identity, In Cultural Encounters on Tapp, Nicholas China s Ethnic Encounters, Stevan Harrell ed., pp Seattle: University of Washington Press The Impact of Missionary Christianity upon Marginalized Ethnic Minorities: The Case of the Hmong. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 20 1 : Ritual Relations and Identity: Hmong and Others, Paper presented at Thurston, Ann F. the 5 th International Conference on Thai Studies, SOAS, London, July The Social Sciences and Fieldwork in China: An Overview. In The Toops, Stanley Social Sciences and Fieldwork in China: Views from the Field, Ann F. Thurston & Burton Pasternak, eds., pp Boulder: Westvies Press, Inc Xinjiang s Handicraft Industry. Annuals of Tourism Research Toyota, Mika 20: Trans-national Mobility and Multiple Identity Choices: The Case of Urban Akha in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Paper presented at the 7 th International Con- Ference on Thai Studies, University of Amsterdam,

46 39 Trosper, Ronald L. Amsterdam, July American Indian Nationalism and Frontier Expansion. In Ethnic Change, Charles F. Keyes ed., pp Seattle: University of Washington Press. Van den Berghe, Pierre L Race and Ethnicity: A Sociobiological Perspective. Ethnic and Whyte, Martin King Racial Studies 1: On Studying China at a Distance. In The Social Sciences and Wijeyewardene, Gehan Fieldwork in China: Views from the Field, Anne F. Thurston & Burton Pasternak, eds., pp Boulder: Westview Press, Inc. 1990a The International Conference on Thai Studies, Kunming b Williams, Brackette F. Thai-Yunnan Project Newsletter 9:1-2. Thailand and the Tai: Versions of Ethnic Identity. In Ethnic Groups across National Boundaries in Mainland Southeast Asia, Gehan Wijeyewardene ed., pp Singapore: ISEAS A Class Act: Anthropology and the Race to Nation across Ethnic Winzeles, Robert L. Terran. Annuals Reviews of Anthropology 18: Ecology, Culture, Social Organization, and State Formation in Southeast Asia. Current Anthropology 17 4 : Wu, David Y. H Chinese Minority Policy and the Meaning of Minority Culture: The Example of Bai in Yunnan, China. Human Organization 49 1 :1-13. Yoshikawa, Hideki 1999 A Lue Weaving Village: Identity and Economy of Weaving. Paper presented at the 7 th International Conference on Thai Studies, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, July 4-8.

47 (Francis Light) (UNESCO) UNESCO 40

48 41 shophouse terraced house The Straits Chinese; A Cultural History ( ) 150 ( 38 ) the five-foot way 1794 Light Street Beach Street Chulia Street Pitt Street Prangin Creek Bound Ditch ( Transfer Road)

49 Cannon Street12 Cannon Street

50 ( ) 5

51 Rumah Baba; Life in a Peranakan House Armenian Street 120

52 45

53 (sitting room)

54 47 7 ( )

55 ( ) 48 48

56 A B C A

57

58 51 Vol SD NO Khoo Su Nin, Streets of George Town Penang, Penang: Janus Print & Resources, 1994(second edition). Khoo Joo Ee, The Straits Chinese; A Cultural History, Amsterdam Kuala Lumpur: The Pepin Press, Peter Lee & Jennifer Chen, Rumah Baba; Life in a Peranakan House, Singapore: National Heritage Board Singapore History Museum, 1998.

59 Brooke Bidayuh Brooke 1857 Baring-Gould & Bampfylde 1909; Chin, 1981; Chang, 1995; Chang, 1995 Lockard, 1987 Brooke James Brooke (Rajah) James Brooke Brooke Chinese 52

60 Brooke 53 Brooke Rajah Muda Hashim Marudu Hashim Samarahan Tungong 30 5 Sambas Gading garu (Keppel, vol. I, 1847: 65-67) Brooke (Sambas) (Keppel, vol. I, 1847: 67) Pengiran Indra Makota Rajah Muda Hashim Anthony Reid, Entrepreneuria l minorities, nationalism, and the state, in Daniel Chirot and Anthony Reid (eds.), Essential outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the modern transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1997), p. 34

61 (Gullick 1958: 24) 2 Gullick Donald Brown (1974: 73) Brooke (Brown, 1970: 72) Barbara & Leonard Andaya (2001: ) 3 Brooke Macota Subtu Abong Mia Datu Naraja (Keppel, vol. I, 1847: 150) 22 Brooke (Keppel, vol. I, 1847: 151) Brooke Brooke Brooke 2 clientele 3

62 Brooke 55 (Keppel, vol. I, 1847: 153) Pengiran Indra Makota 500 Brooke Brooke Makota datus Belidah Brooke (Keppel, vol. I, 1847: 168) Brooke Brooke Hashim (Tuan Besar) Brooke Brooke Siniawan (Templer, vol. I, 1853: 99) Hashim Brooke Makota 4 Brooke Makota Hashim Brooke Makota (Keppel, vol. I, 1847: ) 1840 Bau Tundong Brooke (Keppel, 4 Haji ( ) Datu Patinggi Ali (St. John, vol. II, 1974: ) Brooke (Templer, vol. I, 1853: 95)

63 vol. I, 1847: 230) 1845 Hugh Low Juro-tulis Bow ([1990] 1848: ) James Brooke Brooke Hashim (Templer, vol. I, 1853: ) (Templer, vol. I, 1853: 116) Brooke Makota Hashim Brooke Brooke (Keppel, vol I, 1847: 253) Makota Brooke

