跨越文藝復興女性畫像的格局—

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2 32 Between History and Memory: Dakuanshan Event and Beyond Yang, Shu-Yuan * Abstract In the previous studies of Bunun perception of history, it is emphasized that the concept of image rather than event is of central importance. As a result, anthropologists have paid little attention to historical events. This article argues for the significance of the analysis of event in understanding how the Bunun perceive and represent the past in their culturally specific ways. Focusing on three main historical events in the Japanese colonial period in the area of Haituan Township, Taitung County, I use both ethnographic data and historical records to explore the relationships between memory and history, and to examine how such relationships are transformed after the recent emergence of new forms of commemoration, such as the construction of statue and monument, and the so-called root-searching trips to the ancestral sites. It is stressed that the Bunun s senses of the past and their conceptualization of history should not be treated as a bounded, static tradition. Rather, they are closely related to the Bunun s experience of being ruled by colonial authorities equipped with literacy and written history, as well as the political and cultural changes in the wider Taiwanese society. Keywords: the Bunun, history, memory, event, historical consciousness * Postdoctoral Researcher, the Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica.

3 : 33 : * (1999) balihavasan linnahaivan Ilongot (Rosaldo 1980) * ( ) ( ) Leiden International Institute for Asian Studies(IIAS) visiting exchange fellow IIAS

4 34 S. Errington (1979) M. Strathern (1990) (image) M. Sahlins (1981, 1985) (event) Errington Strathern hanido ( ) (2002) Sahlins (1981, 1985, 2000) structure of the conjuncture

5 : 35 Hutton (1993) (progress) Halbwachs (1980) (critical distance) Nora (1989, 1998, 2001) (spontaneous) Halbwachs Nora (Gedi & Elam 1996) Nora (1989, 1998, 2001) 1 (the acceleration of history) (generalized memory) Nora lieux de memoire(sites [places, realms] of memory) sites of memory (milieux de memoire, real environment of memory) sites of memory sites of memory 1 Nora O

6 36 Carrier (2000: 47) Nora places(sites) of memory (symbolic archives) Nora 坂坂坂 ( ) Bunun Bunun 2 (1992)Yang(2001)

7 : 37 Bunun Bunun ( ) (1913) (1914) Lakulaku Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin 3 (1998:96)

8 ( 1935: ) havasan ( ) 4 Ispalidav Tama Navas Bunun Bunun Lanihu Vion Navas Dahu Vion Lanihu Tataun( ) Tutuhun( ) Bunun Bunun Hulas Lanihu 5 15 Navas Dahu Vavaisu( ) Dahu Anu Hulas Anu 4 Tama 5 Hulas

9 : 39 Takislahuan ( )Asudan Hulas Lanihu Amis( )Tangavulan ( ) pakasial ( ) Itatalon( Itatalon Hulas Lanihu Dahu Cian Istanda Tama Adul Bunun Ispalidav( ) Ibubunun( ) Istanda Ispalidav Istanda Pacihalan( ) Ispalidav Ibubunun Alisaka (Aisaka ) malas Bunun( ) Bunun Bunun Bunun Bunun mukuniv ( ) makakavas ( ) makakavas mamangan ( ) Bunun Dahu Cina Suci

10 40 Dahu Navas Anu Anu Vavaisu Takislahuan Asudan Bunun Bunun Bunun Bunun Bunun (taptapal) 1933 坂坂坂 Tokoban Burakusan 坂 Tokoban Chiyan Paroho Rito Tokoban Raho Abosu Tokoban 433 Sakusaku Madenguru Burakusan 291

11 : 41 ( 1993[1933, 1934], 1997: 68-69) 坂 Hancisan Ispalidav Istanda Aisaka ( ) Vilian ( ) Vilian Vilian Vilian Vilian Muhnamuhna Bunun Vilian 6 Aisaka ( ) Aisaka 1.5 坂 6 ( 1908 ) ( 1997[1911] ) ( 1918 ) ( 1998[1932] ) 7

12 42 hatas( )(1) 8 坂 site of memory 坂 (1988[1933]) Lamatasinsin (Iqanovan) Lamatasinsin Sausavu Savale Talum Lamatasinsin ( ) 8 Vilian Muhna hatas

13 : 43 Lamatasinsin Talum ( ) Lamatasinsin Iqanovan Lamatasinsin ( 1988 [1933]) 9 Lamatasinsin 10 ( ) 坂坂 Lamatasinsin Tama Nihu Lamatasinsin! Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin 9 Iqanovan 10

14 44 Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin mamangan( )Tama Adul Lamatasinsin Istanda ( ) Bunun Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin Bunun Lamatasinsin is-ang () Lamatasinsin Bunun Mahaivan 11 Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin mavala ( ) Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin 12 Lamatasinsin 11 Lamatasinsin Istanda Takishuson-an Sinsin Lamata Lamata 12

