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1 Journal of Taiwan Land Research Vol. 15, No.1 pp. 95~125 * ***** * NSC H ** *** TEL (02) # shuwen@nccu.edu.tw 95

2 A Study on the Impact of Regional Environments Between China and Taiwan to Taiwanese Manufacturing Firms' R&d Locational Choices* Tai-Ming Ben** and Shu-Wen Lin*** Abstract With the viewpoint of regional advantages, this paper analyzes the impact of R&D locational choices that manufacturing firms in Taiwan take under the differentiation of locational advantages between China and Taiwan as well as improves some points which are incompletely focused in the same study on Taiwanese firms, the cross-strait, and overweighing case-studies in the past. The empirical evidences bring that the impact of variables to locational distribution of Taiwanese manufacturing firms across the strait are many: locational advantages, the type of R&D unit, the scale of market, policical conditions, industrial clusters, knowledge flows and R&D investments. Except for the negative relationship between the scale of market/type of R&D unit and R&D locational choices, the rest variables have the positive relationship with R&D locational choices, which means that, barring that the scale of market in Taiwan is so small that Taiwanese firms choose to set up R&D spots in China, other variables in Taiwan are more attractive than those in China; Taiwan possesses innegligible energies of regional creativity. The suggestion is that the government has to take new actions on industrial policies, providing the assistance to R&D that enterprises need, in order to attract more and more local enterprises to set up their R&D functions in Taiwan for accumulating and advancing Taiwan s competitiveness continuously. Keywords: Locational advantage, Regional environment, R&D locational choice * This research has been supported by NSC H , which is gratefully acknowledged. ** Professor, Department of Land Economics, National Chengchi University. *** Ph.D., Department of Land Economics, National Chengchi University; Assistant professor, Department of Real Estate Management, DE LIN Institute of Technology, Corresponding author, TEL: #63351, shuwen@nccu.edu.tw. 96

3 1980 Dicken et al., 1994 Simmie, 2005 Cantwell, 1992; Guellec and Bruno Van Pottelsberghe, 2001 Dunning 1980Eclectic ParadigmForeign Direct Investment, FDIownership-specific advantage internalization advantage locational advantage Dicken, 1998 Petrella,1989 Guellec and Bruno Van Pottelsberghe, 2001 Amsden et al., 2001; Chen, 2003 UNCTAD, 2005 OECD, 1997; Gao, 2000; Kumar, 2001; Heimann, Chen, 2004 Lu and Liu,

4 %

5 Serapio and Dalton, 1999 Dunning, 1973 Kuemmerle, 1999Fors and Zejan 1996Gao 2000 Heimann 2005 social access barriers

6 cognitive access barriers Lorenzen and Mahnke, 2002 Zhang 2001Nicholas et al Kumar, 2001 Casson and Singh, 1993 Kuemmerle, 1999 Serapio and Dalton, Lorenzen and Mahnke, 2002 Serapio and Dalton, 1999 Ronstadt Lorenzen and Mahnke,

7 2004 Morgan, 1997 tacit knowledge Feldman and Florida, 1994 Baptista and Swann, 1998 Florida,1995 Glaeser et al., 1992 Henderson et al., Sigurdson,

8 20051, , , , , , Heimann, , , , , , ,

9 20052, , , , , ,

10 20052, , , , , , km 2 ( ) GDP % 36, , , ,000 2,296 9,691 14,543 8,156 3,300 3,328 51,700 1,

11 GDP GDP

12 2 2 Ronstadt, 1978; Casson and Singh, 1993 Kuemmerle, 1999; Serapio and Dalton, 1999; Kumar,

13 Ronstadt, 1978 GDP

14 % % % % % % % % %229.52% % %62.06%51.72% %

15 2. Ronstadt, % % % 68.52% % 24.07% % 7.41% 109

16 % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 82.38% 41.19% % %

17 % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 111

18 % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 16.07% % 3.57% 1.19% % % % 2.08% 0.89% 1000

19 % % % % % % Logit Model U i1 U i U a b x c z... 2 i0 0 0 i 0 i i0 113

20 x i zi GDP ε i(0~1) U U P a a b b x c c z... 3 P i1 i0 i1 i i 0 1 p y j x /1 p y j x a j b x1 b2 x... bk xk log y x k consistencyasymptotically efficiencyasymptotically normal Aldrich and Nelson, 1984 n=100 n<100 Aldrich and Nelson,1984 Likelihood ratio index (chi-squaretest) i * 2 L ( ) 1- * L (0) * L ( ) L*(0)β 114

21 4 10 GDP %

22 LIMDEP GDP α=5% α=10% χ 2 α=5% % 13 10% GDP 5 116

23 5 t P ** ** ** ** ** * ** GDP (%) ** ( ) ** ** χ ** **α=5%*α=10% GDP α=5% GDP 117

24 α=5% Zejan 1990Gao %

25 α=5% α=10% 5%500 36% 119

26 Heimann 2005Gao 2000Kumar

27 2004 IT Chiao Da Management Review Aldrich, J. and F. D. Nelson, 1984, Linear Probability, Logit, and Probit Models, Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Amsden, A., T. Tschang, and A. Goto, 2001, Do Foreign Companies Conduct R&D in Developing Countries, ADB Institute Working Paper 14, Tokyo Asian Development Bank Institute. Baptista, B. and P. Swann, 1998, Do Firms in Clusters Innovate More?, Research Policy, 27, pp Cantwell, J., 1992, The Internationalization of Technological Activity and Its Implication for Competitiveness, Technology Management and International Business Internationalization of R&D and technology, pp Casson, M. and S. Singh, 1993, Corporate Research and Development Strategies: The Influence of Firm, Industry and Country Factor on the Decentralization of R&D, R&D Management, 23(2), pp Chen, S. H., 2004, Taiwanese IT Firms Offshore R&D in China and the Connection with 121