64 Brooke (Keppel, vol. I, 1847: 273) 1842 Montrado 3 24 Sipang Rajah Muda Hashim (Keppel, vol. I, 1847: 284) Montrado Sipang 5 Sipang 1830 (Bau) (Chang Pat Foh, 1995: 45) Brooke Brooke (Templer, vol. I, 1853: 169) 1846 Sipang Brooke Brooke (Templer, vol. II, 1853: 125, 129) 5 Montrado Sipang Sinbok Simbok Hammu-I Manfo Lintian Montrado Landak Sipang Manfo Landak 1837 Sinbok Hammu -I Hammu -I Sinbok Mundy (vol. I, 1848: )

65 Rajah Muda Hashim Tuan Muda Tuan Muda (Templer, vol. II, 1853: ) Hashim Brooke Sipang Rajah Muda Hashim 6 Brooke Brooke (Green, [1909]: 92) 7 Brooke (Mundy, vol. I, 1848: 289) Simbock Sipang Brooke Simbock 6 Rajah Muda Hashim (1841 ) Brooke. Rajah Atien Rajah Rajah (Templer, vol. I, 1853: ) 7 Brooke Hashim Sipang Brooke Sipang

66 Brooke 59 (Keppel, vol. I, 1847: 285) Simbock Brooke Simbock Sam Simbock Sam Simbock Brooke Sam Brooke (Mundy, vol. I, 1848: ; Green, [1909]: 92-93) Simbock 1880 William T. Hornaday (1993 [1885]: 189) Simbock Brooke 8 Sipang 1850 Sipang Pemangkat (Keppel, 1852: ; St. John, vol. II, 1974 [1862]: ) 9 Brooke Brooke Brooke (St. John, vol. II, 1974 [1862]: ) Bidayuh Brooke (St. John, vol. II, 1974 [1862]: 325, 328) Brooke 8 Rodney Mundy (1848: 285) 9

67 (Keppel, 1852: ) Brooke Muara Tabas Si Jinkat ( Brooke Sundu ( Templer, vol. III, 1853: 24) ) Santubong Lundu 8 26 Tanjong Dato Brooke Santubong Santubong Rajah (Harriette, 1992 [1882]: 48) Francis McDougall (Harriette, 1992 [1882]: 49) St. John (vol. II, 1974 [1862]: 328) St. John 1856 Brooke Sungai Tengah Sungai Tengah (1974 [1862]: ) McDougall Harriette Aboo

68 Brooke 61 Salion Sunfoon Chinzu Queyfat Assin Umque Achin Achong Moukmoy Poingzu (1992 [1882]: 50) Sipang Akin Assan 60 Lundu Bidayuh Brooke Bidayuh (Keppel, 1852: 361-2) 1852 Brooke Charles Anthony Brooke Charles Brooke Bidayuh Bidayuh Bidayuh Orang Kaya (vol. I, 1866: 25-26) Lumar 300 (St. John, vol. II, 1974 [1862]: 330) 1856 Batang Lupar Charles Brooke (vol. I, 1866: 199) John Crawfurd they are subjected to a fine of two guilders for leave to settle, to an annual poll-tax of the same amount, and to a fine of thirty guilders for permission to return to China (1856: 97) (Marup) (1990: 112)

69 Brooke ( Bow) (Keppel, 1852: 369) Sipang (Keppel, 1852: ) Brooke Bidayuh (Keppel, 1852: 371) Brooke Bidayuh (Keppel, 1852: ) Brooke Atiow Brooke Steele Brooke (Keppel, 1852: 381) Brooke Atiow Atiow Brooke (Keppel, vol. I, 1847: 382)

70 Brooke 63 Brooke Charles Brooke Berlidah (vol. I, 1866: 27-28) Charles (Brooke, vol. I, 1866: 30) Brooke (, 1990; Brooke, 1866; McDougall, 1882; St. John, 1862; Chin, 1981; Lockard, 1987; Chang, 1995) 12 Charles Brooke 1858 Charles Brooke (vol. I, 1866: ) 1861 Charles Brooke Rentap James Brooke Rajah Charles Brooke (Sharp, [n.d.]: )

71 (vol. II, 1866: ) 1880 Hornaday (1993 [1885]: 189) Bidayuh 50 (MacDonald, 1985 [1956]: 335) George Windsor Earl 1834 Sinkawang Sinkawang (1837: 210) Bidayuh 13 (Alquadrie, 1990: 232) Victor T. King Bidayuh Land Dayak (Malayic groups Iban Kantu Suruk/Mentebah) Maloh Ulu Ai Kapuas ( King, 1979: ) Iban Maloh Bidayuh orang budak (Jackson, 1970: 17) Bidayuh William Robert Geddes 1950 Bidayuh Bidayuh (1961 [1957]: 4) Bidayuh

72 Brooke Pfeiffer Brooke Spencer St. John St. John (vol. I, 1974 [1862]: 153) (vol. II, 1974 [1862]: 323) Crawfurd Montrado (1856: 289) (Helms, 1882: 156) Ida Pfeiffer (Pfeiffer, 1855: 61) Helms samshu (1882: 158)