15 : 45 Vua Vua Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin (Tomuk) Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin (self-positioning) (historical reverberations) structures of conjuncture structure of misjuncture (Schiefelin & Crittenden 1991) Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin (Dahuali)

16 ! (textualist) Lamatasinsin ( 1986:77) 15 Rosaldo(1993) imperialist nostalgia 16

17 : 47 Dahuali Lamatasinsin Dahuali Dahuali? Dahuali Lamatasinsin ( 1998) Lamatasinsin () Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin Tama Kavas Lamatasinsin 17 Lamatasinsin? Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin Paiwan( ) Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin? mailumah ( ) Lamatasinsin! Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin Iqanovan Ihanupan Mavandaz Lamatasinsin Bloch(1995) people into place 18 Janet Hoskins Sumba Hoskins (1987,

18 48 Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin (2) Lamatasinsin Vuya ( ) ( ) Vilian Lainkav 1996) Sumba Wona Kaka Sumba

19 : 49 ( ) I-Mahalivan 19 ( ) (nationalism) Lamatasinsin Anderson (1991: 144)Rowlands (1999) Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin Bunun 20 Lamatasinsin Bunun Taluko( ) ( ) 20

20 50 Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin Young(1993) 21 Lamatasinsin () () () () ( ) Lamatasinsin (hanup) (collective memory) (collected memory) Young(1993: xi) 22 Lamatasinsin

21 : 51 Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin Tama Kavas Tama NavasTama Umas Tama Talum Lamatasinsin masamu( ) ( ) Tama KavasTama Navas Tama Talum (hanupan) madadaigaz( ) (landscape) 1996 Lahlah 1997 Lahlah V8 ( ) Lahlah

22 52 (named places) 23 Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin Tama Navas Hulas Nihu Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin Hulas Nihu (Kaviaz) Hulas Nihu (macipcih) (mala-ahu) Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin Hulas Nihu Tama Kavas Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin (ma-ahvon) (malonlon) Lamatasinsin mamangan( ) Tama Kavas Tama Navas Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin Ikukunuz Lamatasinsin (ma-ival Lamatasinsin) Lamatasinsin (eyewitness account) (moral persuasion)( Roseman 1996, Cole 1998) Tama Kavas Tama Navas Lamata- sinsin Lamatasinsin 23

23 : 53 mapintasa 24 Lamatasinsin 25 Lamatasinsin hanitu ( 26 ) (spiritual encounter) hanitu ( ) hanitu 27 hanitu hanitu 28 ( ) Tama Kavas Tama Navas hanitu 24 Tasa mapintasa () 25 (1988[1933])Lamatasinsin Lamatasinsin makakavas ( ) (gender) 26 hanitu (1999) hanido 27 Tama Kavas hanitu hanitu nian mihomis bunun ( ) 28 Tama Kavas Tama Navas hanitu

24 54 is-ang ( ) hanitu hanitu hanitu (séance) (Yang 2001: Chap.5) 29 (re-enact)? (ItonkuLavizainanIkukunuz ) madadaigaz! Tama Kavas! madadaigaz 29 (séance) (spirit companions)

25 : 55 Connerton(1989)Casey (2000) (reenactment) 30 (spiritual connections) 32 Cole (2001) memoryscape 31 palihavasan Palihavasan (havas) ( 1995: , 1999: )Laihaivan ( )linnahaivan ( ) palihavasan Palihavasan linnahaivan (semantic memory) (autobiographical memory) (Bloch 1998a: ) ( Fentress tupai( ) 32 (Yang 2001: Chap. 3)

26 56 & Wickham 1992: 32, Bloch 1998a: 124) palihavasan Middleton & Edwards (1990) (conversational remembering) ( Middleton 1997) 33 palihavasan Palihavasan Halbwachs Nora palihavasan palihavasan palihavasan palihavasan 33 Middleton & Edwards(1990) Bloch (1998b)

27 : 57 Le Goff (1992: 58-59) 1987 Nora (1989, 1998, 2001) Nora sites of memory Lamatasinsin Nora Lamatasinsin ( ) Nora Nora (milieux de memoire, real environment of memory) (a simultaneity with the past) (Mabuchi 1974) palihavasan Tama Lian palihavasan

28 58 Lamatasinsin site of memory palihavasan (Abercrombie 1998:16) Halbwachs Nora

29 : 坂 2. Lamatasinsin

30 60 IS-ANG : 1998) 1995) 1997) ( ) 1988[1933]) I (1995) : ) : [1911]) [1932]) 坂 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1993) 1986) )