28 Global Innovation Network, Research Policy, 33(2), pp Chen, Y.-C., 2003, Latecomer Cities Becoming New Global Innovation Centers: Case Studies of Multinational Corporations? R&D Centers in Shanghai and Beijing, Paper Presented at 2003 Annual Meeting of Association of American Geographers. Dicken, P., M. Forsgren, and A. Malmberg, 1994, The Local Embeddedness of Transnational Corporations, in Globalization, Institutions and Regional Development in Europe, edited by Amin, A. and Thrift. N. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dicken, P.,1998, Global Shift, London: Paul Chapman. Dunning, J. H., 1973, The Determinants of International Production, Oxford Economic Papers, 25(3), pp Dunning, J. H., 1980, Towards an Eclectic Theory of International Production: Some Empirical Tests, Journal of International Business Studies, 19(1), pp Feldman, M. P. and R. Florida, 1994, The Geographic Sources of Innovation: Technological Infrastructure and Product Innovation in the United States, Annals of the Association of American Geographer, 84(2), pp Florida, R., 1995, Toward the Learning Region, Futures, 27(5), pp Fors, G. and M. Zejan, 1996, Overseas R&D by Multinationals in Foreign Centers of Excellence, Working Paper no.111, The Economic Research Institute, Estocolmo: Stockholm School of Economics. Gao, T., 2000, Multinational Activity and Country Characteristics in OECD countries, Manuscript. Glaeser, E. L., H. D. Kallal, J. A. Scheinkman, and A. Shleifer, 1992, Growth in Cities, The Journal of Political Economy, 100(6), pp Guellec, D. and B. Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, 2001, The Internationalization of Technology Analyzed with Patent Data, Research Policy, 30(8), pp Heimann, P., 2005, Foreign-owned R&D Facilities in China, England, Germany, and Sweden: an Analysis of Regional Entry and Integration Behavior, Working Paper, University of Augsburg, Germany, Faculty of Economics. Henderson, V., A. Kuncoro, and M. Turner, 1995, Industrial Development in Cities, Journal of Political Economy, 103(5), pp Kumar, N., 2001, Determinants of Location of Overseas R&D Activity of Multinational 122

29 Enterprises: The Case of US and Japanese Corporations, Research Policy, 30, pp Kuemmerle, W., 1999, Foreign Direct Investment in Industrial Research in the Pharmaceutical and Electronics Industries: Results from a Survey of Multinational Firms, Research Policy, 28(2/3), pp Lorenzen, M. and V. Mahnke, 2002, Global Strategy and the Acquisition of Local Knowledge: How MNC s Enter Regional Knowledge Clusters, DRUID Working Paper, pp Lu, L. Y. Y. and J. S. Liu, 2004, R&D in China: An Empirical Study of Taiwanese IT Companies, R&D Management, 34(4), pp Morgan, K., 1997, The Learning Region: Institutions, Innovation and Regional Renewal, Regional Studies, 31(5), pp Nicholas, S., W. Purcell, and S. Gray, 2001, Regional Clusters, Location Tournaments and Incentives: An Empirical Analysis of Factors Attracting Japanese Investment to Singapore, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 18(3), pp OECD, 1997, Globalization of Research and Development: A Business Viewpoint, Paris: OECD. Petrella, R., 1989, Globalization of Technological Innovation, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 1(4), pp Ronstadt, R. C., 1978, International R&D: the Establishment and Evolution of Research and Development Abroad by Seven U.S. Multinationals, Journal of International Business Studies, 9, pp Serapio, M. G. and D.H. Dalton, 1999, Globalization of Industrial R&D: An Examination of Foreign Direct Investments in R&D in the United States, Research Policy, 28, pp Sigurdson, J., 2006, Technological Superpower China, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA, USA. Simmie, J., 2005, Innovation and Space: A Critical Review of the Literature, Regional Studies, 39(6), pp United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2005, World Investment Report 2005: Transnational Corporations and Internationalization of R&D, Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 123

30 Zejan, M. C., 1990, R&D Activities in Affiliates of Swedish Multinational Enterprises, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 92(3), pp Zhang, K.H., 2001, What Attracts Foreign Multinational Corporations to China, Contemporary Economic Policy, 19(3), pp

31 1 % % % % 10.65% % % 9.62% % % 7.56% % % 7.56% % % 7.22% % % 5.50% % % 5.50% % % 4.12% % % 4.12% % % 3.44% % % 2.75% % % 2.06% % % 1.72% % % 1.72% % % 1.37% % % 1.37% % % 1.03% % % 0.69% % % 0.34% % % 0.34% % % 0.34% % % 0.34% % % 0.00% % % 0.00% % % 0.00% % % 79.38% %

目錄 2 4 6 7 21 37 49 58 致經營者專家引言研究目的台灣銀行業前進中國的動機台灣銀行業前進中國的機會台灣銀行業前進中國的挑戰結論與建議參考文獻

目錄 2 4 6 7 21 37 49 58 致經營者專家引言研究目的台灣銀行業前進中國的動機台灣銀行業前進中國的機會台灣銀行業前進中國的挑戰結論與建議參考文獻目錄 2 4 6 7 21 37 49 58 致經營者專家引言研究目的台灣銀行業前進中國的動機台灣銀行業前進中國的機會台灣銀行業前進中國的挑戰結論與建議參考文獻台灣銀行業前進中國的機會與挑戰致經營者敬愛的銀行業先進 : 隨著亞洲