73 Frederick Boyle 1860 (1984 [1865]: 71) Bidayuh Brooke 1857 Brooke Brooke 1857 Brooke Bidayuh Bidayuh

74 Brooke 67 ([n.p.], 1989) Alqadrie, Syarif Ibrahim, Ethnicity and social change in Dyaknese society of West Kalimantan, Indonesia, PhD. Thesis, University of Kentucky, Andaya, Barbara and Leonard Andaya, A history of Malaysia (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hamsphire: Palgrave, 2001). Baring-Gould, Sabine and Charles Agar Bampfylde, A history of Sarawak under its two White Rajahs, (London: Henry Sothern, 1909). Boyle, Frederick, Adventures among the Dyaks of Borneo (Kuala Lumpur: Antara Book Company, 1984 [1865]). Brooke, Charles Johnson, Ten years in Sarawak, 2 vols. (London: Tinseley Brothers, 1866). Brown, Donald E., Brunei: the structure and history of a Bornean Malay sultanate ([Brunei: Brunei Museum], 1970). Chang Pat Foh, The land of freedom fighters (Kuching: Ministry of Social Development, Sarawak, 1995) Chin, John M., The Sarawak Chinese (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1981). Crawfurd, John, A descriptive dictionary of the Indian islands and adjacent countries (London: Bradbury & Evans, 1856). Earl, George Windsor, The eastern seas, or voyages and adventures in the Indian Archipelago, in , comprising a tour to the island of Java visits to Borneo, the Malay peninsula, Siam, &c.; also an account of the present state of Singapore, with observations on the commercial resources of the Archipelago (London: William H. Allen and Co., 1837). Geddes, William Robert, Nine Dayak Nights (London: Oxford University Press, [1957] 1961).

75 Green, Eda, Borneo: the land of river and palm (London: Borneo Mission Association, [1909]). Gullick, J. M., Indigenous political systems of Western Malaya ([London]: University of London, Athlone Press, 1958). Helms, Ludvig Verner, Pioneering in the Far East, and the journeys to California in 1849 and to the White Sea in 1878 (London: W. H. Allen, 1882). Hornaday, William T., The experiences of a hunter and naturalist in the Malay Peninsula and Borneo (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1993 [1885]). Jackson, James C., Chinese in the West Borneo goldfields: a study in cultural geography (London: University of Hall, 1970). Keppel, Henry, The expedition to Borneo of H. M. S. Dido for the suppression of piracy: with extracts from the journal of James Brooke, Esq. of Sarawak, 3 rd edition, 2 vols. (London: Chapman and Hall, 1847). Keppel, Henry, A visit to the Indian Archipelago, in H. M. Ship Mæander with portions of the private journal of Sir James Brooke, K. C. B. (London: Richard Bentley, 1852). King, Victor T., Ethnic classification and ethnic relations: a Borneo case study (London: Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, The University of Hall, 1979). Lockard, Craig Alan, From kampung to city: a social history of Kuching Malaysia, (Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, 1987). Low, Hugh, Sarawak its inhabitants and productions being notes during a residence in that country with His Excellency Mr. Brooke (Petaling Jaya: Delta, 1990 [1848]). MacDonald, Malcolm, Borneo people (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1985 [1956]). McDougall, Harriette, Sketches of our life at Sarawak (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1992 [1882]). Mundy, Rodney, Narrative of events in Borneo and Celebes, down to the occupation of Labuan from the journals of James Brooke, ESQ, Rajah of Sarawak, and

76 Brooke 69 governor of Labuan together with a narrative of the operations of H. M. S. Iris, in 2 vols. (London: John Murray, 1848). Pfeiffer, Ida, A lady s second journey round the world (London: Longman, 1855). Sharp, Arthur F., The wings of the morning (London: H. H. Greaves, [n. d.]). St. John, Spencer, Life in the forests of the Far East, 2 vols. (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1974 [1862]). Templer, John C. (ed.), The private letters of Sir James Brooke, K. C. B. Rajah of Sarawak, narrating the events of his life, from 1838 to the present time, in 3 vols. (London: Richard Bentley, 1853).

77 * ** 1 * **

78 71 10 Leiden C. Van Vollenhoven

79

80

81 * (Graduate Program) *

82 75 (discipline) (multidisciplinary) (Undergraduate program)

83 Fred Riggs Ben Anderson Clifford Geertz Fred Riggs Riggs John Girling Karl Jackson 2 Girling Jackson Kyaw Yin Hlaing 3 Anek Laothamatas Riggs Anderson 5 (nation) Anderson Anderson 1 Fred W. Riggs, Thailand: The Modernization of a Bureaucratic Polity. Honolulu: East-West Center Press, J.S. Girling, The Bureaucratic Polity in Modernizing Societies: Similarities, Differences, and Prospects in the ASEAN Region. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1981; Karl Jackson, Bureaucratic Polity: A Theoretical Framework for an Analysis of Power and Communications in Indonesia, in Political Power and Communications in Indonesia, edited by Karl Jackson and Lucien Pye, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978, pp Yin Hlang Kyaw, The Politics of State-Business Relations in Post-Colonial Burma. Ph.D. thesis presented to Graduate School of Cornell University (Department of Government), May Anek Laothamatas, Business Associations and the New Political Economy of Thailand: From Bureaucratic Polity to Liberal Corporatism. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Benedict R. O G Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London and New York: Vreso Press, 1991.

84 77 (nation building) Anderson Geertz 6 (abangan) (santri) (priyayi) Geertz 50 Geertz 7 87% Geertz 8 ( ) % % Geertz 10 Geertz 6 Clifford Geertz, Religion of Java. Glencoe:Free Press, Leo Suryadinata, Military Ascendancy and Political Culture: A Study of Indonesia s Golkar. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, Leo Suryadinata, Indonesia s Foreign Policy under Suharto: Aspiring to International Leadership. Singapore: Times Academic Press, Leo Suryadinata, Elections and Politics in Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Mark Woodward, Islam in Java: Normative Piety and Mysticism in the Sultanate of Yogyakarta. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1989.

85 Donald Willmott Arend Lijphart 12 (Consociational Democracy) Lijphart Lijphart (culture and area-bound) Lijphart Lijphart Lijphart 11 Donald E. Willmott, The Chinese of Semarang. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, Arend Liphart, Consociational Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven: Yale University Press, Lijphart, pp

86 79 14 Victor Purcell 15 Purcell William Skinner Skinner Skinner Mary Somers Charles Coppel 17 Skinner (Leo Suryadinata) < > << >> 14 (1990) Leo Suryadinata, Chinese and Nation Building in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Singapore Society of Asian Studies, 1997; Amy L. Freedman, Political Participation and Ethnic Minorities: Chinese Overseas in Malaysia, Indonesia and the United States. New York and London: Routledge, Victor Purcell, The Chinese in Southeast Asia. Oxford University Press, G. William Skinner, Report on the Chinese in Southeast Asia. Ithaca, Cornell University, 1951; G. William Skinner, The Chinese of Java, in Colloquium on Overseas Chinese, edited by Morton H. Fried, New York: Institute of Pacific Relations, 1958, pp.1-10; G. William Skinner, The Chinese Minority, in Indonesia, edited by Ruth T. McVey, New Haven: Yale University, 1963, pp Mary F. Somers, Peranakan Chinese politics in Indonesia. Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University, 1964; Leo Suryadinata, Peranakan Chinese politics in Java, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1976, revised edition 1980; Charles Coppel, Patterns of Chinese Political Activities in Indonesia, In The Chinese in Indonesia: Five Essays. Edited by J.A.C. Mackie, Melbourne: Thomas Nelson, 1976, pp Leo Suryadinata, Pribumi Indonesians, the Chinese Minority and China: Perceptions and Policies. Kuala Lumpur and London: Heinemann Asia, 1978; Leo Suryadinata, Chinese and Nation-Building in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Singapore Society of Asian Studies, 1997, reprinted 1999; The Culture of the Chinese Minority in Southeast Asia, Singapore: Times Academic Press, 1997.

87 D.G.E.Hall Sartono Kartodirdjo R.O. Winstedt

88 * Social Sciences Area Studies *

89 Natural Sciences Humanities Social Sciences Oriental Studies Area Studies Asian Studies

90 83 Eurocentrism Fragmentation

91 MutualIsolation Globalization / - world-economy

92 85 / transborder/transnational 2002 / scale / / /

93 Diaspora Studies / Globalization Globalism Globalism

94 87 Asianization - /

95 globalization globalism Asianization Transdisciplinary Global Studies / Transborder/Transnational / Multi-Scalar Analysis / / Long Time Span / Transdisciplinary /

96 89

97 * 1 Soviet Bloc * Institute of Asian-Pacific Studies IAPS 90

98 91 ASEAN

99

100 93 Peter Bellwood Robert Blust Babara Thiel 1996 Rey A. Santiago 1 Cagayan Cagayan Lal-lo Melchor L. Aguilera Cagayan Aprri, Camalaniugan Lal-lo 1 Rey A. Santiago Jose Santiago, Sheldon Clyde B. Jago-On, Adam V. Soriano, Jimmy B. Fabela, Augusto Borlasa

101 Cagayan 1997 Abulug Cagayan Muguel Supnet Leodivico Capina 2000 Cagayan Nagsabaran

102 95 red slip pottery Nagsabaran 2001 Cagayan Nagsabaran Nagsabaran Peter Bellwood Wilheim Solheim Charles Higham Richard Shutler 91

103 Da But Lang Cong Ha Long Ba Vung Da But Ha Long post-hoabinhian 96

104 97

105 ;

106

107

108

109 ,

110

111

112 Forging a Colonial Bureaucracy: Examining Japan's Colonial Legacy in Taiwan (1) I propose to examine colonial administration in Taiwan ( ) in Japan s empire-building. Essentially I argue that the key to the mechanism of Japanese colonial administration in Taiwan lay not in the formal structure of the bureaucracy but in the extra-bureaucratic set-up. The administration of colonial Taiwan paralleled much of modern Japan with major and minor revisions adapted to local conditions from time to time. Taiwan was a laboratory of Japanese colonialism, so to speak. Much, however, remains to be explored as to how the bureaucrats who ran the colony of Taiwan were recruited from Japan and circulated within the empire. It has become generally accepted that the bureaucrats who were recruited into Taiwan followed an established order of official ranking, which determined salary-rank as well as the package of career benefits and outlook. It has been pointed out that much of the experimentation was taken to Korea after 1910; that after 1932 it found its way into Manchukuo; and that it then drifted even further in the Co-Prosperity Sphere of the Greater East Asia (or the South ) during the Pacific War. In practice, however, this argument is easy to make but difficult to prove. Thus, I turn to an alternative hypothesis that it was the Taiwan Government-General that tapped into the same bureaucratic sources as the rest of Japanese empire. 105

113 As a result of the war, Taiwan s social and political constitution of postwar society was drastically reshuffled. The administrative system created by the Japanese in the early years of colonial rule not only functioned to the end of the colonial rule, but has survived with slight modification in today s Taiwan. I, however, argue that while the Nationalist Government succeeded in taking over the administrative structure of the Taiwan Government-General (Taiwan Sotokufu) from the Japanese, much of the operational mechanism was lost in the transition. By focusing on the institutional transition of neighborhood organizations from baojia to linli (the postwar successor of baojia), I underscore the continuity with rather than the changes from the colonial legacy. (2) Japanese rule in Taiwan was characterized by a large police role in the colonial administration. While this is widely acknowledged, it leaves out one crucial aspect of Japanese colonialism, the role of the bureaucracy. The number of the bureaucrats in colonial Taiwan at any time during the fifty years of Japanese rule was small. How did the Japanese make their administration work? Essentially, I posit that the extra-bureaucracy in colonial Taiwan allowed Taiwan Sotokufu to respond promptly to Japan s wartime demands with minimum bureaucratic red tape. This was an advantage exclusive to Japan s colonies (mainly, Korea and Taiwan). It helps explain, at least partially, why wartime mobilization was carried out earlier and more effectively in Japan s colonies than in Japan proper. After all, Japanese interregnums in Asia were also an integral part of long-term change and development. While changes brought about by total war were critical in terms of structural transformation, the structural transformation also evolved out of the past, and thus we see the importance of continuity. Their apparent paradox invites further examination of Japanese colonial legacy in Taiwan, specifically on the issues of modernity. Moreover, as has been observed, Japan s empire-building served as colonial legacy to nation-building in many parts of postwar Asia. On the one hand, the Japanese colonial legacy shaped the politics, memory and history of postwar Asia. On the other, Japan s total war brought about rapid but durable structural change in Asia, which was revolutionary in nature. On the whole, I hope to demonstrate that bureaucratic exchange and policy movements not only flowed from the core to the margins they were sometimes reciprocal. In terms of bureaucratic rule, I aim to demonstrate that the implementation of certain policies in colonial Taiwan, such as the police system and