31 : 61 Abercrombie, T. A. Pathways of Memory and Power: Ethnography and History among an Andean People. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, Anderson, B. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso, Bloch, M. E. F. People into Places: Zafimaniry Concepts of Clarity, In The Anthropology of Landscape, Eds. E. Hirsch & M. O Hanlon. Oxford: Clarendon Press, Autobiographical Memory and the Historical Memory of the More Distant Past. In How We Think They Think, Oxford: Westview Press, 1998a.. Time, Narratives and the Multiplicity of Representations of the Past. In How We Think They Think, pp Oxford: Westview Press,1998b. Carrier, P. Places, Politics and the Archiving of Contemporary Memory in Pierre Nora s Les Lieux de memoire. In Memory and Methodology, Ed. S. Radstone. Oxford: Berg, Casey, E. S. Remembering: A Phenomenological Study (Second Edition). Bloomington: Indiana University Press, Cole, J. The Uses of Defeat: Memory and Political Morality in East Madagascar. In Memory and Postcolony: African Anthropology and the Critique of Power, Ed. R. Werbner. London: Zed Books, Forget Colonialism? Sacrifice and the Art of Memory in Madagascar. Berkeley: University of California Press, Connerton, P. How Societies Remember. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Errington, S. Some Comments on Style in the Meaning of the Past. In Perceptions of the Past in Southeast Asia, Eds. A. Reid & D. Karr. Singapore: Heinemann Educational Books, Fentress, J. & C. Wickham, Social Memory. Oxford: Blackwell, Gedi, N. & Y. Elam, Collective Memory What Is It? History and Memory 8(1): 30-50, Halbwachs, M. The Collective Memory. New York: Harper & Row, Hoskins, J. The Headhunter as Hero: Local Traditions and Their

32 62 Reinterpretation in National History, American Ethnologist 14(4): , The Heritage of Headhunting: History, Ideology, and Violence on Sumba, In Headhunting and the Social Imagination in Southeast Asia. Ed. Janet Hoskins, Stanford: Stanford U. P., Hutton, P. H. History as an Art of Memory. Hanover and London: University Press of New England, Le Goff, J. History and Memory. Trans. S. Rendall & E. Claman. New York: Columbia University Press, Mabuchi, T. ( ) Sphere of Geographical Knowledge and Socio-Political Organization among the Mountain Peoples of Formosa. In Ethnology of the Southwestern Pacific, Taipei: The Chinese Association for Folklore, Middleton, D. & D. Edwards, Conversational Remembering: a Social Psychological Approach. In Collective Remembering, Eds. D. Middleton & D. Edwards. London: Sage, Middleton, D. The Social Organization of Conversational Remembering: Experience as Individual and Collective Concerns. Mind, Culture and Activity 4(2): 71-85, Nora, P. Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Memoire. Representations 26(1): 7-25, The Era of Commemoration. In Realms of Memory, Vol. III, Ed. L. D. Kritzman. New York: Columbia University Press, General Introduction. In Rethinking France: Les Lieux de Memoire, vii-xxii. Ed. P. Nora. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Rosaldo, R. Imperialist Nostalgia. In Culture and Truth, Boston: Beacon Press, Roseman, S. R. How We Built the Road : the Politics of Memory in Rural Galicia. American Ethnologist 23(4): , Rowlands, M. Remembering to Forget: Sublimation as Sacrifice in War

33 : 63 Memorials. In The Art of Forgetting, Eds. A. Forty & S. Küchler. Oxford: Berg, Sahlins, M. Historical Metaphors and Mythical Realities. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, Islands of History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, The Return of Event, Again. In Culture in Practice: Selected Essays, New York: Zone Books, Schieffelin, E. L. & R. Crittenden Like People You See in a Dream: First Contact in Six Pupuan Societies. Stanford: Stanford University Press, Strathern, M. Artifacts of History: Events of the Interpretation of Images. In Culture and History in the Pacific, Ed. J. Siikala. Helsinki: The Finnish Anthropological Society, Yang, S.-Y. ( ) Coping with Marginality: The Bunun in Contemporary Taiwan. PhD thesis, Department of Anthropology, London School of Economics, University of London, Young, J. E. The Texture of Memory: Holocaust Memorials and Meaning. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993.

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(Paul de Man, -) (a plurality of significations) (Murray Krieger, -000) (Roland Barthes, -0) (The Pleasure of the Text) - Paul de Man, Blindness and I

(Paul de Man, -) (a plurality of significations) (Murray Krieger, -000) (Roland Barthes, -0) (The Pleasure of the Text) - Paul de Man, Blindness and I 00 三國志通俗演義中的對話特質及其意義 (Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin, 1895-1975) (RGC) CUHK /0H M. M. Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, ed. Michael Holquist, trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael