國家菁英 No.46 第 12 卷第 2 期 The Policy-making of Civil Service Examination and Citizen Participation: Challenges and Practices of Digital Governance

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1 考選政策制定與公民參與 : 數位治理下的挑戰與作為莊文忠 * 摘要 (ICTs) 關鍵字 : 公務人員考試數位治理公民參與資訊透明 * 世新大學行政管理學系副教授兼系主任 (Associate Professor and Chair, Department of Public Policy and Management, Shin Hsin University) 117

2 國家菁英 No.46 第 12 卷第 2 期 The Policy-making of Civil Service Examination and Citizen Participation: Challenges and Practices of Digital Governance Abstract Wen-jong Juang According to the Constitution, the Ministry of Examination is responsible for the policy making and implementation of national examinations in Taiwan. During the last several decades, it has always been pursuing the government employment s entranced examination according to the global development and social contexts and has earned a great trust from the society. Therefore, it should not ignore that there many challenges and opportunities for decision-making that Taiwan s civil service examination institution have to face in this age of information. We need a different approach to working with the public and a new role for civil servants in policy-making process under digital governance. The paper argues that development of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have not only increase accessibility and convenience of public services but also promote greater numbers of citizens to participate in decision-making processes by the use of web-based tools, platforms and new media. The government should not have a monopoly on policy-making information and the experts and civil servants should no longer to be the sole source of policy advice. Citizen engagement in the policy-making process can helps the government to keep abreast of public concerns and expectations and supports real-world problem solving as well as demonstrating public accountability. Keywords: civil service examination, digital governance, civil participation, transparency 118

3 壹前言 (Hetherington, 2005; Milakovich, 2012; Nye, et al ) (Information and Communication Technologies, ICTs) 119

4 國家菁英 No.46 第 12 卷第 2 期 ICTs ICTs ( ) ICTs ICTs ICTs ICTs 貳公民參與考選政策制定的析辨 ( ) ( ) ICTs 120

5 ( 2013) ( ) ( ) 一應考試為憲法所保障之公民權利

6 國家菁英 No.46 第 12 卷第 2 期年 96 年 97 年 98 年 99 年 100 年 101 年 102 年 103 年 104 年資料來源 : 考選部考選統計年報二應考資格限制應尋求社會共識 ( ) ( 2003) 122

7 三以過程參與提升對考選公平性的接受度四以公民參與矯正專家決策的盲點 ( ) 123

8 國家菁英 No.46 第 12 卷第 2 期參數位治理下的資訊透明與公民參與機制 (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, APEC) (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD (World Bank) (International Monetary Fund, IMF) (Gisselquist, 2013; Mitra, 2013; Woods, ) Milakovich(2012) ICTs (agency-centric) (citizen-centric) (Milakovich, 2012: 19) ICTs ICTs 20 ICTs ICTs (e-government) 124

9 ( ) 21 ICTs Milakovich(2012: 6) 2008 Barack Obama ICTs ICTs (Milakovich, 2012) ICTs (connected government) (interoperability) 21 ICTs (Kettl, 2002; Milakovich, ) ICTs 125

10 國家菁英 No.46 第 12 卷第 2 期 (Milakovich, 2012: 8) ICTs (Milakovich, 2012; Schillemans, Twist, & Vanhommerig, 2013) Schillemans (2013: 408) ICTs ICTs 1. (interactive accountability) (GIS) (PerformanceStat) Blair 2001 PM- Delivery Unit 2. (dynamic accountability) Obama 2009 Recovery.gov Greater Manchester Twitter Day 3. (citizen-initiated accountability) Wikinomeics Kafka Brigade Obama 126

11 (town hall) (Open Government Initiative) (Coglianese, 2009: 535) Obama 1 (Schillemans, Twist, & Vanhommerig, 2013: ) (coproduce) ICTs 肆公民參與考選政策制定的數位治理機制芻議 ICTs (1) 1. 傳統課責機制的安排是每一個民主政府固有的一部分, 主要是將焦點放在公共預算的支出上, 因此, 提供政府行動的會計稽核不僅是政府的責任, 也是公眾應知的權利, 此一課責機制的內容包括 : 財務公平和績效 ; 通常是定期提供財務報告資訊 ( 例如一年 ); 傳統的課責模式是垂直取向的安排, 以法律為基礎 ( 尤其是憲法 ), 沿襲層級控制模式, 下一層級的組織必須定期向上一層級的治理機構報告, 基於資料整合與處理時效的考量, 往往只能提供標準化的資訊 (Schillemans, Twist, & Vanhommerig, 2013) 127

12 國家菁英 No.46 第 12 卷第 2 期 (2) (3) ICTs (Milakovich, 2012: 23) (1) (2) (3) (4) ( ) (5) (6) ICTs (1) ( ) (2) ( ) (e-management) (e-democracy) ICTs 一盤點與應試者權益密切相關的政策興革議題 (2014) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 128

13 二公開有助於利害關係人理解政策議題的資訊 (Milakovich, 2012: 21) 三建構公民參與討論或提案的平臺 ICTs (2016/06/10 查詢 ) 3. (2016/06/10 查詢 ) 129

14 國家菁英 No.46 第 12 卷第 2 期四公開討論過程和回應公民意見 ( ) 五慎用網路公民投票作為解決政策爭議途徑 ( i-voting)

15 3. ICTs ICTs 伍結論 (non-mission based values) ICTs ICTs ICTs ICTs ICTs 131

16 國家菁英 No.46 第 12 卷第 2 期參考資料 ISO

17 Coglianese, C. (2009). The Transparency President? The Obama Administration and Open Government. Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions, 22(4): Gisselquist, R. M. (2013) Evaluating governance indexes: Critical and Less Critical Questions. WIDER Working Paper, No. 2013/068, ISBN Hetherington, M. J. (2005). Why Trust Matters: Declining Political Trust and the Demise of American Liberalism. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Kettl, D. (2002). The Transformation of Governance: Public Administration for Twenty- First Century. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Milakovich, M. F Digital Governance: New Technologies for Improving Public Service and Participation. New York: Routledge. Mitra, S Towards a Multidimensional Measure of Governance. Social Indicators Research, 112(2): Nye, J. S. Jr., P. D. Zelokow, & D. C. King (Eds.). (1997). Why People Don t Trust Government. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Schillemans, T., M. Van Twist, and I. Vanhommerig. (2013). Innovations in Accountability: Learning Through Interactive, Dynamic, and Citizen-Initiated Forms of Accountability. Public Performance & Management Review, 36(3): Woods, N The challenge of good governance for the IMF and the World Bank themselves. World Development, 28(5),

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