114 Forging a Colonial Bureaucracy: Examining Japan s Colonial Legacy in Taiwan 107 the bureaucracy, indeed helped shape policy formation in Japanese imperial empire. (3) In an attempt to define the role of the bureaucracy in the Government-General of Taiwan, I essentially adopt a legal perspective and rely heavily on legal sources. My major source material includes various compilations of laws, ordinances, and archives concerning imperial Japan (Taiwan in particular), in addition to newsletters and rosters of various levels of local government. My preliminary study so far has proved remarkably rewarding, endorsing the general observation that the Japanese ran the colonial administration in Taiwan for half a century with remarkable stability and efficiency. My research, however, also points to the need to go outside of the bureaucracy. That is, the Japanese innovation lay in the extra-bureaucratic set-up, an issue to be further pursued in this research. In my another work on mapping neighborhood and the legal basis of the bureaucratic system, I have contended that the mechanical implication of state control in the metaphor of a war machine needs qualification. The modern Japanese state tapped into the communal idea of an extended family system, as exemplified in the wartime slogan, universal harmony (hakko ichiu), in which the idea of neighborly mutual aid (rinpo sojo) was framed along a hierarchical order of household, neighborhood, society, nation, and empire. However, local people, whether in Japan proper or its colonies, responded to the Japanese state s war mobilization because they saw their home, their neighborhood, and their lives at stake and this invites a new look at the role of local identity in war mobilization. Policy movements, moreover, did not only flow from the colonizer to the colonized they were somewhat reciprocal. That is, the implementation of at least a few policies in colonial Taiwan indeed helped shape policy-decisions in Japan proper. Andre Schmid s critique of Carol Gluck s notion of Japan without empire suggests more interaction between Japan and its colonies than is generally acknowledged. 1 There were over 300,000 Japanese on the island in August This number was roughly one-twentieth of the total population in Taiwan at that time, an overwhelming majority holding key positions in colonial administration. Much remains to be explored as to how the bureaucrats who ran the colony of Taiwan were recruited from Japan and circulated within the empire. What has 1 Andre Schmid, Colonialism and the Korea Problem in the Historiography of Modern Japan: A Review Article, The Journal of Asian Studies 59.4 (November 2000), pp

115 become known is that the bureaucrats who were recruited into Taiwan followed an established order of official ranking, which determined salary-rank as well as the package of career benefits and outlook. And yet, we know little about the Japanese in Taiwan, let alone their postings in the empire. This was the same source of bureaucracy that the Taiwan Government-General tapped into and run the colonial administration for half a century with remarkable stability and efficiency. It would be helpful to know via what channels were officials recruited or circulated within the Japanese empire, for instance, and how Japanese businesses posted their employees. It remains to be seen to what extent institutions and methods developed in Taiwan shaped policy formation in Japan. (4) This study, moreover, examines theories and practices of the rule by the bureaucracy (kanji gyosei) in both Japan proper and colonial Taiwan. While in Japan the bureaucracy constantly had to grapple with the issue of self-rule as reflected in the control of village communities (sonraku kyodotai), in colonial Taiwan the struggle of the bureaucracy vs. the village community was seldom an issue. Rather, I argue that the colonial administration was well established on the basis of rule by the bureaucracy Taiwanese-style which tapped into the instrumental utility of the hoko (baojia in Chinese) system for social control and mobilization. I will begin with the reconstruction of the bureaucratic system in Taiwan under Japanese rule, with specific emphasis placed on the role of the bureaucracy in local administration. As mentioned above, the key to the mechanism of Japanese colonial administration in Taiwan lay not in its formal structure but in the extra-bureaucratic set-up. The Japanese bureaucratic system was rigid in structure and its law-making process could be painfully slow from the perspective of governors-general of Taiwan. A formal structure like this one invited intervention from the central government while making little room for local improvisation. Thus, the Government-General of Taiwan almost from the beginning of the Japanese period had worked out an extra-bureaucratic system to help recruit personnel outside the formal bureaucratic structure. Initially, this practice was basically an improvisation devised to attract the Japanese to serve on the island. The extra-bureaucrats and functionaries thus recruited were responding to the practical calls of the early colonial administration and naturally fell into three major categories: technical support, administrative assistance, and the police force. This

116 Forging a Colonial Bureaucracy: Examining Japan s Colonial Legacy in Taiwan 109 extra-bureaucratic system continued to grow and was to be institutionalized after 1920, as witnessed in the system of the so-called temporary staff of Taiwan Government-General. Meanwhile, the extra-bureaucracy was extended to local administration, as seen in the installation of the so-called local official-treatment staff, which became a permanent feature internalized into, and yet remaining outside of, the formal bureaucracy. Equally important, the extra-bureaucracy was later converted to Japan s war efforts with remarkable efficiency. I will then turn to the examination of the way the local was created. By making a point that neighborhood was created in colonial Taiwan, I aim to test the idea of the local as an invented identity. Essentially, I argue that the Japanese attempted to build a modern system out of a traditional one by collapsing the temporal with the spatial. In this way, I argue that the geo-administrative system to create a sub-village unit for administrative purposes was an institutional innovation, if not invention, in modern Japan. The ward system is a good example of this process. Just as the implementation of the oaza (sub-village zones) in Japan was antedated by a big ward system prior to the 1889 local administrative reform, the ward system in Taiwan too was proceeded by a big ward system effective from 1909 to The 1920 local administrative reform witnessed the creation of a small ward system. Significantly, while the creation of the ward system in modern Japan was administrative and thus oriented toward state-making, it also provided links of social instrumentality for regional identity and local reformation built along geo-spatial boundaries. As such, I propose that the ward system was less normative in Taiwan than in Japan proper, and that the hoko system in Taiwan worked both to regulate and to complement the ward system in a way unique in the Japanese empire. Essentially, I posit that the local administrative system, such as the ward, worked not only because it was a fully integrated state mechanism, but also because the mechanism tapped into local sources which offered a vital means for organization. That is, historical roots, social needs and status, as well as the romanticization of a natural community, or what Lin Nan would call social capital today. In this way, local identities were bridged, and Taiwan identity began to take shape, a problematique to be followed up in this research. In the end, I argue that the period surrounding the close of the war was uneventful in Taiwan. By addressing to the theme of a peaceful transition, I stress the structural changes brought about by the Japanese wartime government on local administration, changes which were largely inherited by the Nationalist government

117 after the war. As John Dower argues, the war was a profound catalyst of structural transformation. 2 However, the structural transformation in wartime Taiwan evolved from the long-term organizational build-up of imperial Japan. (5) Thus put, Taiwan was secured in a position to complement and also to compete with other sub-imperial spheres, such as Manchukuo and Korea, so far as Japan proper was concerned. To what extent did the annexation of Korea in 1910 influence the pattern of the bureaucratic formation within empire of Japan? Did Taiwan ever function, as Louise Young argued for the case of Manchukuo, as a mobilization machine, forcing Japan to respond to problems in terms of policy making? And, what is the historical significance of this sub-imperial sphere in terms of Taiwan s postwar legacy? These remain problems for further exploration. And given the high-handed control of colonial Taiwan, how did this affect policy formation in Japan proper? It remains to be seen to what extent institutions and organizations developed in Taiwan shaped policy formation in Japan. Essentially, my study re-examines the way Japanese colonial rule restructured Taiwan s politics, society, and cultural identity in the twentieth century, as well as contributions to our knowledge of Japanese imperial administration. By bringing total war back into this study of Japan s oldest colony, I hope also to highlight the problem of Japan s colonial modernity in Taiwan. To the extent that Taiwan serves as a case study of Japan s colonial empire, I offer some comparisons of Taiwan with Japan proper along with Java and Korea in an effort to illuminate the concept of rule by the bureaucracy in Japan s empire-building. It also points to the relevance of comparative studies between Taiwan and Japan s other colonies and her Southeast Asian empire. 2 John W. Dower, Empire and Aftermath: Yoshida Shigeru and the Japanese Experience, (Cambridge [Massachusetts] and London: Council of East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1988), p. 280.

118 * ** *** ( ) * ** *** 111

119 excel

120 (1) (2) 20 ( 1911 ) (3)

121 ~ ~ ~ ~

122

123 saman shaman Tungus shamanism 116

124 117 synchronic diachronic historical anthropology prosopography

125

126

127 Olympic Games

128 121 Olympic Committee of the Republic of China in Taiwan Montreal C China Chinese Taiwan Olympic Committee IOC Lausanne 1981

129 Chinese, Taipei

130 123

131 (case study)

132 (constitutional framework maker)

133

134 (Bundesstaat Prinzip) 3 5.

135

136 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

137

138

139 OECD 1999 Equal Employment Opportunity Law family-friendly firms career patterns

140

141 ( ) I II A Bibliography for the History and Culture of Thailand

142

143 (M. P. Chapelle) 2.23 (Francisco Braganza) 5.7 (William Taft) ( Taft Commission) (Shurman Commission) (Arthur) (Partido Federalista Federal Party) (Emilio Aguinaldo) 4.1 (Martin Delgado) (Panay) (Civil Governor) 7.3 (Spruner Act) (Cebu) 9.1

144 (Balangiga) (Samar) 10.2 (non-christian Tribes Bureau) (Littleton Waller) 12. (Bojol) (Batangas) (UOD) (Mindanao) (Lake Lanao) 4.27 (Vicente Lucban) 7.1 (the Philippine Organic Act) (Theodore Roosevelt) 8.3 (Father Aglipay) (Aglipayans) (M. Guidi) (Gold Standard Fund) 2. (Apdinarro Mabini) 3.2

145 (J. Pershing) 6.1 (Tawi Tawi) (Panglima Hassan) (Jolo) 1. (Luke Wright) 3. (Raymando Melliza) (Rizal) (Bates) (Laguna) (Datto Pala) 9.4 (Lope Santos) Rays and Sunrise (Tagalog) Mt. Dajo No %

146 (Manuel Quezon) (S. Osmena) (Partido Nacionalista, National Party) 7.30 (Philippines Assembly) 8. (National Progress Party) (W.Cameron Forbes) 8.5 (Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act) (Vissyan) (Felipe Salvador) 1.30 (Taal) 9.14 (Underwood Tarriff Bill) 10.6 (Francis Burton Harrison)

147 (Carlos Bulasan) (Binalonan) 1.25 VOF 3.22 (PNB) 8.29 Philippine Autonomy Act Johns Act (Manila Railroad Co.) (Democrata Partido) (71%) (National Development Company) (UAF) (Colorum) PNB NDC (Wood- Forbes Mission) (Leonard Wood)

148 % 4. (RA3058 ) 7. 50% 10. (Manuel Roxas) (Pedro Kabola) (Samales Group) Leyte (Pedro Calosa) (Henry L. Stimson) 1. (Andres Bonifacio) (Katipunan ) (AFL) 12. (KPMP) (Pedro A. Santos) (Pampanga)

149 (KAP) 9. (AMT) 1. (Watsonville) 1. (Hiram Bingham) (Sakdal) (Jacinto Manahan) (KPMP) (Davao) 1.10 (Tayug) (Herbert Hoover) (Butler B. Hare) (Hawes-Cutting Bill) (Frank Murphy) (Benigno Ramos) (Partido Sakdalista)

150 (Tydings-McDuffie Act ) NEPA (Cabuyao) Philippines Commonwealth (Sergio Osmena) 12. (Douglas MacArthur) (James S. Allen) 4.30

151 NDC CLM 8. (Partido Ganap) (Ferdinand Marcos) National Land Settlement Administration Co % 1935 (Rural Progress Administration Co.) 4. ( ) ( ) 6.18

152 (Corregidor) (Executive Committee) (Jorge B. Vargas) (Vicente Lava) Huk Balahap (Mariveles) (San Fernando) (Jose Laurel)

153 (Makapili) (Emjltr Agutnaldo) PKM PCLO 7.15 PKM PCLO DM Huks (Liberals Party) 4.23 Elpidio Quirino (Republic of the Philippines) 7.5

154 Bell Trade Act 8.29 HMB 3.14 Military Bases Agreement) PKP % (People s Liberation Army) (Ramon Magsaysay) 12.

155 L. Taruc Mutual Defense Treaty (William Pomeroy) FFF (Carlos Rombu) LiberalDemocratic Party (The Industrial Peace Act) Carlos Garcia (Philippines Relief and Trade Rehabilitation Administration PRATRA) 6.19 (Retail Trade Nationalization Law) 9.8 SEATO

156 (Jose Rizal) 5.9 Philippine-Japanese Reparations Agreement Diosdado Macapayal, CNI (Jose Yulo) (Jose Laurel) (Philippine First) (Bohlen-Serrano Agreement) (Mutual Defense Board) 40% 66%

157 Association of Southeast Asia, ASA (E.Palaez) 6.22 ( ) (Ferdinand E. Marcos) Agriculture Land Reform Act KM (Fernando Lopez) KM

158 MAN (Association of Southeast Asia Nations ASEAN) 9.1 (CSM) (Udtog Matalam) (The Muslim Independence Movement) 5. MIM (Jose Sison) (PCP) 3.29 PCP New People s Army (Nur Misuari) (The Moro National Liberation Front) Mendtola

159 (FFF) 8.21 Benigno S. Aquino 8.23 (Habeas Corpus) (MNCF) (Imelda Marcos)

160 NDF MNLF (Hiroo Onoda) (Lavatite) Partido Kommunistang Pilipinas, PKP

161 (Guiuermode Vega) (Metro Manila) (G. Ford) (Batasang Pambansa Interim National Assembly) (Dante)

162 Batan 11. (GATT) % (IBP) (KBL) 4.19 (Lorenzo Tanada) ADB (Baguio) 5.8

163 (Raul Manglapus) 2.17 (Pope John Paul II) (Cardina Jaime Sin) % 7.3 (Cesar Virata) (Philippines Sharia Institute) 4.23 (Salvador Laurel) (UNIDO) (R. Reagan) (Juan Ponce Enrile) RAM

164 % (Father Brian Gore) (Father Niall O Brien) IMF ( Agrava) Ver Declaration of Unity Jovito Salonga RAM 3.4 Arturo Tolentino (Laxail) (Surigao del Sar Province) Gregorto Marillo (New Allied of People Power)

165 Corazon Aquino Juan Enrile Fidel Ramos (Rodolfo Salas)

166 (Buyan) (Leandro Alejandro) 12. (Fidel V. Ramos)

167 James Rowe (National Emergency Act) (Luther Custodio) (Reynaldo Bernado) (Victor Batac) (Abraham Purugganan)

168 (Mt.Pinatubo) (Clark Field) % CPP (Subic Bay) (Ramondel Rosanio) (PCAGC) 2.9

169 (VAT) BOT 6.3 Basilan 6.25 IMF (Republic Act No. 7941) 8.27 (MNLF) (SEC) B. Clinton (WTO) MILF 5.8

170 IMF IMF RAM WTO Asia-Eupuro Meeting ASEM MILF 4.12 MILF 4.28 MILF

171 MILF (Peso) (NDF) (VFA) 4.6 (IPP) 5.11 (Joseph Estrada) (CAB) (LAMP) (GSP) MILF (Maquindanao) 4.29 MILF 1.14

172 Ozamiz 3.7 (RA. No.8762) (Abu Sayaph) (RA. No.8792) 6.28 (OIC) MILF (EO No.268) Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

173 (Alfonso Tabella) (Kupang) (Sir M. Orange) (A. R. Wallace) (Manufai)

174 M. A. N. da Fontoura 8.30 (Henry Fitzmaurice) 9.8 SAPT 10. (SAPT) (J. S. Louis) SAPT % 60%

175 (Adauro) (Azores) (A. de Oliver Salazar)

176 (Okusi) (Wykeke) Carnation Revolution 5.11 Fernando Alves Aldela ( UDT) 5.12 ASDT 5.27 ( APODETI) 6.17 ASDT ASDT (FRETILIN) 11. Mario Lemos Pires (Ali Murtopo)

177 Aileu (Democratic Republic of East Timor) 9.7 (UDT) 9.24 (UDT) 10.8 (Batugade) (Varigi) ( ) Movimento das Forcas Armadas

178 (Nicola Robert) (CRRN) (Lakuroda) 12.24

179 (M. Ropes) (Bishop Carlos Felipe Belo) ( )

180 National Council of MaubereResistance, CNRM Jose Ramos Horta 6.28 PET

181 (Gomes) (Santa Claus) (IGGI) 3.11 (Lucitania) (Xanana Gusmao) (Abirio Alaucho)

182

183 (CPLP) 10 CNRM (Jose Ramos-Horta) (P. Alex) 7.4 (Kirikay) 7.15 (K. Santana) 4. CNRM (CNRT)

184 (Jamie Gama) UNAMET INTERFET MPR

185 (UNTAET) (Democratic Republic of East Timor)

186 Commission for the Study of Chinese Records Relating to Thai History, the Secretariat of the Prime Minister Office of the Prime Minister, CSCR (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 1-2 (6)

187 Prof. Pornpan Juntaronanont Department of Thai and Oriental Languages Ramkhamhaeng University Hua Mark, Bangkapi, Bangkok 10160, Thailand ( Ramkhamhaeng University )

188

189 / Ms. Michelle Falardeau-Ramsay Junko Kuninobu

190

191 (Area Studies) ~ ~ (Asia-Pacific Research Program APARP) ( ) 184

192 ( ) 2. ( ) /

193 advisory.html (02) (02) , (02) [email protected] No.56 Ron Van Oers: Dutch Colonial Town Planning between 1600 and 1800: Planning Principles & Settlement Typologies No.13 H. H. Michael Hsiao & Chin-Hsu Chang: The Chinese Managers in the Taiwanese Business in China: The Case of Xiamen

194 :10-16:20 Prof. Jon Sigurdson The Swedish School of Advanced Asia Institute for the Study of Economic Culture International Conference Pacific Studies, SSAAPS on NGOs and the Nation in a (Globalization Globalizing World: Asia-Pacific and High-tech Revolution in Asia Views Pacific) 4 8 Prof. Jon Sigurdson The Swedish School of Advanced Asia Pacific Studies, SSAAPS (Globalization and High-tech Revolution in Asia Pacific)

195 :00-9:20 9:20-11:00 11:10-12: :30-15:10 188

196 189 15:20-16:40 ( ) 16:50-18:10 18:10-18:

197 :30-09:40 09:40-10:10 ( ) 10:30-11:50 (2000~2002) 11:50-13:00 13:00-13:30 ( )

198 191 13:30-14:50 15:10-17: (1904/11/ /2/21) 17:10-17:40

199 :20 ~ 12: Socially Constructed Labor Regime Controlled Ethnic Division of Labor in Transnationals: Malaysian and Vietnamese Taiwanese-invested Firms Compared

200 193 14:20 ~ 16: ( ) 3. International regimes :00~14:

201 :30 ~ 18: ASEAN 3.

202 :20 ~ 10: :20 12:00 ~ ~10:

203

204 :00-9:20 9:30-12:30 (I) Sucheta Mazumdar / Tracing Genealogies: Asian Studies in the U.S. in Historical Perspective 2. Alvin So / Globalization and the Rise of East Asia and their Challenges to Area Studies and Social Science 3. Leo Suryadinata / 4. / The Role of Area Studies in Theory Construction: A Personal Adventure 5. / Infusion of Indigenous Elements in Sociological Theories: Illustration from Social Capital / 1:30-3: / / / / 2. / 2. / / 3. / 3:30-5: / 1. / ( ) 2. / / Shift of Entrepots in 2. / Asia-Pacific Area and the Historical Process of Taiwan (7 th -20 th century) 3. / 3. /

205 :30-12:30 (II) / 2. / 3. / 4. / Rational Choice Theory and China/Taiwan Studies 12:30-12:40

206 (02) (02) [email protected] Aix-en-Provence, France Barbara Merigeault IAE de Poitiers, 8th International 20 rue Guillaume VII Le Troubadour, Euro-Asia Research BP 639, Poitiers Cedex, France Conference First Inter-Dialogue Conference on Southern Thailand Experiencing Southern Thailand: Current Social Transformations from Peoples Perspectives [email protected] Pattani, Thailand Prince of Songkla University Pattani, Thailand Department of Anthropology Harvard University, U.S.A Ms. Diyaporn Wisatamanan First Inter-Dialogue Conference on Southern Thailand (FIDCOST) Prince of Songkla University Pattani Thailand [email protected]

207 Sixth Asian Studies Conference Japan (ASCJ) Revisiting the Asian State 6/30-7/ th Biennial Conference of the Asian Studies Association of Australia After Sovereignty: Nation and Place The 1st World Congress of Korean Studies 2002 Embracing the Other: The Interaction of Korean and Foreign Cultures Tokyo, Japan Asian Studies Conference (ASCJ) Asian Studies Conference (ASCJ) c/o Institute of Asian Cultural Studies International Christian University Osawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181, Japan ~kokusai/ascj/2002/2002.htm Leiden University, The Netherlands (1) Dr. Richard Boyd (2) Dr. Tak-Wing Ngo International Institute for Asian Studies P.O. Box 9515, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Asian Studies Association of Australia Lee Slaidins Conference Design Pty Ltd, PO Box 342 Sandy Bay Tasmania 7006, Australia Seongnam, Korea The Academy of Korean Studies (AKS) Gilsang Lee, Ph.D. The Academy of Korean Studies 50 Unjung-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do Korea,

208 International Conference on the Long-Term Environmental Consequences of the Vietnam War Traditions and Transformations: Evolving Perspectives on Asia Stockholm, Sweden Sydney, Australia Harvard Project for Asian and International Relations (HPAIR) Harvard University Macquarie University Yiting Liu HPAIR, P.O. Box Cambridge, MA 02238, USA